Pre-release evaluation of the efficacy of the leaf-sucking bug Carvalhotingis visenda (Heteroptera: Tingidae) as a biological control agent for cat's claw creeper Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae)

In classical weed biological control, assessing weed response to simulated herbivory is one option to assist in the prioritization of available agents and prediction of their potential efficacy. Previously reported simulated herbivory studies suggested that a specialist herbivore in the leaf-feeding guild is desirable as an effective biological control agent for cat's claw creeper Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae), an environmental weed that is currently a target for biological control. In this study, we tested (i) whether the results from glasshouse-based simulated herbivory can be used to prioritise potential biological control agents by evaluating the impact of a leaf-sucking tingid bug Carvalhotingis visenda (Drake & Hambleton) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in quarantine; and (ii) the likely effectiveness of low- and high-densities of the leaf-sucking tingid after its release in the field. The results suggest that a single generation of C. visenda has the potential to reduce leaf chlorophyll content significantly, resulting in reduced plant height and leaf biomass. However, the impact of one generation of tingid herbivory on below-ground plant components, including the roots and tuber size and biomass, were not significant. These findings are consistent with results obtained from a simulated herbivory trial, highlighting the potential role of simulated herbivory studies in agent prioritisation.

Scat contents of the spotted-tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus in the New England gorges, north-eastern New South Wales

In 1313 scats of the spotted-tailed quoll Dasyurus maculatus, collected over 5 years from the gorge country of north-eastern New South Wales, the most frequent and abundant items were derived from mammals and a restricted set of insect orders. These quolls also ate river-associated items: waterbirds, eels, crayfish, aquatic molluscs and even frogs. Macropods contributed most of the mammal items, with possums, gliders and rodents also being common. Some food, particularly from macropods and lagomorphs, had been scavenged (as shown by fly larvae). The most frequent invertebrates were three orders of generally large insects Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera, which were most frequent in summer and almost absent in winter scats. Monthly mean numbers of rodent and small dasyurid items per scat were inversely related to these large insects in scats. The numbers of reptile items were inversely related to the numbers of mammal (especially arboreal and small terrestrial mammal) items per scat, thus types of items interacted in their occurrences in monthly scat samples. Frequencies of most vertebrate items showed no seasonal, but much year-to-year, variation. This quoll population ate four main types of items, each requiring different skills to obtain: they hunted arboreal marsupials (possibly up trees), terrestrial small mammals and reptiles (on the ground), and seasonally available large insects (on trees or the ground), and scavenged carcases, mostly of large mammals but also birds and fishes (wherever they could find them).

The effect of data sources and quality on the predictive capacity of CLIMEX models: an assessment of Teleonemia scrupulosa and Octotoma scabripennis for the biocontrol of Lantana camara in Australia

Understanding the effects of different types and quality of data on bioclimatic modeling predictions is vital to ascertaining the value of existing models, and to improving future models. Bioclimatic models were constructed using the CLIMEX program, using different data types – seasonal dynamics, geographic (overseas) distribution, and a combination of the two – for two biological control agents for the major weed Lantana camara L. in Australia. The models for one agent, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Hemiptera:Tingidae) were based on a higher quality and quantity of data than the models for the other agent, Octotoma scabripennis Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Predictions of the geographic distribution for Australia showed that T. scrupulosa models exhibited greater accuracy with a progressive improvement from seasonal dynamics data, to the model based on overseas distribution, and finally the model combining the two data types. In contrast, O. scabripennis models were of low accuracy, and showed no clear trends across the various model types. These case studies demonstrate the importance of high quality data for developing models, and of supplementing distributional data with species seasonal dynamics data wherever possible. Seasonal dynamics data allows the modeller to focus on the species response to climatic trends, while distributional data enables easier fitting of stress parameters by restricting the species envelope to the described distribution. It is apparent that CLIMEX models based on low quality seasonal dynamics data, together with a small quantity of distributional data, are of minimal value in predicting the spatial extent of species distribution.

Relative host plant species use by the lantana biological control agent Aconophora compressa (Membracidae) across its native and introduced ranges

Aconophora compressa Walker (Hemiptera: Membracidae) was released in 1995 against the weed lantana in Australia, and is now found on multiple host plant species. The intensity and regularity at which A. compressa uses different host species was quantified in its introduced Australian range and also its native Mexican range. In Australia, host plants fell into three statistically defined categories, as indicated by the relative rates and intensities at which they were used in the field. Fiddlewood (Citharexylum spinosum L.: Verbenaceae) was used much more regularly and at higher densities than any other host sampled, and alone made up the first group. The second group, lantana (Lantana camara L.: Verbenaceae; pink variety) and geisha girl (Duranta erecta L.: Verbenaceae), were used less regularly and at much lower densities than fiddlewood. The third group, Sheena’s gold (another variety of D. erecta), jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don: Bignoniaceae) and myoporum (Myoporum acuminatum R. Br.: Myoporaceae), were used infrequently and at even lower densities. In Mexico, the insect was found at relatively low densities on all hosts relative to those in Australia. Densities were highest on L. urticifolia, D. erecta and Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae), which were used at similar rates to one another. It was found also on a few other verbenaceous and non-verbenaceous host species but at even lower densities. The relative rate at which Citharexylum spp. and L. urticifolia were used could not be assessed in Mexico because A. compressa was found on only one plant of each species in areas where these host species co-occurred. The low rate at which A. compressa occurred on fiddlewood in Mexico is likely to be an artefact of the short-term nature of the surveys or differences in the suites of Citharexylum and Lantana species available there. These results provide further incentive to insist on structured and quantified surveys of non-target host use in the native range of potential biological control agents prior to host testing studies in quarantine.

Insect induced bud fall in cultivated hibiscus and aspects of the biology of Macroura concolor (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

The influence of insect attack on bud fall and subsequent poor flowering in cultivated hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) was studied in cages and in the field in southern Queensland. Three species of Hemiptera (most importantly Aulacosternum nigrorubrum but also Nezara viridula and Tectocoris diophthalmus) caused some bud fall in 2 plantations studied. Adults of Macroura concolor suppressed flowering for long periods in spring and summer. Data from white funnel traps and counts in flowers showed that M. concolor was most active in these seasons. Methiocarb (0.75 g a.i./litre) reduced beetle numbers and increased flowering. When 15 or more adults of M. concolor occurred per bud (or flower) most buds fell and few flowers were produced, but when beetles declined to 10 or fewer many buds survived and widespread flowering occurred. Larvae fed in fallen buds and flowers and the mean duration of development of the combined immature stages was 14 days at 26 deg C. The preference of adults of M. concolor for pale coloured flowers was examined. Hibiscus plants produced most buds from December to June with lower numbers in winter and spring (July to November). Bud production in spring and early summer (September-December) varied greatly and probably contributed to poor flowering, however, even when large numbers of buds occurred very few flowers were produced because of the activities of M. concolor.

A new gall midge of the genus Dentifibula (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a predator of the scale insect Aulacaspis australis feeding on mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Dentifibula nigroapicalisKolesik sp. nov., a new species of gall midge, is described whose larvae were found preying on the mangrove scale insect Aulacaspis australisBrimblecombe (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). The mangrove scale was feeding on leaves of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (Rhizophoraceae) in Queensland. The new species is the first DentifibulaFelt known from Australia. © 2013 Australian Entomological Society.

Biological control of prickly acacia: Current research and future prospects

Prickly acacia, Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica (syn. Acacia nilotica subsp. indica) (Fabaceae), a major weed in the natural grasslands of western Queensland, has been a target of biological control since the 1980s with limited success to date. Surveys in India, based on genetic and climate matching, identified five insects and two rust pathogens as potential agents. Host-specificity tests were conducted for the insects in India and under quarantine conditions in Australia, and for the rust pathogens under quarantine conditions at CABI in the UK. In no-choice tests, the brown leaf-webber, Phycita sp. A, (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) completed development on 17 non-target plant species. Though the moth showed a clear preference for prickly acacia in oviposition choice trials screening of additional test-plant species was terminated in view of the potential non-target risk. The scale insect Anomalococcus indicus (Hemiptera: Lecanodiaspididae) developed into mature gravid females on 13 out of 58 non-target plant species tested. In the majority of cases very few female scales matured but development was comparable to that on prickly acacia on four of the non-target species. In multiple choice tests, the scale insect showed a significant preference for the target weed over non-target species tested. In a paired-choice trial under field conditions in India, crawler establishment occurred only on prickly acacia and not on the non-target species tested. Further choice trials are to be conducted under natural field conditions in India. A colony of the green leaf-webber Phycita sp. B has been established in quarantine facilities in Australia and host-specificity testing has commenced. The gall-rust Ravenelia acaciae-arabicae and the leaf-rust Ravenelia evansii (Puccineales: Raveneliaceae) both infected and produced viable urediniospores on Vachellia sutherlandii (Fabaceae), a non-target Australian native plant species. Hence, no further testing with the two rust species was pursued. Inoculation trials using the gall mite Aceria liopeltus (Acari: Eriophyidae) from V. nilotica subsp. kraussiana in South Africa resulted in no gall induction on V. nilotica subsp. indica. Future research will focus on the leaf-weevil Dereodus denticollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the leaf-beetle Pachnephorus sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under quarantine conditions in Australia. Native range surveys for additional potential biological control agents will also be pursued in northern and western Africa.

Biological control of bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) in Australia: South America as a possible source of natural enemies

Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia, Euphorbiaceae), a deciduous shrub introduced as an ornamental from tropical America, is a major and expanding weed of rangelands and riparian zones in northern Australia. Biological control is the most economically viable and long-term management solution for this weed. Surveys for potential biological control agents for J gossypiifolia in Mexico,Central America and the Caribbean resulted in release of the seed-feeding jewel bug Agonosoma trilineatum (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), which failed to establish, and prioritisation of a leaf-rust Phakopsora arthuriana (Puccineales: Phakopsoraceae) for host-specificity testing, which is ongoing. With poor prospects for new agents from Mexico and Central America and the Caribbean, the search for candidate agents on J gossypiifolia shifted to localities south of the equator. Surveys were conducted on the purple-leaf form of J gossypiifolia, Jatropha excisa, Jatropha clavuligera and Jatropha curcas in Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay in 2012 and 2013. A total of 11 insect species, one mite species and the leaf-rust (P. arthuriana) were observed. These include a yet to be described leafmining moth (Stomphastis sp.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae), a shoot and leaf-galling midge Prodiplosis longifila, and leaf-feeding midge Prodiplosis sp. near longifila (both Diptera:Cecidomyiidae) and an unidentified leaf-feeding moth larva (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). The leafminer is widespread and damaging and has a field host range restricted to the genus Jatropha in Peru and Bolivia, holds the greatest promise as a biological control agent in Australia. Phakopsora arthuriana was recorded for the first time ever from Bolivia and Peru. Further exploration will be conducted in Peru and Bolivia during the wet season to confirm the field host range of collected agents,and to look for more new agents. Promising agents with field host-range restricted to Jatropha spp. will be imported into a quarantine facility in Australia for host-specificity testing.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae)

The complete mitochondrial genome of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, comprised 17,027 bp. The genome contained 13 protein coding regions, 22 tRNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The gene arrangement corresponded to the common order found among insect mtDNAs which was considered to be the ancestral arrangement. The protein coding genes started with ATN and stopped with TAA or TAG. The nucleotide distribution was 76.0% A + T. The control region contained two repeat regions, one was 24 bp and the other was 161 bp. The Genbank accession for the complete L. lineolaris mt genome is EU401991.

Foliar Extrafloral Nectar of Humboldtia brunonis (Fabaceae), a Paleotropic Ant-plant, is Richer than Phloem Sap and More Attractive than Honeydew

The ant-plant Humboldtia brunonis secretes extrafloral nectar (EFN) despite the lack of antiherbivore protection from most ants. EFN was richer in composition than phloem sap and honeydew from untended Hemiptera on the plant, suggesting that EFN could potentially distract ants from honeydew, since ants rarely tended Hemiptera on this plant.

The X Chromosome of Hemipteran Insects: Conservation, Dosage Compensation and Sex-Biased Expression

Insects of the order Hemiptera (true bugs) use a wide range of mechanisms of sex determination, including genetic sex determination, paternal genome elimination, and haplodiploidy. Genetic sex determination, the prevalent mode, is generally controlled by a pair of XY sex chromosomes or by an XX/XO system, but different configurations that include additional sex chromosomes are also present. Although this diversity of sex determining systems has been extensively studied at the cytogenetic level, only the X chromosome of the model pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum has been analyzed at the genomic level, and little is known about X chromosome biology in the rest of the order. In this study, we take advantage of published DNA- and RNA-seq data from three additional Hemiptera species to perform a comparative analysis of the gene content and expression of the X chromosome throughout this clade. We find that, despite showing evidence of dosage compensation, the X chromosomes of these species show female-biased expression, and a deficit of male-biased genes, in direct contrast to the pea aphid X. We further detect an excess of shared gene content between these very distant species, suggesting that despite the diversity of sex determining systems, the same chromosomal element is used as the X throughout a large portion of the order.

Descripción del comportamiento de insectos y enfermedades asociadas al cultivo de fresa (Fragaria spp, L) en el municipio de la Sabana, departamento de Madriz

La fresa ( Fragaria spp , L), es una planta herbácea, pertenece a la familia de las Rosácea s y al genero Fragariae, esta es hospedera de un sin número de insectos plagas y enfermedades. Actualmente en Nicaragua se cultiva en zonas altas, arriba de los 1200 msnm como una alternativa de diversificación de fincas cafetaleras y a la demanda que existe del producto. Estas alturas se ubican en los departamentos de Madríz, en el municipio de La Sabana, no existiendo hasta la fecha un reporte formal sobre los principales insectos plagas e insectos benéficos y enfermedades presentes en el cultivo. Ante tal situación y debido a la importancia que esta tomando este cultivo, se realizó una investigación con el objetivo de identificar y describir la fluctuación poblacional de todos los insectos e incidencia de enfermedades presentes en el cultivo de fresa. El estudio se realizó en la finca La Patasta, Municipio de la Sabana, Departamento de Madríz, en el periodo comprendido entre Octubre 2004 a Abril 2005. El monitoreo se realizó semanalmente en una parcela la cual constaba de cinco sitios específicos, realizando capturas manuales de especimenes con ayudas de vasos cristalinos y cámaras húmedas en el caso de enfermedades. Los resultados obtenidos fueron los siguientes: se identificó y se describió la fluctuación poblacional de insectos de las principales familias del orden Coleóptera (Chrysomelidae, Scarabaeidae, Curculionidae), así como las principales familias del orden Hemiptera (Pentatomidae, Miridae, Ligaeidae,) también las familias del orden Orthoptera (Gryllidae) y el Orden Homóptera (Cicadellidae), de igual forma se identificò y describió la fluctuación poblacional de depredadores naturales de la familia Coccinellidae y Aracnidae, así como también se identificaron y se describieron las principales enfermedades causadas por (Mycosphaerella fragariae, Xanthomonas fragariae y Botrytis spp) presentes en este cultivo

Evaluación preliminar de 27 genotipos de tomate (Licopersicum sculentum Mill) tolerantes al complejo mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemíptera: Aleyrodidae)) - geminivirus, Tisma, Masaya, postrera, 2010

El estudio se realizó en el municipio de Tisma, departamento de Masaya, con el objetivo de evaluar preliminarmente 27 genotipos de tomate (Licopersicum sculentum Mill) tolerantes al complejo mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae))– Geminivirus provenientes de AVRDC (The World Vegetable Center). Se estableció un diseño de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones y 27 tratamientos, consistentes en genotipos de tomates. Los datos se analizaron usando el paquete estadístico SAS ver 9.1 mediante análisis de varianza, separaciones de medias a través de prueba de rangos múltiples de Tukey (α 0.05) y análisis de correlaciones fenotípicas de Pearson. Se registró la información de ocho variables basadas en componentes de rendimientos, siete cuantitativas y una cualitativa. El análisis de varianza expresó diferencias altamente significativas para las variables de fruto y en base al análisis del rendimiento y forma de fruto, resultaron como promisorios 20 de los genotipos evaluados para continuar evaluaciones más rigurosas, descartándose siete genotipos (9, 10, 13, 11, 4, 6 y 12) por presentar rendimientos que están por debajo de la media local (Tisma) y cuyos patrones de forma no son de preferencia de consumo en el mercado nacional, sin embargo del total de los genotipos seleccionados como promisorios, ocho de los genotipos presentaron rendimientos promedios por encima de la media de producción local (49100 kgha- 1) cuyos rendimientos oscilan entre 73077 kgha-1 y 50937 kgha-1. El análisis de correlaciones fenotípicas de Pearson mostró que ocho coeficientes resultaron significativos, resultando que el número de fruto presentó correlación positiva con el rendimiento(r: 0.64) y correlación negativa con el diámetro ecuatorial (r:-0.49), número de lóculos (r:-0.38) y peso del fruto(r:-0.56), así mismo, el diámetro ecuatorial presentó correlaciones positivas con el número de lóculos (r: 0.90) y peso del fruto (r: 0.96) y el número de lóculos correlación negativa con el diámetro polar (r:-0.39) y correlación positiva con el peso de fruto (r: 0.85).

Manejo de mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius.) y Geminivirus en semilleros de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) bajo protección física y química y su efecto en la producción

La mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci Gennadium) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) es la principal plaga que afecta al tomate (Lycopersicum esculemtumMill.) cultivado en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Este insecto transmite geminivirus al tomate y provoca severos daños al cultivo, reduciendo los rendimientos y aumentando los costos de producción. Con el objetivo de evaluar alternativas de protección físicas y químicas contra el ataque de este complejo mosca blanca–Geminivirus se realizó un estudio en semilleros de tomate en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya, en el período entre Noviembre del 2007 a Enero del 2008. Los tratamientos que se compararon fueron: Semillero de tomate sembrado en era y protegido con malla antivirus (Microtúnel), semillero de tomate sembrado en bandejas protegido con un microinvernadero, semillero de tomate sembrado en era al aire libre protegido con gauchoconfidor, semillero de tomate sembrado en era al aire libre protegido con aceite de Neem y semillero de tomate sembrado en era al aire libre y sin ningún tratamiento (Testigo). Las variables evaluadas fueron: número de adultos de mosca blanca por planta, porcentaje de incidencia y severidad de virosis y rendimiento en kg/ha, los muestreos se realizaron semanalmente. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, las plantas de tomate que fueron protegidas en etapa de semilleros con microtúnel y microinvernadero presentaron los menores porcentajes de incidencia y severidad de virosis, seguidos por los tratamientos gaucho-confidor y Neem. De la misma manera los tratamientos microtúnel y microinvernadero resultaron con los mejores rendimientos por hectárea, la mejor tasa de retorno marginal y mejores beneficios netos por hectárea.

Phylogeography and non-invasive landscape genetics of the European pine marten ("martes martes" L. 1758) : insights into ancient and contemporary processes shaping genetic variation

283 p. : graf., map.