Working with people affected by cancer – Phase 1 of a mixed methods exploration of practitioner perspectives in nutritional therapy

Introduction - Nutritional therapy (NT) is a bioscience-based branch of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) with National Occupational Standards (NOS) and accredited training courses which include compulsory clinical training. Approximately 900 practitioners are registered with the voluntary regulator, the Complementary and Natural Healthcare Council (CNHC), but the number of unregulated practitioners is unknown. Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide; nutrition and lifestyle factors may affect recurrence and survival rates. Many cancer patients and survivors seek individualised advice on diet and use of supplements and appropriately skilled nutritional therapy practitioners (NTP) may be well-placed to safely provide this advice. Little is known of NTPs’ perspectives on working with people affected by cancer; this study seeks to explore their views on training, use of evidence and other resources, to support the development of safe evidence-based practice in this important clinical area. Methods – An on-line anonymised questionnaire collected data from participants recruited from all UK registered NTPs. Recruitment was facilitated by the British Association for Applied Nutrition and Nutritional Therapy (BANT). Quantitative data on practitioner characteristics, years in practice, other therapies practiced and work with cancer clients were collected. Qualitative data on types of evidence used, barriers to practice and perceived training and support needs when working with clients with cancer, were collected and analysed. SPSS was used to produce descriptive statistics. Preliminary Results – 274/888 (31%) of registered NTPs participated. 61% respondents had accredited NT qualifications of which 46% were at degree or post-graduate level. 73% (202) participants indicated they also had other higher education qualifications, including 153 (56%) at degree or above. When asked to describe their position on cancer work, 17% respondents (40/238) indicated no interest, and 35% (84/238) respondents already work with cancer clients (cancer practitioners - CP). A further 48% (114/238) respondents expressed interest in starting cancer work, and typically requested specialist training and practice guidelines to support this area of clinical practice. Cancer practitioners (CP) rated searches of peer-reviewed literature as most useful for information to support practice, whereas commercial product information was rated least useful. CPs requested engagement with mainstream medicine, more access to research evidence and professional recognition to facilitate and support work with cancer clients. A need for professional networking, mentorship and/or supervision was noted by CP and non-CP respondents, which is of interest since 81% all participants worked as sole practitioners exclusively or as part of their practice, <1% worked within the NHS. Discussion & Conclusions – This is the first detailed documentation of NTP perspectives on cancer work. A number of areas have been identified for further detailed evidence to be collected using focus groups and interviews, including detailed training needs, communication with mainstream cancer professionals, access to research evidence, and professional recognition. This work will inform and support the development of professional practice guidelines for NT and inform the development of specialist training and other resources.

Barriers to working with people affected by cancer: Preliminary qualitative data from a mixed methods exploration of practitioner perspectives in nutritional therapy

Introduction: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Nutrition may affect occurrence, recurrence and survival rates and many cancer patients and survivors seek individualized nutrition advice. Appropriately skilled nutritional therapy (NT) practitioners may be well-placed to safely provide this advice, but little is known of their perspectives on working with people affected by cancer. This mixed-methods study seeks to explore their views on training, barriers to practice, use of evidence, and other resources, to support the development of safe evidence-based practice. Preliminary data on barriers to practice are reported here. Methods: Two cohorts of NT practitioners were recruited from all UK registered NT practitioners, by an on-line anonymous survey. 84 cancer practitioners (CP) and 165 non-cancer practitioners (NCP) were recruited. Mixed quantitative and qualitative data was collected by the survey. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data on the use of evidence, barriers to practice and perceived needs for working with clients with cancer, for further exploration using interviews and focus groups. Preliminary results: For the NCP cohort, exploring themes of perceived barriers to working with people affected by cancer suggested that perceived complexity, risk and need for caution in this area of practice were important barriers. Insufficient specialist knowledge and skills also emerged as barriers. Some NCPs perceived opposition from medical practitioners and other mainstream healthcare professions as an obstacle to starting cancer practice. To overcome these barriers, specialist training emerged as most important. For the CP cohort, in exploring the skills they considered enabled them to undertake cancer work, specialist clinical and technical knowledge emerged strongly. Only 10% CP participants did not want more work with people affected by cancer. 10% CPs reported some NHS referrals, whereas most received clients by self-referral or from other practitioners. When considering barriers that impede their cancer practice, the dominant categories for CPs were hostility or opposition by mainstream oncology professionals, and lack of dialogue and engagement with them. To overcome these barriers, CPs desired engagement with oncology professionals and recognized specialist cancer NT training. For both NCPs and CPs, evidence resources, practice guidelines and practitioner support networks also emerged as potential enablers to cancer practice. Conclusions: This is the first detailed exploration of NT practitioners’ perceived barriers to working with people affected by cancer. Acquiring specialist skills and knowledge appears important to enable NCPs to start cancer work, and for CPs with these skills, the perceived barriers appear foremost in the relationship with mainstream cancer professionals. Further exploration of these themes, and other NT practitioner perspectives on working with people affected by cancer, is underway. This work will inform and support the development of professional practice, training and other resources.

Analysis of the Bovespa Futures and Spot Indexes With High Frequency Data. Chinese Business Review

Data from the World Federation of Exchanges show that Brazil’s Sao Paulo stock exchange is one of the largest worldwide in terms of market value. Thus, the objective of this study is to obtain univariate and bivariate forecasting models based on intraday data from the futures and spot markets of the BOVESPA index. The interest is to verify if there exist arbitrage opportunities in Brazilian financial market. To this end, three econometric forecasting models were built: ARFIMA, vector autoregressive (VAR), and vector error correction (VEC). Furthermore, it presents the results of a Granger causality test for the aforementioned series. This type of study shows that it is important to identify arbitrage opportunities in financial markets and, in particular, in the application of these models on data of this nature. In terms of the forecasts made with these models, VEC showed better results. The causality test shows that futures BOVESPA index Granger causes spot BOVESPA index. This result may indicate arbitrage opportunities in Brazil.

Representações Sociais da Doença Mental: um estudo qualitativo com profissionais da Saúde Mental

Este trabalho pretende conhecer as representações sociais de Psiquiatras, Internos de Psiquiatria, Pedopsiquiatras e Psicólogos Clínicos sobre a doença mental em quatro dimensões: (1) conceptual – conceitos de saúde e doença mental, (2) explicativa – causalidade da doença mental (3) interventiva – modelos de intervenção e objetivos da prática clínica, e (4) contextual – influência do contexto na prática clínica. É um estudo qualitativo de carácter exploratório, pontuado epistemologicamente pelo construcionismo social e teoricamente pelo quadro das representações sociais. Participaram 30 profissionais (13 Psicólogos, 10 Psiquiatras, 5 Internos de Psiquiatria e 2 Pedopsiquiatras) aos quais foi aplicada uma entrevista semi-estruturada que foi analisada quanto ao seu conteúdo (através do software NVivo 10). Da análise dos resultados salienta-se que as representações dos profissionais quanto à conceptualização da doença mental são heterogéneas. A saúde mental é equacionada como flexibilidade, adaptação, funcionalidade e bem-estar biopsicossocial do indivíduo. A causalidade atribuída à doença mental assenta no modelo interacionista biopsicossocial. Quanto à intervenção, os participantes utilizam estratégias e modelos de intervenção ecléticos, salientando-se como objetivos a promoção do bem-estar e diminuição do sofrimento, a promoção do funcionamento e autonomia e a “cura”. O contexto institucional surge como comprometedor da liberdade de atuação na prática pública e como facilitador da liberdade de atuação do clínico na prática privada. Conclui-se que a análise individual (disposicional) do comportamento patológico é privilegiada em detrimento da análise contextual (situacional). Implicações do presente estudo para o quadro teórico das representações sociais da doença mental são consideradas. / The present aims to acknowledge the social representations about mental disease of Psychiatrists, Psychiatrist Interns, Child Psychiatrists and Clinical Psychologists. Four dimensions were considered: (1) conceptual - concepts about health and mental disease; (2) descriptive – mental disease causes; (3) intervention – models for clinical intervention and clinical procedures; and (4) context – influence of the context in clinical procedures. A qualitative and exploratory study was developed based, epistemologically, on social constructionism and social representations. Through the course of the research 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted (13 psychologists, 10 psychiatrists, 5 Internal Psychiatry and 2 child psychiatrists) to which it was applied a semi-structured interview. A content analysis of the interviews was performed by NVivo 10. Results showed that the social representations of mental disease are heterogeneous. Mental health is conceptualized according to the flexibility, adaptation, functionality and the biopsychosocial well-being of the individual. The causality of mental disease is explained by the interactionist biopsychosocial model. Professionals mainly adopt eclectic intervention models and strategies in clinical practice. Participants refer that their goals are to promote the well-being, diminish the suffering and promote the functioning, the autonomy and “cure”. The public institutional framework compromises the flexibility in the clinical procedures. Private practices increases the procedural possibilities of the professionals. Concludes that the individual analysis (dispositional) of the pathological behavior is privileged in detriment of the contextual analysis (situational). Implications of this study to the theoretical framework of social representations of mental illness are considered.

Feminista Frequencies: Tuning In to Chicana Radio Activism in the Pacific Northwest, 1975-1990

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Machine learning and data decompositions for complex networked dynamical systems

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

A satisfação dos clientes internos e o comprometimento organizacional: um estudo à luz do modelo ASH nas indústrias alimentícias do RN

Currently the organizations are passing for continuous cycles of changes due to necessity of survival in the work market. The administration of the future points a way to the organizations of today and tomorrow, the search of the competitiveness from loyalty and motivation of its staff. Of this form, the model of the Auditoria do Sistema Humano (ASH), developed for Spanish researchers and that now it is being applied in Brazil, contemplates a series of dimensions about Human Resources management quality in the companies and the organizational effectiveness, such as the environment where the company is inserted, the strategies, the organizational drawing, the psychological and psychosocial processes, e the reached results. In this direction, the present research analyzed the factors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, making, also, a relation of causality between the same ones. The quantitative-descriptive research had as population the employees of twenty three nourishing industries of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), registered in the Federacy of the Industries of the state. The collection of the data occurred for the months of October of 2005 and March of 2006, by means of the application of questionnaire of model ASH. The sample was composed for 197 employees, however it was observed presence of five outliers, that they had been excluded from the analysis of the data. To extract the dimensions of the satisfaction and the commitment and identification the factorial analysis was used, with extraction method of principal components, rotation Varimax and normalization Kaiser. The gotten dimensions had been evaluated with the calculation of the coefficient Alpha of Cronbach. The factorial analysis of the pointers of the organizational commitment and identification had extracted ten factors. Of these, four had gotten significance of the analyses inside: affective commitment, values commitment, continuance commitment and necessity commitment. The result of the analysis of the pointers of job satisfaction indicated four factors: extrinsic, motivations, relation with the friends and auto-accomplishment. To deal with the data the relation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment it was used technique of multiple regression. The correlation between commitment and satisfaction was satisfactory, detaching the affective commitment with bigger index of correlation, followed of the affective one

Análise de volatilidade, integração de preços e previsibilidade para o mercado brasileiro de camarão

The present paper has the purpose of investigate the dynamics of the volatility structure in the shrimp prices in the Brazilian fish market. Therefore, a description of the initial aspects of the shrimp price series was made. From this information, statistics tests were made and selected univariate models to be price predictors. Then, it was verified the existence of relationship of long-term equilibrium between the Brazilian and American imported shrimp and if, confirmed the relationship, whether or not there is a causal link between these assets, considering that the two countries had presented trade relations over the years. It is presented as an exploratory research of applied nature with quantitative approach. The database was collected through direct contact with the Companhia de Entrepostos e Armazéns Gerais de São Paulo (CEAGESP) and on the official website of American import, National Marine Fisheries Service - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NMFS- NOAA). The results showed that the great variability in the active price is directly related with the gain and loss of the market agents. The price series presents a strong seasonal and biannual effect. The average structure of price of shrimp in the last 12 years was R$ 11.58 and external factors besides the production and marketing (U.S. antidumping, floods and pathologies) strongly affected the prices. Among the tested models for predicting prices of shrimp, four were selected, which through the prediction methodologies of one step forward of horizon 12, proved to be statistically more robust. It was found that there is weak evidence of long-term equilibrium between the Brazilian and American shrimp, where equivalently, was not found a causal link between them. We concluded that the dynamic pricing of commodity shrimp is strongly influenced by external productive factors and that these phenomena cause seasonal effects in the prices. There is no relationship of long-term stability between the Brazilian and American shrimp prices, but it is known that Brazil imports USA production inputs, which somehow shows some dependence productive. To the market agents, the risk of interferences of the external prices cointegrated to Brazilian is practically inexistent. Through statistical modeling is possible to minimize the risk and uncertainty embedded in the fish market, thus, the sales and marketing strategies for the Brazilian shrimp can be consolidated and widespread

Desempenho e background familiar: um estudo no acesso a uma instituição de ensino técnico federal no Brasil

This paper comprises an investigation on the influence of the variable family backgrounds (father school level, mother school level and family income) over the pupil s performance in admissions examination (entrance test or PROITEC) at Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN). From that point of view, the main goal of this research is to analyze the influence of the family background as a determiner of the pupil´s performance in the access to Technical and Professional education at IFRN. Secondary data were used from two databases (entrance test and PROITEC) adding up to 19.226 observations to the vacancies offered in the year of 2013. Aiming at achieving the proposed goal, a conceptual model composed of three hypothesis was developed. The results were presented in four stages: stage I presentation of the descriptive statistical results of the two databases; stage II separation of the campi in clusters; stage III analysis of multiple regressions; stage IV analysis of the logistics regressions. Two statistical tests were used to validate the hypothesis: T-test and Wald test. Hypothesis 1 and 2 were confirmed and H3 was refused. The results presented favorable causal connections to the family income and the father school level variables (with bigger effect for fathers with a higher education degree). The mother school level variable did not provide statistical significance for this research. Based on this result, after this work, this institution is to develop a strategic plan to assist in the success rate of students preparing diagnoses in order to diminish the effects of the variables that impacted negatively

`Electronic Publishing' -- Practice and Experience

Electronic Publishing -- Origination, Dissemination and Design (EP-odd) is an academic journal which publishes refereed papers in the subject area of electronic publishing. The authors of the present paper are, respectively, editor-in-chief, system software consultant and senior production manager for the journal. EP-odd's policy is that editors, authors, referees and production staff will work closely together using electronic mail. Authors are also encouraged to originate their papers using one of the approved text-processing packages together with the appropriate set of macros which enforce the layout style for the journal. This same software will then be used by the publisher in the production phase. Our experiences with these strategies are presented, and two recently developed suites of software are described: one of these makes the macro sets available over electronic mail and the other automates the flow of papers through the refereeing process. The decision to produce EP-odd in this way means that the publisher has to adopt production procedures which differ markedly from those employed for a conventional journal.

Sur des estimateurs et des tests non-paramétriques pour des distributions et copules conditionnelles

Pour modéliser un vecteur aléatoire en présence d'une co-variable, on peut d'abord faire appel à la fonction de répartition conditionnelle. En effet, cette dernière contient toute l'information ayant trait au comportement du vecteur étant donné une valeur prise par la co-variable. Il peut aussi être commode de séparer l'étude du comportement conjoint du vecteur de celle du comportement individuel de chacune de ses composantes. Pour ce faire, on utilise la copule conditionnelle, qui caractérise complètement la dépendance conditionnelle régissant les différentes associations entre les variables. Dans chacun des cas, la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie d'estimation et d'inférence s'avère une étape essentielle à leur utilisant en pratique. Lorsqu'aucune information n'est disponible a priori quant à un choix éventuel de modèle, il devient pertinent d'opter pour des méthodes non-paramétriques. Le premier article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Jean-François Quessy et moi-même, propose une façon de ré-échantillonner des estimateurs non-paramétriques pour des distributions conditionnelles. Cet article a été publié dans la revue Statistics and Computing. En autres choses, nous y montrons comment obtenir des intervalles de confiance pour des statistiques s'écrivant en terme de la fonction de répartition conditionnelle. Le second article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Taoufik Bouezmarni, Jean-François Quessy et moi-même, s'affaire à étudier deux estimateurs non-paramétriques de la copule conditionnelles, proposés par Gijbels et coll. en présence de données sérielles. Cet article a été soumis dans la revue Statistics and Probability Letters. Nous identifions la distribution asymptotique de chacun de ces estimateurs pour des données mélangeantes. Le troisième article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Taoufik Bouezmarni, Jean-François Quessy et moi-même, propose une nouvelle façon d'étudier les relations de causalité entre deux séries chronologiques. Cet article a été soumis dans la revue Electronic Journal of Statistics. Dans cet article, nous utilisons la copule conditionnelle pour caractériser une version locale de la causalité au sens de Granger. Puis, nous proposons des mesures de causalité basées sur la copule conditionnelle. Le quatrième article de cette thèse, co-écrit par Taoufik Bouezmarni, Anouar El Ghouch et moi-même, propose une méthode qui permette d'estimer adéquatement la copule conditionnelle en présence de données incomplètes. Cet article a été soumis dans la revue Scandinavian Journal of Statistics. Les propriétés asymptotiques de l'estimateur proposé y sont aussi étudiées. Finalement, la dernière partie de cette thèse contient un travail inédit, qui porte sur la mise en oeuvre de tests statistiques permettant de déterminer si deux copules conditionnelles sont concordantes. En plus d'y présenter des résultats originaux, cette étude illustre l'utilité des techniques de ré-échantillonnage développées dans notre premier article.

Modelo para gestionar el conocimiento en el sector textil de Medellín, empleando dinámica de sistemas

Este artículo evalúa la relación de causalidad entre la gestión del conocimiento y las capacidades de innovación tecnológica, y el efecto de esta relación sobre los resultados operacionales del sector textil en la ciudad de Medellín. Se empleó la metodología de dinámica de sistemas, con simulación de esce­narios para valorar las condiciones actuales de las organizaciones del sector en términos de acumulación de conocimiento y capacidades. La información se obtuvo mediante entrevistas a expertos y acceso a información especializada del sector. Se evidencia que una mejora de la relación entre la gestión del conocimiento e innovación tecnológica genera un incremento aproximado del 15% en los ingresos operacionales del sector. Asimismo, se encontró que a medida que las variables comunes de interés (Es­trategias organizacionales, canales de comunicación, formación, cultura, acciones de fortalecimiento en I+D), se acercan a los valores deseados, la acumulación de conocimiento y de capacidades de innovación tecnológica alcanzan los valores objetivos.

Suomen maakuntien työttömyys, muuttoliike ja omistusasuminen

Alueelliset erot taloudellisessa kehityksessä Suomessa ovat kärjistyneet viime vuosikymmenten aikana, kun palveluyhteiskunnan murros on keskittänyt Suomen talouskasvua etelä- ja länsirannikon kasvukeskuksiin. Aiemmissa empiirisissä tutkimuksissa Suomen työmarkkinoilla on havaittu olevan säännönmukaisia alueellisia piirteitä. Työttömyyden alue-erojen on havaittu olevan suuria ja myös ajallisesti pysyviä, eikä alueellisten työttömyysasteiden ole havaittu lähentyvän toisiaan pitkällä aikavälillä. Alueelliset työttömyysasteet ovat kuitenkin kehittyneet samansuuntaisesti kansantaloudellisten suhdanteiden mukana, joskin kausi- ja suhdannevaihtelu on ollut voimakkaampaa Itä- ja Pohjois-Suomessa verrattuna Etelä-Suomeen. Alueellisen työn kysynnän on havaittu sopeutuvan lähinnä työttömyysasteen välityksellä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten työn kysyntä- ja tarjontashokit vaikuttavat alueelliseen kehitykseen käyttäen mittareina muuttoliikettä ja työttömyyttä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, millainen vaikutus omistusasumisen suhteellisella osuudella kaikista asumistyypeistä on muuttoliikkeeseen ja työttömyyteen. Esitettyjen teorioiden mukaan korkea omistusasumisen osuus jarruttaa muuttoliikettä ja näin se hidastaa muuttoliikkeen työttömyyttä tasaavaa vaikutusta. Tämän tutkimuksen metodologiaksi valittiin vektoriautoregressiivisen (VAR) mallin muodostamisen, joka soveltui käyttöön sen nauttiessa suosiota tuoreimpien alueellisen kehitysten tutkimusmenetelmänä sekä sen soveltuessa mainiosti käytetylle pitkälle aikasarja-aineistolle. VAR-mallin lähestymistavaksi otettiin Toda-Yamamoton Granger-kausaalisuusmenetelmä. Todan ja Yamamoton esittämän Granger-kausaalisuusmenetelmän tärkeimpiä ansioita on se, että Granger-kausaalisuuden määrittämiseksi VAR-malleja voidaan muodostaa muuttujien tasoilla ja yleisiä rajoitteita voidaan testata luotettavasti, vaikka aikasarjat olisivat integroituneita tai yhteisintegroituneita. Tarkastelussa käytetty aineisto on maakuntatason aineisto työttömyysasteista ja nettomuuttoliikkeestä vuosilta 1987–2013. Tarkastelu etenee mallin stationaarisuus- ja sopivuustarkastelujen kautta varsinaiseen kausaalisuustarkasteluun Wald-testin kriteerien perusteella. Suoritetun empiirisen mallin avulla saatiin selville monenlaisia kausaalisuusvaikutuksia, mikä ei toisaalta ollut yllättävää peilaten tuloksia aiempaan tutkimukseen kotimaisen alueellisen kehityksen osalta. Kaksisuuntaista Granger-kausaalisuutta löydettiin kahden pohjoisen maakunnan osalta, tarjontavetoista kehitystä kuvaavaa, nettomuuttoliikkeen Granger-aiheuttamaa työttömyyttä, löydettiin Etelä- ja Länsi-Suomen maakunnista. Sen sijaan kysyntävetoista kehitystä ilmaisevaa, työttömyys Granger-aiheuttaa nettomuuttoliikettä, vaikutusta voitiin huomata olevan Keski- ja Itä-Suomen maakunnissa. Tilastollisesti merkityksettömiä tuloksia havaittiin myös jonkin verran ja ne kohdistuivat länsirannikon ja Keski-Suomen alueen maakuntiin. Omistusasumisen osuudet eivät olleen mukana VAR-mallissa aineiston rajoittuneisuuden vuoksi. Jatkotarkastelussa maakuntien VAR-mallin tulosten perusteella pyrittiin löytämään yhteneväisyyksiä maakuntien välillä käyttäen apuna omistusasumisen keskimääräisiä osuuksia. Tulokset olivat kuitenkin hyvin hajanaisia, eikä omistusasumisen suuruuden vaikutuksista pystytty tässä tutkimuksessa löytämään luotettavia tuloksia.

Suomen maakuntien työttömyys, muuttoliike ja omistusasuminen

Alueelliset erot taloudellisessa kehityksessä Suomessa ovat kärjistyneet viime vuosikymmenten aikana, kun palveluyhteiskunnan murros on keskittänyt Suomen talouskasvua etelä- ja länsirannikon kasvukeskuksiin. Aiemmissa empiirisissä tutkimuksissa Suomen työmarkkinoilla on havaittu olevan säännönmukaisia alueellisia piirteitä. Työttömyyden alue-erojen on havaittu olevan suuria ja myös ajallisesti pysyviä, eikä alueellisten työttömyysasteiden ole havaittu lähentyvän toisiaan pitkällä aikavälillä. Alueelliset työttömyysasteet ovat kuitenkin kehittyneet samansuuntaisesti kansantaloudellisten suhdanteiden mukana, joskin kausi- ja suhdannevaihtelu on ollut voimakkaampaa Itä- ja Pohjois-Suomessa verrattuna Etelä-Suomeen. Alueellisen työn kysynnän on havaittu sopeutuvan lähinnä työttömyysasteen välityksellä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten työn kysyntä- ja tarjontashokit vaikuttavat alueelliseen kehitykseen käyttäen mittareina muuttoliikettä ja työttömyyttä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, millainen vaikutus omistusasumisen suhteellisella osuudella kaikista asumistyypeistä on muuttoliikkeeseen ja työttömyyteen. Esitettyjen teorioiden mukaan korkea omistusasumisen osuus jarruttaa muuttoliikettä ja näin se hidastaa muuttoliikkeen työttömyyttä tasaavaa vaikutusta. Tämän tutkimuksen metodologiaksi valittiin vektoriautoregressiivisen (VAR) mallin muodostamisen, joka soveltui käyttöön sen nauttiessa suosiota tuoreimpien alueellisen kehitysten tutkimusmenetelmänä sekä sen soveltuessa mainiosti käytetylle pitkälle aikasarja-aineistolle. VAR-mallin lähestymistavaksi otettiin Toda-Yamamoton Granger-kausaalisuusmenetelmä. Todan ja Yamamoton esittämän Granger-kausaalisuusmenetelmän tärkeimpiä ansioita on se, että Granger-kausaalisuuden määrittämiseksi VAR-malleja voidaan muodostaa muuttujien tasoilla ja yleisiä rajoitteita voidaan testata luotettavasti, vaikka aikasarjat olisivat integroituneita tai yhteisintegroituneita. Tarkastelussa käytetty aineisto on maakuntatason aineisto työttömyysasteista ja nettomuuttoliikkeestä vuosilta 1987–2013. Tarkastelu etenee mallin stationaarisuus- ja sopivuustarkastelujen kautta varsinaiseen kausaalisuustarkasteluun Wald-testin kriteerien perusteella. Suoritetun empiirisen mallin avulla saatiin selville monenlaisia kausaalisuusvaikutuksia, mikä ei toisaalta ollut yllättävää peilaten tuloksia aiempaan tutkimukseen kotimaisen alueellisen kehityksen osalta. Kaksisuuntaista Granger-kausaalisuutta löydettiin kahden pohjoisen maakunnan osalta, tarjontavetoista kehitystä kuvaavaa, nettomuuttoliikkeen Granger-aiheuttamaa työttömyyttä, löydettiin Etelä- ja Länsi-Suomen maakunnista. Sen sijaan kysyntävetoista kehitystä ilmaisevaa, työttömyys Granger-aiheuttaa nettomuuttoliikettä, vaikutusta voitiin huomata olevan Keski- ja Itä-Suomen maakunnissa. Tilastollisesti merkityksettömiä tuloksia havaittiin myös jonkin verran ja ne kohdistuivat länsirannikon ja Keski-Suomen alueen maakuntiin. Omistusasumisen osuudet eivät olleen mukana VAR-mallissa aineiston rajoittuneisuuden vuoksi. Jatkotarkastelussa maakuntien VAR-mallin tulosten perusteella pyrittiin löytämään yhteneväisyyksiä maakuntien välillä käyttäen apuna omistusasumisen keskimääräisiä osuuksia. Tulokset olivat kuitenkin hyvin hajanaisia, eikä omistusasumisen suuruuden vaikutuksista pystytty tässä tutkimuksessa löytämään luotettavia tuloksia.

Burnout em personal trainers da cidade de Maceió-AL : estudo dos seus determinantes

Introdução – A síndrome de burnout é um tipo de estresse ocupacional que acomete profissionais envolvidos com qualquer tipo de cuidado em uma relação de atenção direta, contínua e altamente emocional (MASLACH, 1993). O trabalho do Personal Trainer, favorece o desenvolvimento da síndrome de burnout, pois os mesmos têm relação estreita com seus clientes, podendo causar o adoecimento deste profissional. Deste modo, os mesmos merecem atenção por desenvolverem diversas funções no cotidiano de suas atividades de trabalho relacionadas aos fatores biopsicossociais, como a qualidade de vida (QV) que é um importante aspecto a ser considerado na promoção de saúde destes profissionais. Deste modo, o objetivo central consiste em estudar determinantes de contexto sóciodemográfico, laboral e biopsicossocial da síndrome de burnout em personal trainers da cidade de Maceió-AL. Métodos - Este estudo é de natureza quantitativa, descritivo-correlacional e transversal, com recurso a uma amostra não probabilística, acidental e por conveniência, composta por 100 (cem) personal trainers, com idades entre os 22 - 47 anos (