Culicidae (Diptera) em área sob influência de construção de represa no Estado de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Descrever a fauna Culicidae em área sob impacto da modificação ambiental causada pela construção de represa. MÉTODOS: Foi estudada a área onde estava sendo construída a Represa Porto Primavera no município de Presidente Epitácio, SP. As capturas dos culicídeos foram realizadas mensalmente, em seis pontos exploratórios antes do seu enchimento e em um ponto fixo, um ano antes (1997-1998) e outro depois do primeiro enchimento (1999-2000). Mosquitos adultos foram capturados com aspirador, no período matutino, e com armadilhas de Shannon e CDC, no período crepuscular vespertino. Os imaturos foram coletados por meio de conchadas nos criadouros maiores e com pipeta, nos menores. RESULTADOS: No período anterior ao enchimento da represa foram coletados 944 exemplares de culicídeos imaturos, distribuídos em dez gêneros. O total de adultos foi de 14.932, dos quais 7.031 mosquitos (em dez gêneros) foram capturados nos pontos exploratórios e 7.901 espécimes, distribuídos em oito gêneros, no ponto fixo. Após a primeira etapa de enchimento da represa, o total de imaturos foi de 1.201 exemplares, distribuídos em quatro gêneros, e o total de mosquitos capturados foi de 5.912, distribuídos em nove gêneros. Houve redução populacional de espécies dos gêneros Aedes e Psorophora e aumento no número de espécimes dos gêneros Aedeomyia, Anopheles, Culex (Melanoconion), Mansonia e Uranotaenia. CONCLUSÕES: As mudanças ambientais decorrentes da construção da Represa Porto Primavera favoreceram o aumento da densidade de algumas populações de culicídeos vetores e que geram incômodo, com riscos potenciais de transmissão de patógenos para humanos.

Riqueza e abundância de Culicidae (Diptera) em área impactada, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

O represamento do Rio Pananá para construção da hidrelétrica de Porto Primavera, entre os Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo, alterou as relações ecológicas na região. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a fauna de culicídeos potencialmente vetores nesse reservatório, a 2km da margem direita, em Bataguassu, Mato Grosso do Sul, na fase anterior à inundação. Os culicídeos foram capturados em ambientes distintos mensalmente, de julho de 1997 a novembro de 1999. Foram calculados índices de riqueza e abundância. Obtiveram-se 16.553 exemplares adultos e 1.795 imaturos, com riqueza de 86 e 44 espécies, respectivamente. A fauna culicídea da área de estudo apresentava relativa riqueza, com espécies de valor epidemiológico, como o Anopheles darlingi, além de outras com potencial na veiculação de arbovírus.

New data on hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Azorean island Pico (Portugal)

The hoverfly fauna of the Azores currently comprises 23 species (Smit 2010), but the current state of knowledge concerning these species differs for each island. In the year 1938, R. Frey and R. Storå recorded the first seven hoverfly species on Pico Island (Frey 1945), and these very same ones were still mentioned by Rojo et al. (1997). Smit (2010) added one more species to this list (Table 1). In the summer of 2014, the author of this article sampled hoverflies on Pico Island in several habitats. In this paper, the results will be presented.

New records of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Neuquén and La Rioja provinces, Argentina

The presence of Aedes aegypti is reported beyond its current limit of distribution in Argentina, in the city of Neuquén, Neuquén Province. Ovitraps were placed to collect Ae. aegypti eggs between December 2009 and April 2010. The geographical distribution of Culex eduardoi, Psorophora ciliata and Ps. cingulata is extended with new records from two provinces.

Sensibility of different larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni to the Larvae Disappearing Reaction (LDR) in murine schistosomiasis

The delay produced by drug, in the process of cercaria-schistosomulum transformation, was used to verify the sensibility of different larval stages to the host cell immune responses, in vivo. The peritoneal cavity of mice, a model used for in vivo observations, was choiced for the experiments. As well characterized schistosomules, cercariae and larvae in the process of transformation were coated and arrested by host cells, and could not be recovered by simple saline washings. After 10-²M EDTA saline washings, they were released alive, with good vitality and movements. Thus, different kind of larvae in the process of adaptation of the cercaria to the host are strongly coated by immune cells, but these fail to kill the invading organisms, at least during a few hours after invasion.

Occupational and domiciliary contact with dogs as factors of risk to human infection with Toxocara larvae

The contact with dogs at home or place of work has been investigated as factors of risk in the occurrence of the visceral larva migrans syndrome caused by Toxocara, in man. Through the E.L.I.S.A. (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique, the presence of antibodies to Toxocara was searched in the sera of 79 women who have been raising or had raised dogs at home in the last two years and 123 men, who were municipal public employees in charge of the capture and keeping of stray dogs. The control groups were constituted by 205 sera from women who denied domiciliary contact with dogs, at least in the last two years, and 139 sera from men whose occupation did not urge them to contact with dogs. A significant more elevated frequency of antibodies to Toxocara was observed among women with domiciliary contact with dogs; nevertheless, there was not a significant difference in the positive rates in the case of men with occupational contact with dogs.

Host cell adhesion to Schistosoma mansoni larvae in the peritoneal cavity of naive mice: histological and scanning electron microscopic studies

Cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of naive mice induced host cell adhesion to their surface, but after 90 minutes the number of adherent cells sharply decreased. The cell detachment is progressive and simultaneous to the cercaria-schistosomule transformation. The histological study showed mainly neutrophils in close contact with the larvae. Mononuclear cells and some eosinophils were occasionally seen surrounding the adherent neutrophils. The scanning electron microscopy showed cells displaying twisted microvilli and several microplicae contacting or spreading over the larval surface, and larvae completely surrounded by clusters of cells. These results suggest that the neutrophils recognize molecules on the cercarial surface which induce their spreading

Interaction between neutrophils and Schistosoma mansoni larvae in vivo: a transmission electron-microscopic study

Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of naive mice and recovered 30 minutes later. Ultrastructural studies showed that neutrophils adhere to the larval surface and participate in the removal of glycocalyx by phagocytosis. This finding suggests that the neutrophils can play a role on the cercaria-schistosomulum transformation process.

Effect of oxamniquine on cell adhesion to Schistosoma mansoni larvae in the peritoneal cavity of naive mice

The treatment of naive mice with high closes of oxamniquine, 1 hour before the intraperitoneal inoculation of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, induces a delay in the transformation process resulting in a longer host cell adhesion.

Distribucion geografica de Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), vector de la batonellosis humana en el Peru

Lutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend, 1913) (Diptera: Psychodidae), vector natural de la verruga peruana o enfermedad de Carrión es una especie propia del Perú. Su distribución geográfica esta entre los paralelos 5º y 13º25' de latitud Sur, se encuentra en los valles Occidentales e Interandinos de los Andes. La distribución altitudinal de Lu. verrucarum en los diversos valles es variable; asi: Occidentales, desde 1100 hasta 2980 msnm e Interandinos, de 1200 a 3200 msnm. En ciertas áreas verrucógenas no hay correlación entre la presencia de Lu. verrucarum y la enfermedad de Carrión lo que suguiere la existencia de vectores secundarios.

Isolamento de Haemophiliis aegyptius associado à Febre Purpúrica Brasileira, de cloropídeos (Diptera) dos gêneros Hippelates e Liohippelates

O reconhecimento da Febre Purpúrica Brasileira (FPB), em 1984, originou uma série de estudos que revelaram uma correlação desta doença com conjuntivites causadas por Haemophiliis aegyptius. A associação do aumento de conjuntivites em crianças e a maior densidade populacional de cloropídeos do gênero Hippelates já havia sido verificada desde o século passado. Este fenômeno está relacionado ao tropismo que estes insetos apresentam pelos olhos, secreções e feridas de onde se alimentam. Embora haja evidências do papel destes cloropídeos na transmissão mecânica de conjuntivites bacterianas, o isolamento de Haemophilus aegyptius a partir dos mesmos, no seu habitat natural, ainda não havia sido verificado. No presente trabalho obtivemos o isolamento de cepas invasivas de Haemophilus aegyptius, associadas à FPB, de duas coleções de cloropídeos, classificados como Liohippelates peruanus e uma espécie nova, Hippelates neoproboscideus, coletados ao redor dos olhos de crianças com conjuntivite.

Persistence of specific antibody response in different experimental infections of mice with Toxocara canis larvae

Anti-Toxocara antibody production and persistence were studied in experimental infections of BALB/c mice, according to three different schedules: Group I (GI) - 25 mice infected with 200 T. canis eggs in a single dose; Group II (GII) 25 mice infected with 150 T. canis eggs given in three occasions, 50 in the 1st, 50 in the 5th and 50 in the 8th days; Group III (GIII) - 25 mice also infected with 150 T. canis eggs, in three 50 eggs portions given in the 1st, 14th and 28th days. A 15 mice control group (GIV) was maintained without infection. In the 30th, 50th, 60th, 75th, 105th and 180th post-infection days three mice of the GI, GII and GIII groups and two mice of the control group had been sacrificed and exsanguinated for sera obtention. In the 360th day the remainder mice of the four groups were, in the same way, killed and processed. The obtained sera were searched for the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies by an ELISA technique, using T. canis larvae excretion-secretion antigen. In the GI and GII, but not in the GIII, anti-Toxocara antibodies had been found, at least, up to the 180th post-infection day. The GIII only showed anti-Toxocara antibodies, at significant level, in the 30th post-infection day.

Population dynamics and biting rhythm of the anthropophilic sandfly Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Psychdidae) in Southeast, Mexico

Sandflies attracted by human bait were caught in an endemic focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Catches were carried out monthly from February 1994 to January 1995 between 18:00 and 22:00 h. Lutzomyia cruciata was the only species caught. The highest population peak of Lu. cruciata was found in March with lesser peaks in February, December 1994, and January 1995. Maximum biting rate of Lu. cruciata was found between 18:00 and 19:00 h. The host-seeking females of Lu. cruciata were directly related to levels of humidity between 88 and 100%. Low and high temperature had a negative effect upon Lu. cruciata activity. The possible role of Lu. cruciata as vector of leishmaniasis in the state of Campeche, Mexico is discussed.

Effects of ivermectin on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

The effects of ivermectin, a semi-synthetic drug widely used for treatment of livestock parasitic diseases, were observed on Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Toxic effects and mortality evaluation were carried out after 5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes of exposure to 1, 5 or 10 ppm of ivermectin solutions. Observations were made 24 and 48 hours after the beginning of the experiment, and loss of mobility, progressive paralysis and high mortality of larvae were recorded. The observed effects of ivermectin on the mosquito larvae is probably correlated with chloride channel activation on cell membranes.