Extracting FSA descriptions of robot behaviours from the dynamics of automatically designed controller networks

Automatic design has become a common approach to evolve complex networks, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) and random boolean networks (RBNs), and many evolutionary setups have been discussed to increase the efficiency of this process. However networks evolved in this way have few limitations that should not be overlooked. One of these limitations is the black-box problem that refers to the impossibility to analyze internal behaviour of complex networks in an efficient and meaningful way. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology that make it possible to extract finite-state automata (FSAs) descriptions of robot behaviours from the dynamics of automatically designed complex controller networks. These FSAs unlike complex networks from which they're extracted are both readable and editable thus making the resulting designs much more valuable.

Job Burnout in Public Accounting: Understanding Gender Differences

Job burnout is linked to job outcomes in public accounting professionals (Fogarty et al., 2000; Jones et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2012). Although women and men have entered the profession in relatively equal numbers, there is a significantly lower percentage of women partners (AICPA, 2011). Extant research has not sufficiently explored how burnout may affect the genders distinctly and whether these differences may lend insight as to women’s choices to exit. A large participant group with a similar proportion of women (n=836) and men (n=845) allowed examination of the burnout construct on a more profound level than extant studies. The three dimensions of job burnout in women and men public accountants were analyzed, not only in total, but also by functional area and position level. Overall findings are that women report higher levels of reduced personal accomplishment and men report higher levels of depersonalization. In light of these findings, suggestions are made for firm and individual actions that may mitigate the intensity of burnout experienced by both women and men public accountants.

Role Stress and Job Outcomes in Public Accounting: Have the Gender Experiences Converged?

Using data collected from professionals in a large U.S. national public accounting firm, we explored gender differences in perceived levels of role stress and job outcomes as well as the effects of a healthy lifestyle as a coping mechanism for role stress, burnout and related job outcomes. Our large sample size (1,681) and equal participation by women (49.7%) and men (50.3%) allowed us to analyze the causal relationships of these variables using a previously tested multi-disciplinary research model (Jones, Norman, & Wier, 2010). We found that women and men perceive similar levels of role stress as defined by role ambiguity and role overload, and that women perceive less role conflict. Men and women perceive similar levels of job satisfaction and job performance. Contrary to earlier studies, women do not report higher levels of turnover intentions. Results show that efforts of the public accounting firms over the past decade may be somewhat successful in reducing the levels of role stress and turnover intentions among women. Another plausible explanation could be that an expansionist theory of gender, work and family (Barnett & Hyde, 2001) may now be responsible for improved well-being of females to the point where the genders have converged in their experience of role stress and job outcomes in public accounting.