Origem do suíno casco-de-burro e sua relação genética com populações ibéricas e americanas

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Predição in vitro da atividade tóxica de isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner e efeito sinergístico no controle de larvas de Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

The history of the introduction of the giant river prawn, Macrobrachium cf. rosenbergii (Decapoda, Palaemonidae), in Brazil: new insights from molecular data

The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium cf. rosenbergii, is one of the most cultivated freshwater prawns in the world and has been introduced into more than 40 countries. In some countries, this prawn is considered an invasive species that requires close monitoring. Recent changes in the taxonomy of this species (separation of M. rosenbergii and M. dacqueti) require a re-evaluation of introduced taxa. In this work, molecular analyses were used to determine which of these two species was introduced into Brazil and to establish the geographic origin of the introduced populations that have invaded Amazonian coastal waters. The species introduced into Brazil was M. dacqueti through two introduction events involving prawns originating from Vietnam and either Bangladesh or Thailand. These origins differ from historical reports of the introductions and underline the need to confirm the origin of other exotic populations around the world. The invading populations in Amazonia require monitoring not only because the biodiversity of this region may be affected by the introduction, but also because admixture of different native haplotypes can increase the genetic variability and the likelihood of persistence of the invading species in new habitats.

Taxonomic implications of molecular studies on Northern Brazilian Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) specimens

The current taxonomy of the Teredinidae (shipworms) is wholly based on morphology and up to now no molecular studies of the phylogeny of this group have been published. In the present study the relationships between four genera of the subfamilies Teredininae and Bankiinae were established and the efficiency of the 16S rRNA gene in characterizing four Teredinidae species was tested. Phylogenetic trees support the grouping of Bankia fimbriatula with Nausitora fusticula and of Neoteredo reynei with Psiloteredo healdi, but the genetic distances do not justify the classification of these species into two distinct subfamilies. The results show that B. fimbriatula, N. reynei and P. healdi specimens from the coast of the Brazilian state of Pará have five distinct 16S rRNA haplotypes, with one N. reynei haplotype differing from the other haplotypes in respect to at least seven sequences sites, indicating the existence of two very distinct sympatric lineages.

Genetic characterization of native and introduced populations of the neotropical cichlid genus Cichla in Brazil

A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA and Control Region sequences from native and introduced populations was undertaken, in order to characterize the introduction of Cichla (peacock bass or tucunaré) species in Brazil. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes found in introduced fish from Minas Gerais state (southeastern Brazil) clustered only with those from native species of the Tocantins River (Cichla piquiti and C. kelberi), thereby suggesting a single or, at most, few translocation acts in this area, even though with fish from the same source-population. Our study contributes to an understanding of the introduction of Cichla in regions of Brazil outside the Amazon basin, and adds phylogenetic data to the recently describe Cichla species, endemic from the Tocantins-Araguaia basin.

Significant genetic differentiation among populations of Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791): a bivalve with planktonic larval dispersion

Four Brazilian populations of Anomalocardia brasiliana were tested for mutual genetic homogeneity, using data from 123 sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. A total of 36 haplotypes were identified, those shared being H3 (Canela Island, Prainha and Acupe) and both H5 and H9 (Prainha and Acupe). Haplotype diversity values were high, except for the Camurupim population, whereas nucleotide values were low in all the populations, except for that of Acupe. Only the Prainha population showed a deviation from neutrality and the SSD test did not reject the demographic expansion hypothesis. Fst values showed that the Prainha and Acupe populations represent a single stock, whereas in both the Canela Island and Camurupim stocks, population structures are different and independent. The observed structure at Canela Island may be due to the geographic distance between this population and the remainder. The Camurupim population does not share any haplotype with the remaining populations in northeastern Brazil. The apparent isolation could be due to the rocky barrier located facing the mouth of the Mamanguape River. The results highlight the importance of wide-scale studies to identify and conserve local genetic diversity, especially where migration is restricted.

A genomic assisted breeding program for cassava to improve nutritional quality and industrial traits of storage root

A mandioca é cultivada como "mandioca mansa" para consumo in natura e "mandioca para indústria" como fonte de amidos e farinhas. Raças locais foram utilizadas para descoberta de "mutações espontâneas" e desenvolvimento de abordagem evolutiva e de melhoramento para estudos de função gênica. Recursos de Genômica e Proteômica foram obtidos. Análises de expressão gênica por blot de RNA e microarranjos foram desenvolvidos para identificação de expressão diferencial. "Mandioca açucarada" foi identificada, sendo relacionada com falta de expressão do gene da BEI e de uma mutação "nonsence" na sequência do gene GBSSI causando a formação do amido serose. "Mandioca avermelhada" apresentou falta de expressão do gene CasLYB, e a "amarela" uma regulação de repressão do gene CasHYb. Análise Proteômica do complexo carotenóide-proteína, juntamente com a análise de expressão de gene da CAP4, revelaram uma dupla fita de cDNA associada ao elevado acúmulo de carotenóide. Sequenciamento do gene da GBSSI identificou 22 haplótipos e grande diversidade de nucleotídios. Populações segregantes de cruzamentos de fenótipos bioquímicos diferenciados com cultivares elites dos Cerrados foram obtidas.

Genetic relationships among native americans based on beta-globin gene cluster haplotype frequencies

The distribution of b-globin gene haplotypes was studied in 209 Amerindians from eight tribes of the Brazilian Amazon: Asurini from Xingú, Awá-Guajá, Parakanã, Urubú-Kaapór, Zoé, Kayapó (Xikrin from the Bacajá village), Katuena, and Tiriyó. Nine different haplotypes were found, two of which (n. 11 and 13) had not been previously identified in Brazilian indigenous populations. Haplotype 2 (+ - - - -) was the most common in all groups studied, with frequencies varying from 70% to 100%, followed by haplotype 6 (- + + - +), with frequencies between 7% and 18%. The frequency distribution of the b-globin gene haplotypes in the eighteen Brazilian Amerindian populations studied to date is characterized by a reduced number of haplotypes (average of 3.5) and low levels of heterozygosity and intrapopulational differentiation, with a single clearly predominant haplotype in most tribes (haplotype 2). The Parakanã, Urubú-Kaapór, Tiriyó and Xavante tribes constitute exceptions, presenting at least four haplotypes with relatively high frequencies. The closest genetic relationships were observed between the Brazilian and the Colombian Amerindians (Wayuu, Kamsa and Inga), and, to a lesser extent, with the Huichol of Mexico. North-American Amerindians are more differentiated and clearly separated from all other tribes, except the Xavante, from Brazil, and the Mapuche, from Argentina. A restricted pool of ancestral haplotypes may explain the low diversity observed among most present-day Brazilian and Colombian Amerindian groups, while interethnic admixture could be the most important factor to explain the high number of haplotypes and high levels of diversity observed in some South-American and most North-American tribes.

Filogeografia em lagartos no baixo Tocantins, Ilha do Marajó e Sul do Amapá

Estudos filogeográficos têm ajudado a esclarecer o contexto espacial e temporal da diversificação de organismos amazônicos, o que pode ser diretamente comparado com cenários geológicos específicos. O presente estudo visa fornecer informações que possam auxiliar na reconstituição da história recente do baixo Tocantins/Ilha do Marajó a partir e uma análise filogeográfica de Gonatodes humeralis e Kentropyx calcarata. Adicionalmente, a utilidade do gene citocromo oxidase I como marcador para estudos populacionais de lagartos foi avaliada. Dados de 49 exemplares de G. humeralis e 32 de K. calcarata de 14 localidades ao sul do Amapá, baixo Tocantins, Ilha do Marajó e de uma externa à área focal do estudo foram analisados. Alem das medidas de diversidade e diferenciação genética, foram possíveis eventos de expansão demográfica recente nestas populações foram avaliados com uso da estatística R₂. As relações filogenéticas entre as populações foram avaliadas pela construção de árvores não enraizadas usando-se os métodos de máxima parcimônia (MP) e máxima verossimilhança (MV). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que embora o COI tenha sido raramente utilizado para esta finalidade, a variação observada entre seqüências de populações de G. humeralis e K. calcarata indicam que ele é um marcador útil para análises filogeográficas. As cinco populações de ambas as espécies aqui estudadas, são geneticamente estruturadas. Isso indica um baixo ou mais provavelmente inexistente fluxo gênico entre elas. As relações filogeográficas observadas, embora mais seguramente para G. humeralis que para K. calcarata indicam que ocorreram mudanças significativas em tempos relativamente recentes no sistema de drenagem na região do baixo rio Tocantins e Ilha do Marajó. Isto porque, há neste estudo, fortes indícios de que em tempos pretéritos recentes houve maior movimentação, ativa ou passiva, das espécies entre as regiões do Marajó e oeste do rio Tocantins que teriam sido as mais diretamente afetadas por estas mudanças.

Characterization of polymorphisms in the mannose-binding lectin gene promoter among human immunodeficiency virus 1 infected subjects

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the prevalence of mutations in the -550 (H/L) and -221 (X/Y) mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene promoter regions and their impact on infection by human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in a population of 128 HIV-1 seropositive and 97 seronegative patients. The allele identification was performed through the sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction method, using primer sequences specific to each polymorphism. The evolution of the infection was evaluated through CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and plasma viral load. The allele and haplotype frequencies among HIV-1-infected patients and seronegative healthy control patients did not show significant differences. CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts showed lower levels among seropositive patients carrying haplotypes LY, LX and HX, as compared to those carrying the HY haplotype. Mean plasma viral load was higher among seropositive patients with haplotypes LY, LX and HX than among those carrying the HY haplotype. When promoter and exon 1 mutations were matched, it was possible to identify a significantly higher viral load among HIV-1 infected individuals carrying haplotypes correlated to low serum levels of MBL. The current study shows that haplotypes related to medium and low MBL serum levels might directly influence the evolution of viral progression in patients. Therefore, it is suggested that the identification of haplotypes within the promoter region of the MBL gene among HIV-1 infected persons should be further evaluated as a prognostic tool for AIDS progression.

Polymorphism in the promoter region of the mannose-binding lectin gene among human T-cell lymphotropic virus infected subjects

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated the frequency of the mutations at positions -550 and -221 of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL) gene in a sample of 75 human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infected patients and 96 HTLV seronegative controls, in order to evaluate the occurrence of a possible association between the polymorphism and HTLV infection. A sequence specific primer-polymerase chain reaction was used for discrimination of the polymorphism. The analysis of allele frequencies at position -550 did not show any significant differences between HTLV infected group and controls, but there was a significant difference at position -221. The comparative analysis of haplotypes frequencies were not significant, but the genotype frequencies between the two groups, revealed a higher prevalence of genotype LYLX (25.3%), associated with medium and low MBL serum levels among HTLV infected subjects. The odds ratio estimation demonstrated that the presence of genotype LYLX was associated with an increased risk of HTLV infection (p = 0.0096; 1.38 < IC95% < 7.7605). There was no association between proviral load and the promoter polymorphism, but when promoter and exon 1 mutations were matched, it was possible to identify a significant higher proviral load among HTLV infected individuals carrying haplotypes correlated to low serum levels of MBL. The present study shows that the polymorphism in the promoter region of the MBL gene may be a genetic marker associated with HTLV infection, and emphasizes the need for further studies to determinate if the present polymorphism have any impact on diseases linked to HTLV infection.

Diversidade genética de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, caracterização molecular e patogênica de Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. aurantifolii e detecção de Xanthomonas alfalfae em citrumelo ‘Swingle’ (Citrus paradisi Macf. x Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) no Brasil

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária - FCAV

Associação do polimorfismo do gene humano NRAMP1 na susceptibilidade/resistência para hanseníase em áreas endêmicas do estado do Pará

Hanseníase é um problema de saúde pública no estado do Pará e um desafio para os Programas de Controle que almejam o estabelecimento de estratégias para minimização do agravo da doença. O entendimento do mecanismo genético e imunológico para explicar a manutenção da endemia pode ser uma das alternativas para melhoria da abordagem do problema na nossa região. O gene humano de resistência natural associada à proteína macrofágica – NRAMP1 é expresso em macrógfagos e parece estar envolvido com a influência no padrão de resposta imune à infecção com Mycobcaterium leprae. Nós avaliamos associação do polimorfismo deste gene, já descrito por BUU et al, 1995 com a hanseníase “per se” e com os tipos da doença, segundo os níveis de anticorpos anti-PGL-1 na população estudada. Um total de 122 pacientes com hanseníase e 110 não doentes procedentes de municípios endêmicos do estado do Pará, foram genotipados para o polimorfismo deste gene e analisados segundo os níveis de anticorpos anti-PGL-1 desta micobactéria. Observou-se associação com a hanseníase “per se” (p=0.0087), e o polimorfismo da região 3ۥ não traduzida do gene NRAMP1 com inserção/deleção de 4 pares de bases foi fortemente associado com a forma multibacilar (p= 0.025) comparado aos contatos não cosanguíneos. Heterozigotos e portadores do alelo com a deleção (159pb) foram mais freqüentes entre os casos multibacilares do que nos paucibacilares. Os haplótipos do gene NRAMP1 parecem exercer influência importante na apresentação clínica da hanseníase, revelada também pela positividade ao antígeno PGL-1 do mycobacterium leprae.

Bacillus thuringiensis: diversidade gênica, estrutura genética de populações e eficiência no controle de Plutella xylostella (L., 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Population structure of Lutjanus purpureus (Lutjanidae - Perciformes) on the Brazilian coast: further existence evidence of a single species of red snapper in the western Atlantic

ABSTRACT: The present study focus on the mitochondrial control region to investigate phylogeographic patterns and population structure in Lutjanus purpureus, and to evaluate the genetic similarity between L. purpureus and L. campechanus. For the initial analysis, 810 base pairs sequence from control region were obtained from 239 specimens of L. purpureus collected from four localities off the Brazilian coast. The results revealed the presence of a single panmictic population characterized by high values of genetic diversity. The 299 base pairs hypervariable portion were used for the combined analysis of L. purpureus and L. campechanus, being 275 haplotypes identified in the 414 specimens. Phylogenetic tree and haplotype network did not indicate phylogeographic substructuring between the two species, but rather an intense intermingling of individuals. Considering their marked morphological similarity, the molecular data presented here indicatethat only one species of red snapper exists in the western Atlantic.