Agelaia MP-I: A peptide isolated from the venom of the social wasp, Agelaia pallipes pallipes, enhances insulin secretion in mice pancreatic islets

Peptides isolated from animal venoms have shown the ability to regulate pancreatic beta cell function. Characterization of wasp venoms is important, since some components of these venoms present large molecular variability, and potential interactions with different signal transduction pathways. For example, the well studied mastoparan peptides interact with a diversity of cell types and cellular components and stimulate insulin secretion via the inhibition of ATP dependent K + (K ATP) channels, increasing intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. In this study, the insulin secretion of isolated pancreatic islets from adult Swiss mice was evaluated in the presence of synthetic Agelaia MP-I (AMP-I) peptide, and some mechanisms of action of this peptide on endocrine pancreatic function were characterized. AMP-I was manually synthesized using the Fmoc strategy, purified by RP-HPLC and analyzed using ESI-IT-TOF mass spectrometry. Isolated islets were incubated at increasing glucose concentrations (2.8, 11.1 and 22.2 mM) without (Control group: CTL) or with 10 μM AMP-I (AMP-I group). AMP-I increased insulin release at all tested glucose concentrations, when compared with CTL (P < 0.05). Since molecular analysis showed a potential role of the peptide interaction with ionic channels, insulin secretion was also analyzed in the presence of 250 μM diazoxide, a K ATP channel opener and 10 μM nifedipine, a Ca 2+ channel blocker. These drugs abolished insulin secretion in the CTL group in the presence of 2.8 and 11.1 mM glucose, whereas AMP-I also enhanced insulin secretory capacity, under these glucose conditions, when incubated with diazoxide and nifedipine. In conclusion, AMP-I increased beta cell secretion without interfering in K ATP and L-type Ca 2+ channel function, suggesting a different mechanism for this peptide, possibly by G protein interaction, due to the structural similarity of this peptide with Mastoparan-X, as obtained by modeling. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

Use of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in molecular screening of Newcastle disease virus in poultry and free-living bird populations

The aim of this study was to evaluate a simple molecular method of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to differentiate Newcastle disease virus strains according to their pathogenicity, in order to use it in molecular screening of Newcastle disease virus in poultry and free-living bird populations. Specific primers were developed to differentiate LaSota-LS-(vaccine strain) and Sao Joao do Meriti-SJM-strain (highly pathogenic strain). Chickens and pigeons were experimentally vaccinated/infected for an in vivo study to determine virus shedding in feces. Validation of sensitivity and specificity of the primers (SJM and LS) by experimental models used in the present study and results obtained in the molecular analysis of the primers by BLAST made it possible to generalize results. The development of primers that differentiate the level of pathogenicity of NDV stains is very important, mainly in countries where real-time RT-PCR is still not used as a routine test. These primers were able to determine the presence of the agent and to differentiate it according to its pathogenicity. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

MODY 2: Mutation identification and molecular ancestry in a Brazilian family

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases characterized by a primary defect in insulin secretion and hyperglycemia, non-ketotic disease, monogenic autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, age at onset less than 25. years, and lack of auto-antibodies. It accounts for 2-5% of all cases of non-type 1 diabetes. MODY subtype 2 is caused by mutations in the glucokinase (GCK) gene. In this study, we sequenced the GCK gene of two volunteers with clinical diagnosis for MODY2 and we were able to identify four mutations including one for a premature stop codon (c.76C>T). Based on these results, we have developed a specific PCR-RFLP assay to detect this mutation and tested 122 related volunteers from the same family. This mutation in the GCK gene was detected in 21 additional subjects who also had the clinical features of this genetic disease. In conclusion, we identified new GCK gene mutations in a Brazilian family of Italian descendance, with one due to a premature stop codon located in the second exon of the gene. We also developed a specific assay that is fast, cheap and reliable to detect this mutation. Finally, we built a molecular ancestry model based on our results for the migration of individuals carrying this genetic mutation from Northern Italy to Brazil. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

Green supply chain management in local and multinational high-tech companies located in Brazil

The objective of this article is to analyse how green supply chain management (GSCM) practices are being adopted by some high-tech companies located in Brazil. The research was conducted using the case study approach, focusing on eight companies that are representative of this sector. The main results are: (a) the most adopted GSCM practices in the studied high-tech companies located in Brazil are internal environmental management, investment recovery and reverse logistics and (b) Brazilian environmental legislation and international policies are very important in driving the adoption of GSCM practices. The internationalisation of companies was also found to be a variable that interferes with the adoption of GSCM practices. This is one of the first studies that examine the relationship between GSCM and the internationalisation of companies located in Brazil. © 2013 Springer-Verlag London.

Green supply chain management: Mapping the territory

The objective of this paper is to identify the main definitions, related practices and to point out future directions in green supply chain management (GSCM). After a literature review and systematisation of the published articles in this field, it was possible to identify: a) the main research objectives of analysed papers; b) the research methods adopted; c) the predominantly analysed industrial sectors; d) the GSCM practices considered by the researchers. Results are presented in each of these analytical perspectives. The main findings are: 1) there are various classifications, nomenclatures and types of GSCM practices, but the most commonly used by studies in GSCM are cleaner production, product design, reverse logistic and green purchasing; 2) from the highlighted definitions, the tonic is to adapt operating activities and incorporate the supply chain management philosophy (integration/ collaboration) to environmental concerns (impact reduction) in relations between links in the chain. These results can be useful for those interested in environmental management as well as supply chain management, considering the growing interest in GSCM. We also propose a research agenda on this subject. This is one of the most recent literature review and systematisation on green supply chain management. © 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Effects of propiogenic ingredients on serum concentration of insulin and progesterone in non-lactating cows

Three experiments evaluated serum insulin and progesterone (P4) concentrations in grazing Gir×Holstein cows supplemented with monensin (MON) or propylene glycol (PPG; 2.5mL/kg of live weight0.75 per drench). Cows were non-lactating, ovariectomized, and received an intravaginal drug-releasing device containing 1.9g of P4 to estimate treatment effects on hepatic P4 degradation. In Exp. 1, 15 cows received, in a crossover design containing 2 periods of 21d, 0.1kg/d of corn in addition to 2g/d of kaolin (CON) or 0.2g/d of MON. Blood samples were collected on d 13 and 20 of each period. Cows receiving CON had greater (P<0.05) serum insulin concentrations compared with MON prior to and 6h after feeding. However, MON cows had greater (P=0.01) serum P4 concentrations compared with CON 18h after feeding. In experiment 2, 15 cows received, in a replicated crossover design containing 2 periods of 24h, a single drench of PPG or water (WT). Cows receiving PPG had greater (P<0.01) serum insulin concentrations compared with WT from 0.5 to 3h after drench. However, PPG cows had reduced (P<0.05) serum P4 concentrations compared with WT at 1 and 2h after drench. In experiment 3, 13 cows received, in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design containing 3 periods of 24h, 3 PPG drenches administered 1h apart (PPG3x), 3 WT drenches administered 1h apart, or 1 PPG drench+2 WT drenches administered 1h apart (PPG1x). Serum insulin concentrations increased proportionally to PPG dosage (treatment×hour; P<0.01). However, mean serum P4 concentration was greater (P<0.01) in WT cows compared with PPG1x and PPG3x, but similar (P=0.25) between PPG1x and PPG3x cows. In conclusion, feeding propiogenic ingredients to grazing cows failed to substantially increase serum P4 concentrations. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Insulin concentrations in cerebellum and body balance in diabetic male rats: Aerobic training effects

Brain insulin has had widespread metabolic, neurotrophic, and neuromodulatory functions and has been involved in the central regulation of food intake and body weight, learning and memory, neuronal development, and neuronal apoptosis. Purpose: The present study investigated the role of swimming training on cerebral metabolism on insulin concentrations in cerebellum and the body balance performance of diabetic rats. Methods: Forty Male Wistar rats were divided in four groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD), and trained diabetic (TD). Diabetes was induced by alloxan (32 mg kg b.w.), single dose injection. The mean blood glucose of diabetic groups was 367 ± 40 mg/dl. Training program consisted in swimming 5 days/week, 1 h/day, 8 weeks, supporting a workload corresponding to 90% of maximal lactate steady state (MLSS). For the body balance testing rats were trained to traverse for 5 min daily for 5-7 days. All dependent variables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a significance level of p < 0.05 was used for all comparisons. Results: The body balance testing scores were different between groups. Insulin concentrations in cerebellum were not different between groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that in diabetic rats, aerobic training does not induce alterations on cerebellum insulin but induces important metabolic, hormonal and behavioral alterations which are associated with an improvement in glucose homeostasis, serum insulin concentrations and body balance. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

Nilpotency of the b ghost in the non-minimal pure spinor formalism

The b ghost in the non-minimal pure spinor formalism is not a fundamental field. It is based on a complicated chain of operators and proving its nilpotency is nontrivial. Chandia proved this property in arXiv:1008.1778, but with an assumption on the nonminimal variables that is not valid in general. In this work, the b ghost is demonstrated to be nilpotent without this assumption. © 2013 SISSA, Trieste, Italy.

Papilomavírus humano e a carcinogênse de mucosa oral: avaliação imunohistoquímica das protínas p27, mdm2 E catepsina B

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Carcinoma hepatocelular e as infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C na Amazônia Oriental: estudo clínico-sorológico e de biologia molecular

Com o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do eventual envolvimento das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C, na etiopatogenia do carcinoma hapatocelular (CHC) na Amazônia Oriental, estudaram-se 36 pacientes internados em três hospitais públicos em Belém (PA), de janeiro de 1992 a março de 1999. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: o clínico, associado à imagenologia compatível, níveis séricos de alfafetoproteína (AFP) acima de 400ng/ml e/ou histopatologia compatível. Foram avaliados os aspectos clínicos, exames bioquímicos e hematológicos, imagenologia, histopatologia, níveis séricos de AFP e exames sorológicos das hepatites B e C. A presença dos ácidos nucléicos virais, o HBV-DNA e o HCV-RNA, foi avaliada a partir da detecção no soro pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Observou-se um predomínio do sexo masculino (p<0.01), com reação M/F de 6,2: 1. Média e medianas gerais de idade foram, respectivamente, 50,8 e 53,0 anos, com amplitude de 6-81 anos. A maioria dos pacientes (52,7%) era procedente da zona rural, sendo a profissão de lavrador a mais freqüente (p<0,01). Etilismo foi encontrado em 33,3% dos casos. Dor abdominal e hepatomegalia, presentes em 94,4% dos casos, foram os sintomas e sinais mais freqüentes. Observou-se a presença de cirrose em 83,3% dos casos, sendo 80% enquadrados nas classes B e C (child-pugh). Cinqüenta por cento apresentaram complicações durante o diagnóstico, sendo as mais freqüentes a encefalopatia hepática e a hemorragia digestiva alta, relacionadas à doença hepática crônica de base. Marcadores sorológicos de infecção pelo HBV e pelo HCV foram encontrados em, respectivamente, 88,9% e 8,3% da casuística. Em 11,1% não se encontrou marcador sorológico. O HbsAg foi encontrado em 58, 3%. Anti-HBc foi encontrado em 86%, estando associado ao anti- HBs em 25%. Entre os HbsAg positivos: o anti- Hbe foi encontrado em 85%; o antiHBc IgM em 57,1%; e o anti-HD não foi detectado. O HBV- DNA foi encontrado em 37,7% do total de casos e em 65% dos HbsAG positivos. O HCV-RNA foi encontrado em 8,5% da amostra estudada e em 100% dos casos anti-HCV positivos. Não foi observada positividade para o HBV-DNA e para o HCV-RNA em soros de pacientes HbsAG ou anti- HCV negativos. A AFP esteve acima da normalidade em 88,9% dos casos, estando acima de 400 ng/ml em 75% e em 27,8% a titulações foi superior a 70.000 ng/ml. A ultrassonografia abdominal mostrou tumores com múltiplos nódulos em 63,9% e, nódulo único em 36,1% dos casos. O tipo histológico predominante foi carcinoma bem diferenciado do tipo trabecular (p<0,05). Os casos HbsAg positivos apresentaram menor média de idade e níveis de AFP mais elevados (p<0,01). A maioria dos pacientes se encontravam em fase avançada de doenças com uma taxa de óbito durante o diagnóstico de 38,9%. Conclui-se que, na Amazônia Oriental, a infecção pelo HBV parece exercer importância na etiologia do CHC, ressaltando-se a necessidade de incrementação de medidas preventivas, como vacinação e programa de detecção precoce do tumor em populações de risco. São necessários estudos adicionais controlados ou direcionados, para os possíveis co-fatores de importância na região, o que pode contribuir para um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na hepatocarcinogênese.

Nested-PCR do gene que codifica o antígeno b aplicada ao diagnóstico da tuberculose pulmonar

A reação em cadeia da polimerase usada para amplificação de uma seqüência interna de um fragmento previamente amplificado (nested-PCR) foi investigada como uma alternativa complementar a pesquisa de bacilos álcool ácido resistentes e a cultura do Mycobacterium tuberculosis em meio de Lowenstein-Jensen. Foram investigadas 144 amostras de escarro de pacientes suspeitos de tuberculose encaminhados ao Laboratório de Tuberculose do Instituto Evandro Chagas em Belém, no período de junho de 2002 a dezembro de 2003. Das 144 amostras, 121 foram caracterizadas como tuberculose, 119 foram positivas na cultura, 95 na baciloscopia e 128 na nested-PCR. A sensibilidade da nested-PCR foi 96% (116/121), enquanto a especificidade foi 48% (11/23). A nested-PCR poderá ser uma ferramenta complementar para o diagnóstico da tuberculose, pois apresenta sensibilidade equivalente à cultura, no entanto, necessita de maiores avaliações visando minimizar o número de resultados falso-positivos.

Infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C e o carcinoma hepatocelular na Amazônia oriental

Com o objetivo de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do envolvimento das infecções pelos vírus das hepatites B e C, na etioepidemiologia do CHC na Amazônia Oriental, estudou-se 36 pacientes em Belém-PA. Foram avaliados marcadores sorológicos e a pesquisa do HBV-DNA e HCV-RNA pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Observou-se etilismo em 33,3% e cirrose em 83,3%. Marcadores sorológicos das infecções pelo HBV e HCV foram encontrados respectivamente em 88,9% e 8,3%. O HBsAg foi encontrado em 58,3%; anti-HBc em 86%; anti-HBe em 85,7; HBeAg em 9,5%; anti-HBc IgM em 57,1%. O HBV-DNA foi detectado em 37,7% e em 65% dos HBsAg positivos; o HCV-RNA em 8,5% e em 100% dos anti-HCV positivos. AFP esteve alterada em 88,9% e acima de 400ng/ml em 75% dos casos. Conclui-se que a infecção pelo HBV parece ter importância na etiologia do CHC e ressalta-se a importância de implementar programas de vacinação e detecção precoce do tumor.

Resveratrol reduces chronic inflammation and improves insulin action in the myocardium of high-fat diet-induced obeserats

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do resveratrol sobre a via de sinalização da insulina e melhora do quadro inflamatório no miocárdio de ratos Wistar obesos induzidos por dieta.MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar foram divididos em grupos: controle (dieta padrão para roedores), obeso (dieta hiperlipídica) e obeso suplementado com resveratrol (20 mg/kg/dia), por 8 semanas (n=10). Ao final do período experimental, realizou-se o teste de tolerância à insulina, nos tempos 0 (sem insulina), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos após injeção intraperitoneal de insulina (2 U/kg). O peso corporal e o tecido adiposo epididimal foram mensurados. Fragmentos do miocárdio foram extraídos para análises da via da insulina e moléculas pró-inflamatórias através de Western blot.RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicam que a intervenção com resveratrol aumenta a constante de decaimento da glicose, fosforilação do receptor de insulina, substrato do receptor de insulina e da proteína quinase B. A suplementação de resveratrol também reduziu os níveis proteicos do fator de necrose tumoral alfa e de moléculas envolvidas com a transdução do sinal pró-inflamatório (quinase indutora do kappa B e fator nuclear kappa B). Os resultados ainda sugerem que a melhora na sensibilidade à insulina e a redução das moléculas pró-inflamatórias ocorreram independentemente da perda de peso corporal e da redução do tecido adiposo epididimal.CONCLUSÃO: A suplementação de resveratrol aumenta a sensibilidade à insulina, o que está relacionado à redução de fatores inflamatórios no miocárdio.

Detection of A/B toxin and isolation of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens from foals

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