Reliure de : La Biblia laquale in se contiene i sacrosanti libri del Vecchio & Nuovo Testamento , i quali ti apporto christianissimo lettore, tradotti da la hebraica & greca verita in lingua toscana, nuovamente corretta & con ogni diligentia stampata. Con le concordantie di tutta essa scrittura santa, et li summari de ciascun capitolo. Et con due tavole...

[Bible (italien). 1547. Brucioli]

Genesis of the sombric horizon in ultisols (red argisols) in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil

Dark subsurface horizons, with properties similar to the sombric horizon characterized by the USA Soil Taxonomy, are frequent in Southern Brazil. The genesis of this horizon is controversial and poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the occurrence of sombric-like horizons in Ultisols in the South of Santa Catarina State, at low altitudes, and suggest possible processes of humus transference, accumulation and persistence in these horizons. Physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of four Ultisols were evaluated; three were sampled in a toposequence, and another representative one in an isolated profile (RSP). The dark subsurface horizons coincide with the AB and BA transitional genetic horizons; they are acid, low in base saturation, and have a similar clay mineralogy in all horizons. Very high amounts of Fe and Al extracted by ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate solution as well as maximum Al extracted by CuCl2 solution were observed in these dark subsurface horizons, indicating a possible migration of these elements in the form of organometallic complexes. The contents of Al plus ½ Fe extracted from the RSP soil horizons with ammonium oxalate indicated spodic materials in the sombric-like horizon, although the soil morphology was not compatible with Spodosols. Maximum contents of fine clay were also found in the sombric-like horizon, suggesting Fe and Al migration as clay-humic substances. However, the hypothesis that sombric-like horizons in these soils are a relict feature of a grass paleovegetation, different from the current dense seasonal forest, should not be discarded but investigated in further studies.

Influência do fenômeno El Niño na erosividade das chuvas na região de Santa Maria (RS)

O fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) altera o tempo e o clima em vários locais, provocando alterações na circulação atmosférica que afetam os elementos meteorológicos e climáticos, principalmente a chuva, nas diferentes regiões do Brasil. Na região Sul do País, em anos de El Niño, fase positiva do fenômeno, a chuva é frequentemente acima da normal, e, em anos de La Niña, fase negativa do fenômeno, a chuva é frequentemente abaixo da normal. Algumas características das chuvas são alteradas pelo ENOS, como a frequência de ocorrência, a intensidade e a quantidade. Essas características são importantes para a definição das chuvas erosivas. Entre os métodos de determinação da erosividade das chuvas, o índice de erosividade EI30 é o mais usado no Rio Grande do Sul (RS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar e associar o índice de erosividade EI30 com o fenômeno ENOS para a região de Santa Maria, RS. Usaram-se os dados diários de chuva registrados em pluviogramas a partir de 1º de julho de 1978 a 30 de junho de 2008, coletados na Estação Climatológica Principal de Santa Maria, RS. As chuvas individuais e erosivas foram identificadas nos pluviogramas, classificadas em anos de El Niño, La Niña e Neutros, e foi calculado o seu índice EI30. Foi realizada a análise de correlação de Pearson e análise de regressão entre o EI30 e o Índice Oceânico do Niño (ION). A significância da regressão foi testada com o teste t, a fim de quantificar a associação entre as duas variáveis, com vistas à possível previsibilidade do potencial erosivo das chuvas a partir de anomalias de Temperatura da Superfície do Mar (TSM) no oceano Pacífico. Também foram classificadas as chuvas em padrões Avançado, Intermediário e Atrasado. O potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria é afetado pelo fenômeno ENOS, de modo que maior número de chuvas tem maior potencial erosivo em anos de El Niño e em anos Neutros. A variabilidade do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria é maior nos anos Neutros do que nos anos de anomalia da TSM. O padrão das chuvas é alterado em anos de anomalia da TSM, no sentido de que nos anos de El Niño há aumento nas chuvas de padrão avançado e em anos de La Niña há aumento nas chuvas de padrão atrasado; no padrão intermediário, há diminuição do número de chuvas em anos de El Niño e La Niña, em comparação com anos Neutros. A capacidade preditiva do potencial erosivo das chuvas em Santa Maria pelo índice ION é fraca.

Atributos químicos do solo influenciados por sucessivas aplicações de dejetos suínos em áreas agrícolas de Santa Catarina

Os dejetos de suínos constituem uma boa fonte de nutrientes, porém, quando inadequadamente usados, podem constituir-se em fator negativo de impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso prolongado de dejetos de suínos como fertilizante sobre os atributos químicos do solo, em áreas com culturas anuais sob plantio direto. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em propriedades rurais da região oeste de Santa Catarina com tradição no uso de dejetos de suínos como fertilizante. Foram selecionadas áreas de três tipos de solo: Latossolo, Cambissolo e Neossolo, que haviam recebido dejetos de suínos por um período de aproximadamente 15 anos e por mais de 20 anos. Foram também coletadas amostras de solo adubado com fertilizante mineral e sob mata nativa em áreas adjacentes, para comparação. A amostragem do solo foi feita em sete profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-50, 70-80 e 100-110 cm), para determinação dos teores de matéria orgânica e de P, K, Cu e Zn disponíveis. O uso prolongado de dejetos de suínos proporcionou o acúmulo desses nutrientes nas camadas superficiais do solo, principalmente até a profundidade de 5 cm. O teor de matéria orgânica dos solos não foi alterado pelas sucessivas aplicações de dejetos de suínos. Em geral, as adubações anuais com dejetos de suínos não influenciaram a disponibilidade dos nutrientes no subsolo. No Neossolo e no Cambissolo, porém, observou-se movimentação de P até as camadas de 40-50 e 70-80 cm, indicando maior potencial de lixiviação do elemento nesses solos. O acúmulo de Cu e Zn ocorreu principalmente até 10 cm de profundidade no Latossolo e até 20 cm no Cambissolo e Neossolo. O grande acúmulo de nutrientes na camada superficial do solo (0-5 cm) em áreas adubadas com dejetos de suínos indica maior potencial de poluição ambiental por escoamento superficial do que as áreas com adubação mineral.

Copper, zinc and manganese in soils of two watersheds in Santa Catarina with intensive use of pig slurry

Systematic pig slurry application to crop soils may lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in regions with intensive pig raising. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of Cu, Zn and Mn in soils under systematic pig slurry application. For this purpose, soil samples were collected from two of the most representative watersheds of Santa Catarina where the predominant activity is pig raising. In each watershed, 12 properties were chosen to evaluate the different systems of pig husbandry (complete cycle (CC), farrowing (FaU) and finishing units (FiU)). Based on information of the producers, soil samples were collected in areas with and without systematic manure application. To determine the total Cu, Zn and Mn content in soils and manure, a methodology proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (USEPA), method nº 3050B, was used. For the available heavy metal content, Cu and Zn was extracted with HCl 0.1 mol L-1 and Mn with KCl 1 mol L-1. Data were subjected to multivariate analysis, using the canonical discriminant analysis to identify the metals that best differentiate the soils studied within each swine housing system. Successive pig slurry applications cause an increase in Cu, Zn and Mn availability in the soil and this indicates the need for monitoring of the metal concentrations over time. The critical values of Cu in the soil can be reached and exceeded more rapidly than Zn. The results showed that the soil type may be one of the attribute underlying the determination of public policies in pig raising and waste management because soils such as Inceptisols were shown to be more prone to possible contamination since they may more rapidly reach total critical Cu levels.

Heavy rainfall equations for Santa Catarina, Brazil

Knowledge of intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships of rainfall events is extremely important to determine the dimensions of surface drainage structures and soil erosion control. The purpose of this study was to obtain IDF equations of 13 rain gauge stations in the state of Santa Catarina in Brazil: Chapecó, Urussanga, Campos Novos, Florianópolis, Lages, Caçador, Itajaí, Itá, Ponte Serrada, Porto União, Videira, Laguna and São Joaquim. The daily rainfall data charts of each station were digitized and then the annual maximum rainfall series were determined for durations ranging from 5 to 1440 min. Based on these, with the Gumbel-Chow distribution, the maximum rainfall was estimated for durations ranging from 5 min to 24 h, considering return periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, and 100 years,. Data agreement with the Gumbel-Chow model was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, at 5 % significance level. For each rain gauge station, two IDF equations of rainfall events were adjusted, one for durations from 5 to 120 min and the other from 120 to 1440 min. The results show a high variability in maximum intensity of rainfall events among the studied stations. Highest values of coefficients of variation in the annual maximum series of rainfall were observed for durations of over 600 min at the stations of the coastal region of Santa Catarina.

Tampão Santa Maria (TSM) como alternativa ao tampão SMP para medição da acidez potencial de solos ácidos

O tampão SMP contém p-nitrofenol e cromato de potássio, que são substâncias potencialmente perigosas para a saúde e o ambiente. Uma solução sem substâncias tóxicas, denominada Tampão Santa Maria (TSM), foi desenvolvida para reproduzir o comportamento do tampão SMP usado na estimativa da acidez potencial do solo nos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina (SMP-RS/ SC). A fim de obter a composição ótima do TSM, foram feitas titulações ácidas do tampão SMP-RS/SC e de várias misturas dos componentes do novo tampão, empregando-se a análise de regressão multiparamétrica. A eficiência do TSM em reproduzir o SMP-RS/SC foi avaliada em 21 solos coletados no Rio Grande do Sul e no Cerrado, cujos valores de acidez potencial foram determinados pela incubação úmida com carbonato de cálcio. O TSM reproduziu o pH solo-tampão obtido com o tampão SMP-RS/SC, fornecendo valores de acidez potencial e de recomendações de calcário similares aos obtidos com o SMP-RS/SC. O TSM pode ser utilizado em substituição ao SMP-RS/SC, sem a necessidade de alteração das interpretações laboratoriais para estimativa da acidez potencial ou da necessidade de corretivo do solo.

Recommendation of soil fertility levels for willow in the southern highlands of Santa Catarina

The species Salix x rubens is being grown on the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina since the 1940s, but so far the soil fertility requirements of the crop have not been assessed. This study is the first to evaluate the production profile of willow plantations in this region, based on the modified method of Summer & Farina (1986), for the recommendation of fertility levels for willow. By this method, based on the law of Minimum and of Maximum for willow production for the conditions on the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, the following ranges could be recommended: pH: 5.0-6.5; P: 12-89 mg dm-3; Mg: 3.2-7.5 mg; Zn: 5.0-8.3 mg dm-3; Cu: 0.8-4.6 mg dm-3; and Mn; 20-164 mg dm-3. The Ca/Mg ratio should be between 1.2 and 2.9. For K and Ca only the lower (sufficiency level), but not the upper threshold (excess) was established, with respectively 114 mg dm-3 and 5.3 cmol c dm-3. It was also possible to determine the upper threshold for Al and the Al/Ca ratio, i.e., 1.7 cmol c dm-3 and 0.28, respectively. For maximum yields, the clay in the soil surface layer should be below 320 g dm-3.

Duration-frequency relationships of heavy rainfall in Santa Catarina, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to adjust equations that establish relationships between rainfall events with different duration and data from weather stations in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. In this study, the relationships between different duration heavy rainfalls from 13 weather stations of Santa Catarina were analyzed. From series of maximum annual rainfalls, and using the Gumbel-Chow distribution, the maximum rainfall for durations between 5 min and 24 h were estimated considering return periods from 2 to 100 years. The data fit to the Gumbel-Chow model was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test at 5 % significance. The coefficients of Bell's equation were adjusted to estimate the relationship between rainfall duration t (min) and the return period T (y) in relation to the maximum rainfall with a duration of 1 hour and a 10 year return period. Likewise, the coefficients of Bell's equation were adjusted based on the maximum rainfall with a duration of 1 day and a 10 year return period. The results showed that these relationships are viable to estimate short-duration rainfall events at locations where there are no rainfall records.

Mineralogia e gênese de argissolos das Serras do Tabuleiro/Itajaí, Estado de Santa Catarina

As rochas do escudo cristalino, que afloram na porção centro-leste e nordeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, estão dispostas em relevo forte ondulado e montanhoso da unidade geomorfológica Serras do Tabuleiro/Itajaí. A movimentada superfície é resultante dos ciclos tecto magmático metamórficos sofridos pela crosta, responsáveis pelo retrabalhamento de rochas muito antigas formadas do Arqueano ao Proterozoico. Esse compartimento é constituído por rochas metamórficas, e informações sobre pedogênese e composição mineralógica dos solos delas derivados são escassas, fator que motivou a condução deste trabalho. Cinco perfis resultantes da pedogênese desses materiais foram estudados. O primeiro, desenvolvido de hornblendito do Complexo Granulítico de Santa Catarina (P1), foi descrito no topo de elevação em Pomerode, em condições de relevo forte ondulado. O segundo e o quinto perfis (P2 e P5), ambos desenvolvidos de granulitos máficos do mesmo complexo, respectivamente em Massaranduba e Blumenau, foram descritos na base da encosta, em relevo local ondulado. O terceiro perfil (P3), resultante da alteração de xistos do Complexo Metamórfico Brusque, foi descrito em encosta de relevo forte ondulado, em Botuverá. O quarto perfil (P4) foi fruto da pedogênese de granitoides foliados da faixa Granito-Gnáissica Faxinal, sendo descrito no terço inferior da encosta, num relevo ondulado. Foram feitas descrições gerais e morfológicas dos solos e da litologia subjacente, análises físicas e químicas de caracterização e análises mineralógicas da fração argila por difratometria de raios X (DRX), procurando avaliar as transformações sofridas pelos minerais presentes nas rochas durante a evolução dos solos. Todos os solos apresentaram alta relação textural e, ou, grau de desenvolvimento de estrutura em blocos, associada à presença de cerosidade, caracterizando a presença de horizonte diagnóstico B textural, com argila de atividade baixa ou alta e caráter distrófico, alumínico ou alítico, o que permitiu classificá-los como Argissolo Amarelo distrófico típico (P1), Argissolo Amarelo alítico típico (P2, P3 e P5) e Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo alumínico típico (P4) no Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos, versão de 2006. Em todos os Argissolos predominou caulinita, secundada por argilominerais do grupo da ilita, interestratificados ilita-vermiculita e, ou, vermiculita com polímeros de hidroxi-Al entrecamadas. Gibbsita, em baixas quantidades, também foi constatada nos perfis P2, P3 e P5. A formação de caulinita é resultante da dissolução de minerais primários, favorecida pelas condições climáticas subtropicais úmidas. Os argilominerais com estrutura 2:1 são provavelmente resultantes da transformação de filossilicatos presentes no material originário. O aumento da atividade da fração argila dos solos relacionou-se com o aumento na quantidade de argilominerais 2:1, cuja proporção foi mais alta no Argissolo desenvolvido de Muscovita-Xisto.

Pedotransfer functions to estimate retention and availability of water in soils of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Studies on water retention and availability are scarce for subtropical or humid temperate climate regions of the southern hemisphere. The aims of this study were to evaluate the relations of the soil physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties with water retention and availability for the generation and validation of continuous point pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for soils of the State of Santa Catarina (SC) in the South of Brazil. Horizons of 44 profiles were sampled in areas under different cover crops and regions of SC, to determine: field capacity (FC, 10 kPa), permanent wilting point (PWP, 1,500 kPa), available water content (AW, by difference), saturated hydraulic conductivity, bulk density, aggregate stability, particle size distribution (seven classes), organic matter content, and particle density. Chemical and mineralogical properties were obtained from the literature. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and path analysis were used in the statistical analyses. The point PTFs for estimation of FC, PWP and AW were generated for the soil surface and subsurface through multiple regression analysis, followed by robust regression analysis, using two sets of predictive variables. Soils with finer texture and/or greater organic matter content retain more moisture, and organic matter is the property that mainly controls the water availability to plants in soil surface horizons. Path analysis was useful in understanding the relationships between soil properties for FC, PWP and AW. The predictive power of the generated PTFs to estimate FC and PWP was good for all horizons, while AW was best estimated by more complex models with better prediction for the surface horizons of soils in Santa Catarina.

Accumulation of phosphorus fractions and contamination potential in vineyard soils in the southern region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil

In vineyards, if phosphate is applied both before planting and at intervals during growth without consideration of technical criteria, the soil P fractions may be increased and their proportions altered. This study was carried out to evaluate the accumulation of P fractions and the parameters of the adsorption isotherm in a sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in vineyards with a history of successive and excessive phosphate fertilization. In December 2010, two vineyards were selected, one 4 and the other 15 years old, in Urussanga, State of Santa Catarina (Brazil). Three trenches were dug in each area and soil was collected from the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm depth ranges. The soil samples were dried in a forced-air oven, sieved and subjected to chemical analyses, P chemical fractionation and P adsorption isotherms. Excessive phosphate fertilization, before and during cultivation, particularly in the older vineyard and, consequently, with a longer history of phosphate fertilization, increased the inorganic P concentrations to the depth of 20 cm, especially in labile fractions extracted by anion exchange resin and NaHCO3 in the non-labile fraction, as well as in the non-labile fraction extracted by 1.0 mol L-1 HCl. The application of phosphate fertilizers and the long cultivation period increased the P levels in the organic labile fraction extracted by 0.5 mol L-1 NaHCO3, and especially in the moderately labile fraction extracted by 0.1 and 0.5 mol L-1 NaOH. Phosphate fertilization of older vineyards, i.e., cultivated for 15 years, increased the amounts of P desorbed in water, indicating a risk of contamination of surface waters and groundwater. The phosphate fertilization before planting, without considering the results of soil analysis, and during cultivation, disregarding the results of soil analysis, leaf analysis and expected yield, led to a reduction in the maximum P adsorption capacity in the 0-5 cm layer of vineyard 2, indicating saturation of part of the reactive particle adsorption sites.

Water retention and availability in soils of the State of Santa Catarina-Brazil: effect of textural classes, soil classes and lithology

The retention and availability of water in the soil vary according to the soil characteristics and determine plant growth. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate water retention and availability in the soils of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, according to the textural class, soil class and lithology. The surface and subsurface horizons of 44 profiles were sampled in different regions of the State and different cover crops to determine field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water content, particle size, and organic matter content. Water retention and availability between the horizons were compared in a mixed model, considering the textural classes, the soil classes and lithology as fixed factors and profiles as random factors. It may be concluded that water retention is greater in silty or clayey soils and that the organic matter content is higher, especially in Humic Cambisols, Nitisols and Ferralsol developed from igneous or sedimentary rocks. Water availability is greater in loam-textured soils, with high organic matter content, especially in soils of humic character. It is lower in the sandy texture class, especially in Arenosols formed from recent alluvial deposits or in gravelly soils derived from granite. The greater water availability in the surface horizons, with more organic matter than in the subsurface layers, illustrates the importance of organic matter for water retention and availability.

Water storage variability in a vineyard soil in the southern highlands of Santa Catarina state

In the subtropical regions of southern Brazil, rainfall distribution is uneven, which results in temporal variability of soil water storage. For grapes, water is generally available in excess and water deficiency occurs only occasionally. Furthermore, on the Southern Plateau of Santa Catarina, there are differences in soil properties, which results in high spatial variability. These two factors affect the composition of wine grapes. Spatio-temporal analyses are therefore useful in the selection of cultural practices as well as of adequate soils for vineyards. In this way, well-suited areas can produce grapes with a more appropriate composition for the production of quality wines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of water storage in a Cambisol during the growth cycle of a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard and its relation to selected soil properties. The experimental area consisted of a commercial 8-year-old vineyard in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brazil. A sampling grid with five rows and seven points per row, spaced 12 m apart, was outlined on an area of 3,456 m². Soil samples were collected with an auger at these points, 0.30 m away from the grapevines, in the 0.00-0.30 m layer, to determine gravimetric soil moisture. Measurements were taken once a week from December 2008 to April 2009, and every two weeks from December 2009 to March 2010. In December 2008, undisturbed soil samples were collected to determine bulk density, macro- and microporosity, and disturbed samples were used to quantify particle size distribution and organic carbon content. Results were subjected to descriptive analysis and semivariogram analysis, calculating the mean relative difference and the Pearson correlation. The average water storage in a Cambisol under grapevine on ridges had variable spatial dependence, i.e., the lower the average water storage, the higher the range of spatial dependence. Water storage had a stable spatial pattern during the trial period, indicating that the points with lower water storage or points with higher water storage during a certain period maintain these conditions throughout the experimental period. The relative difference is a simple method to identify positions that represent the average soil water storage more adequately at any time for a given area.