Le soin du monde : incursions anthropologiques dans le Pan-African e-Network Project

Cette thèse enquête sur l’émergence d’espaces de soin à l’ère de la mondialisation numérique. Elle s’articule autour d’incursions au sein du Pan-African e Network Project (PAN), un réseau de cybersanté par l’entremise duquel des hôpitaux tertiaires situés en Inde offrent des services de téléconsultations et de formation médicale à des centres de santé africains. Des incursions sur la piste d’un projet en constante mutation, pour en saisir la polyvalence ontologique, la pertinence politique, la valeur thérapeutique. Le PAN, c’est une entreprise colossale, aux ramifications multiples. C’est le travail quotidien d’ingénieurs, médecins, gestionnaires. Ce sont des routines techniques, des équipements. À la fois emblème d’une résurgence de la coopération indo-africaine et expression d’une étonnante histoire cybermédicale indienne, le réseau incarne une Inde néolibérale, portée par l’ambition technique et commerciale de propulser la nation au centre de la marche du monde. Le PAN, c’est une ouverture numérique de la clinique, qui reconfigure la spatialité de la prise en charge de patients. C’est un réseau clé en main, une quête insatiable de maîtrise, une infrastructure largement sous-utilisée. C’est le projet d’une humanité à prendre en charge : une humanité prospère, en santé, connectée. De part en part, l’expérience du PAN problématise le telos cybermédical. Au romantisme d’une circulation fluide et désincarnée de l’information et de l’expertise, elle oppose la concrétude, la plasticité et la pure matérialité de pratiques situées. Qu’on parle de « dispositifs » (Foucault), de « réseaux » (Latour), ou de « sphères » (Sloterdijk), la prise en charge du vivant ne s’effectue pas sur des surfaces neutres et homogènes, mais relève plutôt de forces locales et immanentes. Le PAN pose la nécessité de penser la technique et le soin ensemble, et d’ainsi déprendre la question du devenir de la clinique autant du triomphalisme moderne de l’émancipation que du recueillement phénoménologique devant une expérience authentique du monde. Il s’agit, en somme, de réfléchir sur les pratiques, événements et formes de pouvoir qui composent ces « espaces intérieurs » que sont les réseaux cybermédicaux, dans tout leur vacarme, leur splendeur et leur insuffisance.

La tejedora de coronas de Germán Espinosa (1982) : un ensayo de desmarginalización cultural

Ce mémoire propose une analyse du roman historique La Carthagénoise (Germán Espinosa, 1982). Ce roman porte sur l’échange des idées entre l’Amérique coloniale et l’Europe éclairée. L’invasion française au port caraïbe de Carthagène d’Indes en 1697 est l’événement historique qui déclenche sa trame. Cette œuvre littéraire effectue un parcours à travers deux espaces et périodes historiques – l’Amérique sous domination espagnole et l’Europe des Lumières – dans lesquels s’entrecroisent des personnages réels et fictionnels. L’analyse que propose le présent travail aborde en premier lieu les antécédents du roman historique en Amérique latine. Dans une deuxième partie, il se penche sur les stratégies narratives utilisées dans le roman d’Espinosa et sur l’impact éventuel de ces procédés sur la facette critique de l’œuvre. L’hypothèse centrale de ce travail est que la fiction historique contribue à une vision critique de l’histoire officielle et qu’elle propose une réflexion sur les causes de la stagnation épistémologique en Amérique latine ainsi que des processus historiques inachevés tels que la libération épistémologique et la consolidation des épistémologies émergentes suggérées par la théorie postcoloniale et la pensée décoloniale. Le roman montre également la naissance, la mise en œuvre et l’échec de ce projet de libération épistémologique mené par un personnage féminin. Ce projet vise à finir avec la marginalisation du savoir latino-américain plutôt qu’à sa décolonisation. Parmi les conclusions tirées par ce mémoire, il y a l’idée qu’en raison de la causalité historique de l’Amérique latine, telle que montrée par le roman, le moment n’est pas encore venu de l’avènement d’une libération culturelle qui permette la consolidation des épistémologies émergentes, dans la ligne de ce que suggèrent les études postcoloniales et la décolonialité. Une autre conclusion importante à mentionner est que l’évolution des idées est un processus historique dans lequel les courants idéologiques ne sont pas absolus et sont assujettis aux conjonctures sociales qui déterminent leur existence et permanence.

When glaciers vanish : nature, power and moral order in the indian Himalayas

La présente thèse est une étude ethnographique qui examine le savoir en tant que pratique située au Ladakh, dans l’Himalaya indien. Elle analyse les implications socioculturelles des deux moteurs de changement en jeu au Ladakh: l’un est d'origine socio-économique et lié à la production du Ladakh en tant que zone frontalière, tandis que l’autre est de nature environnementale et entrainé par les changements climatiques. Alors que le Ladakh est demeuré hors de la portée de l’État bureaucratique pendant l’administration coloniale britannique, la région s’est trouvée reconfigurée en zone frontalière stratégique après l’indépendance de l’Inde des suites des guerres successives avec le Pakistan et la Chine. L’Indépendance a mené à la partition de l’Inde et du Pakistan en 1947; cette thèse examine la portée à long terme des évènements traumatisants de la partition tels qu’ils se sont déroulés au Ladakh et comment les Ladakhis établissent des liens entre ces évènements et les changements climatiques. L’État indien s’est produit dans la région à travers une volonté de dominer les montagnes, principalement par le développement d’infrastructures et par l’intégration du savoir local des Ladakhis dans l’appareil militaire. La militarisation a restructuré l'économie du Ladakh, redéfini la structure des ménages, contribué à l’exode rural, déplacé la centralité des activités agropastorales et, tel que la dissertation le soutient, altéré de manière significative la connexion de la population locale avec l'environnement. La rationalisation croissante de la perspective sur l’environnement aujourd'hui contribue à la fragmentation des liens qui unissent les domaines naturels et humains dans la cosmologie locale de même qu’à l'abandon des pratiques rituelles connexes. Parallèlement, la région est touchée par des effets distincts des changements climatiques, en particulier la récession des glaciers. La thèse juxtapose l'expérience subjective de ces vastes changements dans la vie quotidienne des villageois de la Vallée de Sham avec les faits historiques environnementaux, démontrant ainsi que les événements historiques locaux influent sur les perceptions des changements environnementaux. L'analyse démontre qu’un phénomène objectif tel que la récession des glaciers est interprété à travers des réalités locales. Plus précisément, selon la conception du monde locale, un glacier en retrait est une figure rhétorique d’une transformation de la condition humaine. Comme le fait valoir la dissertation, l’interprétation culturelle ne constitue pas un obstacle à l'objectivité de l'histoire naturelle de la cosmologie locale. L’interprétation culturelle et l'expérience empirique s’avèrent par ailleurs essentielles à la vitalité des connaissances locales sur l'environnement et à la performance des pratiques associées.

Export Competitiveness of Software Industry In India

The study was motivated by the need to understand factors that guide the software exports and competitiveness, both positively and negatively. The influence of one factor or another upon the export competitiveness is to be understood in great depth, which is necessary to find out the industry’s sustainability. India is being emulated as an example for the success strategy in software development and exports. India’s software industry is hailed as one of the globally competitive software industry in the world. The major objectives are to model the growth pattern of exports and domestic sales of software and services of India and to find out the factors influencing the growth pattern of software industry in India. The thesis compare the growth pattern of software industry of India with respect to that of Ireland and Israel and to critically of various problems faced by software industry and export in India and to model the variables of competitiveness of emerging software producing nations

An Analysis of Work Related Stress Factor in Selected Industries in Kerala ,India

Occupational stress is becoming a major issue in both corporate and social agenda .In industrialized countries, there have been quite dramatic changes in the conditions at work, during the last decade ,caused by economic, social and technical development. As a consequence, the people today at work are exposed to high quantitative and qualitative demands as well as hard competition caused by global economy. A recent report says that ailments due to work related stress is likely to cost India’s exchequer around 72000 crores between 2009 and 2015. Though India is a fast developing country, it is yet to create facilities to mitigate the adverse effects of work stress, more over only little efforts have been made to assess the work related stress.In the absence of well defined standards to assess the work related stress in India, an attempt is made in this direction to develop the factors for the evaluation of work stress. Accordingly, with the help of existing literature and in consultation with the safety experts, seven factors for the evaluation of work stress is developed. An instrument ( Questionnaire) was developed using these seven factors for the evaluation of work stress .The validity , and unidimensionality of the questionnaire was ensured by confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was ensured before administration. While analyzing the relation ship between the variables, it is noted that no relationship exists between them, and hence the above factors are treated as independent factors/ variables for the purpose of research .Initially five profit making manufacturing industries, under public sector in the state of Kerala, were selected for the study. The influence of factors responsible for work stress is analyzed in these industries. These industries were classified in to two types, namely chemical and heavy engineering ,based on the product manufactured and work environment and the analysis is further carried out for these two categories.The variation of work stress with different age , designation and experience of the employees are analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA. Further three different type of modelling of work stress, namely factor modelling, structural equation modelling and multinomial logistic regression modelling was done to analyze the association of factors responsible for work stress. All these models are found equally good in predicting the work stress.The present study indicates that work stress exists among the employees in public sector industries in Kerala. Employees belonging to age group 40-45yrs and experience groups 15-20yrs had relatively higher work demand ,low job control, and low support at work. Low job control was noted among lower designation levels, particularly at the worker level in these industries. Hence the instrument developed using the seven factors namely demand, control, manager support, peer support, relationship, role and change can be effectively used for the evaluation of work stress in industries.

Weather and climate of Penisular India modulated by Extrinsic factors- Empirical and Numerical Perspectives

The Doctoral thesis focuses on the factors that influence the weather and climate over Peninsular Indias. The first chapter provides a general introduction about the climatic features over peninsular India, various factors dealt in subsequent chapters, such as solar forcing on climate, SST variability in the northern Indian Ocean and its influence on Indian monsoon, moisture content of the atmosphere and its importance in the climate system, empirical formulation of regression forecast of climate and some aspects of regional climate modeling. Chapter 2 deals with the variability in the vertically integrated moisture (VIM) over Peninsular India on various time scales. The third Chapter discusses the influence of solar activity in the low frequency variability in the rainfall of Peninsular India. The study also investigates the influence of solar activity on the horizontal and vertical components of wind and the difference in the forcing before and after the so-called regime shift in the climate system before and after mid-1970s.In Chapter 4 on Peninsular Indian Rainfall and its association with meteorological and oceanic parameters over adjoining oceanic region, a linear regression model was developed and tested for the seasonal rainfall prediction of Peninsular India.

Export Development

The main aim of this study is to examine the deficiencies of the export development process and strategy in India and, to suggest, in the light of the findings of the above, measures for improvement. The marine products industry has been chosen as a case for a detailed investigation. The researcher conducts an evaluative study on the export potential for India’s marine products and trends in the international market for marine products. The thesis tries to identify the major hurdles in increasing exports of marine products from India. The evaluation of the adequacy and effectiveness of the measures taken to promote marine products exports is also undertaken

Organized Retail Market Boom and the Indian Society

IT and related services played a major role for India’s current 9.2. GDP growth. Organized retailing in India is one more example for its open economy. The IT industries where able develop a demand for Indian talents all over the world and improved their living standards. It directly impacts only a small minority of Indian population while organized retail affects every single Indian and every sector of Indian society. The paper gives a glimpse of the slow evolution of retail market over the years in India and its contribution for economic growth. The likely positive impact of this revolution in different sectors is enumerated. Paper addresses its ability to manipulate consumption pattern of society, increased customer satisfaction and likely change in the market shares of the different types of sellers. Paper discusses its flip sides like increasing social tension among families below poverty line and greater loss of self employment opportunities by this revolution. The main theme of enquiry of this paper is what it all means for the Indian society.

Marine Product Exports of Kerala in the ASEAN India Free Trade Area: Possibilities and Challenges

In the backdrop of issues encountered by the marine product exports from Kerala in the traditional strongholds of the European Union and the United States, there is a need to target newer markets. The ASEAN India Trade in Goods Agreement (TIGA) though proposes to liberalize trade between India and the ASEAN member nations, fails to deliver greater market access for our marine products in the markets of the ASEAN nations. This can be attributed to factors such as the lower prevailing MFN base rate in the ASEAN nations, tariff reduction commitments reciprocated by them being lesser than India’s offers, inclusion of our prominent items of export in the restrictive lists of most of the ASEAN nations etc. Export forecast suggests that this is a market to be reckoned, which in turn stipulates the need to secure greater concessions and preferential treatment for our marine product exports in the ASEAN nations to capitalize on the gains that have been made

Indian Law on Control of Vessel Sourced Pollution in Maritime Ports

Maritime ports are inevitable for India’s economic development. The very existence and sustainable development of ports depend on clean port environment. There is a notion that shipping is an over regulated industry. But in India, it is being operated under sub- standard conditions, raising crucial issues of environmental pollution in the country’s ports. The negative impacts of vessel sourced pollution on the eco-fragile coastal peninsula can be detrimental to the living conditions, health and interests of the coastal population. It can disturb marine life and imbalance the aquatic ecosystem. The present study analyses control of vessel sourced pollution in Indian ports from an economic and ecological perspective. The study investigates legal reasons behind the weak control, regulation and monitoring over vessel sourced pollution in Indian ports. The loopholes in the legal system are identified and suggestion made to implement stronger enforcement. Unless, vessel operations are properly regulated in ports, the trade and economic prospects of India will be jeopardized.

Assessment of Energy Conservation in Indian Cement Industry and Forecasting of Co2 Emissions

Cement industry ranks 2nd in energy consumption among the industries in India. It is one of the major emitter of CO2, due to combustion of fossil fuel and calcination process. As the huge amount of CO2 emissions cause severe environment problems, the efficient and effective utilization of energy is a major concern in Indian cement industry. The main objective of the research work is to assess the energy cosumption and energy conservation of the Indian cement industry and to predict future trends in cement production and reduction of CO2 emissions. In order to achieve this objective, a detailed energy and exergy analysis of a typical cement plant in Kerala was carried out. The data on fuel usage, electricity consumption, amount of clinker and cement production were also collected from a few selected cement industries in India for the period 2001 - 2010 and the CO2 emissions were estimated. A complete decomposition method was used for the analysis of change in CO2 emissions during the period 2001 - 2010 by categorising the cement industries according to the specific thermal energy consumption. A basic forecasting model for the cement production trend was developed by using the system dynamic approach and the model was validated with the data collected from the selected cement industries. The cement production and CO2 emissions from the industries were also predicted with the base year as 2010. The sensitivity analysis of the forecasting model was conducted and found satisfactory. The model was then modified for the total cement production in India to predict the cement production and CO2 emissions for the next 21 years under three different scenarios. The parmeters that influence CO2 emissions like population and GDP growth rate, demand of cement and its production, clinker consumption and energy utilization are incorporated in these scenarios. The existing growth rate of the population and cement production in the year 2010 were used in the baseline scenario. In the scenario-1 (S1) the growth rate of population was assumed to be gradually decreasing and finally reach zero by the year 2030, while in scenario-2 (S2) a faster decline in the growth rate was assumed such that zero growth rate is achieved in the year 2020. The mitigation strategiesfor the reduction of CO2 emissions from the cement production were identified and analyzed in the energy management scenarioThe energy and exergy analysis of the raw mill of the cement plant revealed that the exergy utilization was worse than energy utilization. The energy analysis of the kiln system showed that around 38% of heat energy is wasted through exhaust gases of the preheater and cooler of the kiln sysetm. This could be recovered by the waste heat recovery system. A secondary insulation shell was also recommended for the kiln in the plant in order to prevent heat loss and enhance the efficiency of the plant. The decomposition analysis of the change in CO2 emissions during 2001- 2010 showed that the activity effect was the main factor for CO2 emissions for the cement industries since it is directly dependent on economic growth of the country. The forecasting model showed that 15.22% and 29.44% of CO2 emissions reduction can be achieved by the year 2030 in scenario- (S1) and scenario-2 (S2) respectively. In analysing the energy management scenario, it was assumed that 25% of electrical energy supply to the cement plants is replaced by renewable energy. The analysis revealed that the recovery of waste heat and the use of renewable energy could lead to decline in CO2 emissions 7.1% for baseline scenario, 10.9 % in scenario-1 (S1) and 11.16% in scenario-2 (S2) in 2030. The combined scenario considering population stabilization by the year 2020, 25% of contribution from renewable energy sources of the cement industry and 38% thermal energy from the waste heat streams shows that CO2 emissions from Indian cement industry could be reduced by nearly 37% in the year 2030. This would reduce a substantial level of greenhouse gas load to the environment. The cement industry will remain one of the critical sectors for India to meet its CO2 emissions reduction target. India’s cement production will continue to grow in the near future due to its GDP growth. The control of population, improvement in plant efficiency and use of renewable energy are the important options for the mitigation of CO2 emissions from Indian cement industries

Export performancecof Indian spices in the WTO regime: a disaggregated analysis

Export has assumed an important place in the development of any country and considered as the engine of economic growth. India requires huge amount of foreign exchange for its essential import and for achieving rapid growth. Millions of job opportunities have to be created to utilise the youth for nation building. Even though the country has different sources of foreign exchange, export earning is the safe way of obtaining it in the long run. Export of high valued traditional products not only gives foreign exchange, but also employment to large number of people. Spices are the traditional products of India whose production process is highly intensive in semi and unskilled labour, and high domestic and foreign market prices compared to other traditional products. The new world trade scenario with the establishment of WTO has affected India’s spices export considerably. The study examines the export performance of Indian spices in the WTO regime taking the export of major spices from 1985 to 2013 using the growth of export, trend and instability in growth rate, changes in the composition and direction of spices, export performance ratio and the prospects of spices in earning foreign exchange during the WTO period and Pre-WTO period. The analysis reveals that the overall performance of Indian spices exports during the WTO regime are satisfactory. Export volume and value increased much during this period. But the decrease in market share of spices export during the WTO period reflects that, the favourable conditions in the international market are not exploited by India. High Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Value Elasticity (EV) of major spices amidst the low export shares shows that export performance of Indian spices during the WTO regime was not mainly affected by external demand factors as suggested by Ragnar Nurkse in his Demand Deficiency Thesis, but because of internal supply factors as suggested in Supply Deficiency Thesis, (supported by K.S Dhinsha, Dacosta, Goddamwar,etc.). But the fluctuations of export during the recession and prosperity periods show that external demand is also a determinant of Indian spices export. From this one can conclude that both the domestic supply factors and foreign demand factors influence the export performance of Indian spices. The long term performance of Indian spices exports are mainly influenced by domestic supply factors as suggested by Supply Deficiency Thesis and short term performance is mostly influenced by external demand factors as suggested by Demand Deficiency Thesis.

El papel de la Historia en el Sistema Educativo Español durante el s. XIX : el lento afianzamiento de las disciplinas históricas como saberes académicos.

Análisis pormenorizado del lento proceso de incorporación de las disciplinas históricas como saberes académicos al Sistema Educativo 'moderno'. Inserción de la Historia en los planes de enseñanza. En la primera parte, se estudia la génesis del modelo educativo liberal, cristalizado en la Ley Moyano. Se estudia paralelamente el proceso de desmantelamiento de las viejas instituciones docentes. En la segunda parte se analizan las viejas y nuevas disciplinas académicas que fueron conformando los sucesivos planes de estudios a lo largo del XIX, centrándose especialmente en la Historia. Archivos. Fuentes impresas de las Reales Academias de la Historia, de Ciencias Morales y Políticas. Fuentes impresas de carácter oficial. Libros y folletos de la época. Bibliografía actual. La Ley Moyano será el esqueleto en el que se sustente el Sistema Educativo contemporáneo hasta fechas bien recientes. Las nuevas estructuras fueron erigidas sobre las ruinas de las viejas instituciones docentes, cuya decadencia había alcanzado cuotas difícilmente superables en el s. XVIII. Los reformadores ilustrados fueron los primeros en intentar remodelar el obsoleto edificio educativo pero no tuvieron demasiado éxito. Los liberales prosiguieron, con mejor fortuna, sus proyectos. Consiguieron que los añejos establecimientos docentes fueran suprimidos o reformados y que se modificaran los planes de estudio de todas y cada una de las facultades. Rasgos definidores del Sistema Educativo liberal español son: división de la enseñanza en tres niveles escalonados; férrea descentralización y organización piramidal, burocrática y jerárquica de la instrucción; uniformidad absoluta de planes de estudio para todos los niveles educativos; minuciosa reglamentación de todos los aspectos concernientes a escolares, profesores, autoridades y personal subalterno; conformación del profesorado como funcionario público. La Historia hará su aparición entre las disciplinas académicas en algunos de los proyectos educativos ilustrados pero siempre como subsidiaria de otros saberes. Al constituirse la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, figurarán entre sus estudios algunas disciplinas históricas, pero en ningún momento se entenderá el estudio de la Historia asociado a la investigación erudita sobre el pasado, y así, no se impartirán disciplinas auxiliares tan básicas como Arqueología, Epistegrafía o Diplomática. Por tanto, la Universidad no formará historiadores, sino docentes abocados a la repetición memorística de los sucesos del pasado, pero incapaces de reconstruirlo a través de las investigaciones. Este estudio aporta, al menos, el esqueleto para el análisis de otros aspectos no suficientemente tratados en el complejo campo de la historiografía decimonónica.

La perfección corporal en el pensamiento de Jovellanos.

a) Clarificar que concepción tiene Jovellanos sobre el cuerpo humano; b) Precisar qué entiende por perfección, educación, instrucción y, en concreto por 'perfección física' o 'perfección de las facultades físicas'; c)Especificar cuáles son esas facultades físicas para el polígrafo asturiano; d) Elucidar cuáles de estas facultades físicas son perfectibles y si Jovellanos explica el proceso de perfección de esas facultades; e) Valorar la importancia que el ilustrado otorga a lo corporal y a su proceso de perfección; f) Poner de relieve la actualidad de buena parte de sus pensamientos e ideas pedagógicas y relativas a la perfección corporal. Análisis de documentos tanto de las fuentes primarias que componen las obras de Jovellanos, como de las obras secundarias constituidas por todas las obras y estudios que versan sobre él. Se trata, por tanto, de una lectura comprensiva y cronológica de sus obras para vislumbrar alguna evolución de su pensamiento y para analizar su trayectoria vital. Para completar la indagación histórica se cuenta, además, con una extensa información que sobre la época de Jovellanos y su figura ofrecen los historiadores y eruditos del momento. La metodología aplicada en la realización de este trabajo es la propia de una investigación histórica del pensamiento de un autor basada en la lectura de sus obras en busca de su pensamiento, expresado o insinuado en los textos. a) Para Jovellanos la perfección corporal es el primer eslabón de perfeccionamiento humano y lo entiende como el pleno desarrollo de las facultades físicas; b) Por facultades físicas, Jovellanos entiende aquellas orgánicas o corporales; c) Todas las facultades físicas son perfectibles; d) Este autor mantiene pensamientos pedagógicos con respecto a la Educación Física; e) Se puede afirmar que la Educación Física tiene cabida en sus planes de estudio, pero no como estatus de ciencia; f) La pedagogía jovellanista pone énfasis en la lengua nativa así como en la familia como institución educativa.

Gu??a de ??rboles de Asturias : para escolares de Primaria y ESO

Se pretende con esta gu??a-cuadernillo de trabajo establecer un punto de partida en el conocimiento del medio natural a trav??s de la identificaci??n y el estudio de los distintos ??rboles presentes en los bosques asturianos. Se inicia con una breve informaci??n sobre los bosques y su importancia en Asturias, observando los cambios que experimentan a lo largo de las estaciones. A continuaci??n se estudian las caracter??sticas y evoluci??n de las yemas y hojas de los ??rboles, con im??genes de los diferentes tipos de hojas y su clasificaci??n. M??s adelante, aparecen unos conceptos b??sicos sobre los ??rboles en general y se citan las especies que forman los bosques de Asturias y se comentan los diferentes criterios que existen a la hora de agrupar ??rboles y arbustos. Se pretende que los escolares vean c??mo evoluciona un ??rbol de hoja caduca a lo largo de las estaciones, partiendo de un ejemplo: el casta??o de Indias. La descripci??n de las diferentes especies se inicia con los ??rboles m??s cercanos, los que pueden encontrar los alumnos y alumnas en la ciudad, en las calles, plazas, parques o jardines, incluso en el mismo patio del colegio, teniendo en cuenta que se pretende utilizar la gu??a a lo largo de varios cursos, y ese puede ser un primer paso, el punto de partida. Se introduce la especie citando su nombre en castellano, su nombre cient??fico y el asturiano, para luego se??alar algunas caracter??sticas generales. Se a??aden finalmente una serie de sugerencias did??cticas y entre ellas una ficha fotocopiable para trabajar fuera del aula, a pie de ??rbol, utilizando la gu??a como un instrumento ??til para facilitar la identificaci??n de las diferentes especies, adem??s de un ??ndice complementario que facilita la p??gina a la que debemos acudir para cotejar o completar la informaci??n. Al final aparece un vocabulario que se incorpora a modo de repaso de aquellos t??rminos que resultan imprescindibles para trabajar con esta gu??a.