Ecosystem services : a travel through natural benefits

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El contexto natural. Influencia de la lengua natural en las respuestas a las pruebas de matemáticas

En este trabajo se estudia la influencia y el papel de un aspecto del contexto exterior producido por elecciones de tipo lingüístico. Cuando el lenguaje escogido es de tipo coloquial, las primeras preguntas son informales, sobre aspectos extraescolares, y la discusión numérica atañe a N, hablamos de contexto natural. Este contexto parece inducir, en el sujeto sometido a la prueba, la convicción implícita de que debería contestar según modelos intuitivos, que dependen de la competencia que adquirió en los primeros niveles de escolarización o de modelos ingenuos. También examinamos el problema de la conciencia de los alumnos en situaciones de dificultad.

Low molecular weight halocarbons in the Humber and Rhine estuaries determined using a new purge-and-trap gas chromatographic method

A number of chlorinated and brominated low molecular weight hydrocarbons (halocarbons) have been measured in and adjacent to the North Sea estuaries of the Humber and the Rhine. The measurements have been carried out using a newly constructed purge-and-trap sample work-up system coupled to megabore gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The results show that whereas the Humber is a pronounced source of the anthropogenic halocarbons carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene, the input from the Rhine into the North Sea of these compounds is more modest. Some halocarbons normally considered as mainly or even exclusively of natural origin are released from the two investigated estuaries into the North Sea. A distinct patch of high concentrations of the naturally produced compound bromoform was observed in the southwestern North Sea. The results have also been used to examine some of the halocarbons for common sources.

Spatial autocorrelation in the response of soft-bottom marine benthos to gas extraction activities: The case of amphipods in the Ionian Sea

The spatial distributions of marine fauna and of pollution are both highly structured, and thus the resulting high levels of autocorrelation may invalidate conclusions based on classical statistical approaches. Here we analyse the close correlation observed between proxies for the disturbance associated with gas extraction activities and amphipod distribution patterns around four hydrocarbon platforms. We quantified the amount of variation independently accounted for by natural environmental variables, proxies for the disturbance caused by platforms, and spatial autocorrelation. This allowed us to demonstrate how each of these three factors significantly affects the community structure of amphipods. Sophisticated statistical techniques are required when taking into account spatial autocorrelation: nevertheless our data demonstrate that this approach not only enables the formulation of robust statistical inferences but also provides a much deeper understanding of the subtle interactions between human disturbance and natural factors affecting the structure of marine invertebrates communities. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Coherent spectral enhancement of carrier-envelope-phase stable continua with dual-gas high harmonic generation

Attosecond science is enabled by the ability to convert femtosecond near-infrared laser light into coherent harmonics in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range. While attosecond sources have been utilized in experiments that have not demanded high intensities, substantially higher photon flux would provide a natural link to the next significant experimental breakthrough. Numerical simulations of dual-gas high harmonic generation indicate that the output in the cutoff spectral region can be selectively enhanced without disturbing the single-atom gating mechanism. Here, we summarize the results of these simulations and present first experimental findings to support these predictions. (c) 2012 Optical Society of America

Gas Hydrate Inhibition: A Review of the Role of Ionic Liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) are popular designer green chemicals with great potential for use in diverse energy-related applications. Apart from the well-known low vapor pressure, the physical properties of ILs, such as hydrogen-bond-forming capacity, physical state, shape, and size, can be fine-tuned for specific applications. Natural gas hydrates are easily formed in gas pipelines and pose potential problems to the oil and natural gas industry, particularly during deep-sea exploration and production. This review summarizes the recent advances in IL research as dual-function gas hydrate inhibitors. Almost all of the available thermodynamic and kinetic inhibition data in the presence of ILs have been systematically reviewed to evaluate the efficiency of ILs in gas hydrate inhibition, compared to other conventional thermodynamic and kinetic gas hydrate inhibitors. The principles of natural gas hydrate formation, types of gas hydrates and their inhibitors, apparatuses and methods used, reported experimental data, and theoretical methods are thoroughly and critically discussed. The studies in this field will facilitate the design of advanced ILs for energy savings through the development of efficient low-dosage gas hydrate inhibitors.

The application of a novel fluidised photo reactor under UV-Visible and natural solar irradiation in the photocatalytic generation of hydrogen

With advancements in the development of visible light responsive catalysts for H2 production frequently being reported, photocatalytic water splitting has become an attractive method as a potential ‘solar fuel generator’. The development of novel photo reactors which can enhance the potential of such catalyst, however, is rarely reported. This is particularly important as many reactor configurations are mass transport limited, which in term limits the efficiency of more effective photocatalysts in larger scale applications. This paper describes the performance of a novel fluidised photo reactor for the production of H2 over two catalysts under UV-Visible light and natural solar illumination. Catalysts Pt-C3N4 and NaTaO3.La were dispersed in the reactor and the rate of H2 was determined by GC-TCD analysis of the gas headspace. The unit was an annular reactor constructed from stainless steel 316 and quartz glass with a propeller located in the base to control fluidisation of powder catalysts. Reactor properties such as propeller rotational speed were found to enhance the photo activity of the system through the elimination of mass transport limitations and increasing light penetration. The optimum conditions for H2 evolution were found to be a propeller rotational speed of 1035 rpm and 144 W of UV-Visible irradiation, which produced a rate of 89 µmol h-1 g-1 over Pt-C3N4. Solar irradiation was provided by the George Ellery Hale Solar Telescope, located at the California Institute of Technology.

La síntesis fenomeno-lógica. Aspectos metódicos de la apropiación heideggeriana de la fenomenología de Husserl

Sabemos que la relación filosófica entre la obra de Edmund Husserl y Martin Heidegger no es un asunto sencillo de abordar. Con facilidad se inclina la balanza hacia uno u otro autor.1 Eso por sí no sería grave, excepto por el hecho de que múltiples interpretaciones de entrada impiden cualquier posibilidad de acercamiento.2 De esa forma uno estaría obligado a tomar posición a favor de uno y en contra del otro. Ese camino evidentemente empobrece la discusión filosófica. Sin embargo, al intentar abordar una posible relación nos encontramos con ciertas interpretaciones de Heidegger que parecen colocar algo en donde todavía no había tal propuesta en su momento. Ante este panorama quisiera intentar destacar algunos aspectos que den luz sobre la relación fenomenológica entre Husserl y Heidegger tomando como hilo conductor las aseveraciones enfáticas de Heidegger en torno al papel que desempeñaron las Investigaciones lógicas (IL) de Husserl en la conformación de su pensar. Evidentemente con este retorno a las IL buscamos poner a prueba la propia interpretación de Heidegger. De esta forma se verá al final si los señalamientos de Heidegger proporcionan el espacio para llevar a cabo un diálogo fructífero que supere posiciones cerradas.

Development of new technologies for the selective removal of volatile compounds with applications in forensic science and natural aromas

Tese de doutoramento, Farmácia (Química Farmacêutica e Terapêutica), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2015

An heuristic approach for optimal location of gas supply units in transportation system

The best places to locate the Gas Supply Units (GSUs) on a natural gas systems and their optimal allocation to loads are the key factors to organize an efficient upstream gas infrastructure. The number of GSUs and their optimal location in a gas network is a decision problem that can be formulated as a linear programming problem. Our emphasis is on the formulation and use of a suitable location model, reflecting real-world operations and constraints of a natural gas system. This paper presents a heuristic model, based on lagrangean approach, developed for finding the optimal GSUs location on a natural gas network, minimizing expenses and maximizing throughput and security of supply.The location model is applied to the Iberian high pressure natural gas network, a system modelised with 65 demand nodes. These nodes are linked by physical and virtual pipelines – road trucks with gas in liquefied form. The location model result shows the best places to locate, with the optimal demand allocation and the most economical gas transport mode: by pipeline or by road truck.

Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil from different locations using infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are important environmental contaminants which are toxic to human and environmental receptors. Several analytical methods have been used to quantify TPH levels in contaminated soils, specifically through infrared spectrometry (IR) and gas chromatography (GC). Despite being two of the most used techniques, some issues remain that have been inadequately studied: a) applicability of both techniques to soils contaminated with two distinct types of fuel (petrol and diesel), b) influence of the soil natural organic matter content on the results achieved by various analytical methods, and c) evaluation of the performance of both techniques in analyses of soils with different levels of contamination (presumably non-contaminated and potentially contaminated). The main objectives of this work were to answer these questions and to provide more complete information about the potentials and limitations of GC and IR techniques. The results led us to the following conclusions: a) IR analysis of soils contaminated with petrol is not suitable due to volatilisation losses, b) there is a significant influence of organic matter in IR analysis, and c) both techniques demonstrated the capacity to accurately quantify TPH in soils, irrespective of their contamination levels.

HFCs e soluções alternativas viáveis

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Antropologia e conservação da natureza. O caso de uma possível reintrodução de espécies outrora emblemáticas no Parque Natural da Serra da Estrela (Portugal)

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia - Área de especialização de Natureza e Conservação

Neuropatia, Incapacidade e Aspectos Ortopédicos da Lepra na Guiné-Bissau

Resumo A lepra resulta da infecção por M. leprae. Manifesta-se fundamentalmente por lesões cutâneas e dos nervos periféricos podendo, no entanto, atingir outros órgãos e sistemas. A neuropatia periférica a nível dos membros, com consequente disfunção sensitiva e motora, pode culminar em lesões deformantes e gravemente incapacitantes. A terapêutica médica e cirúrgica, bem como a reabilitação têm um lugar importante na prevenção e no tratamento destas lesões. Este foi um estudo de carácter observacional, transversal e analítico, com o objectivo de caracterizar uma população de doentes com lepra no que se refere às sequelas do foro neuro-músculo-esquelético. Pretendeu-se avaliar o seu impacto em termos de incapacidade, de forma a determinar as necessidades no que respeita a intervenções preventivas e terapêuticas. A população estudada incluía dois grupos de doentes com diagnóstico de lepra – novos doentes (ND) e antigos doentes (AD) – internados ou seguidos em ambulatório no Hospital de Cumura, onde confluem todos os casos de lepra reportados na Guiné-Bissau. Para a colheita de dados foi realizada a consulta de registos clínicos do hospital, bem como a avaliação de doentes segundo um protocolo elaborado para o efeito. Para a classificação da incapacidade foi usado o Maximum Impairment Grade da OMS e o Eye Foot and Hand Score. A amostra consistiu em 82 doentes (54 ND e 28 AD). No grupo ND obteve-se 9,3% de indivíduos com idade inferior a 15 anos, 63,0% de indivíduos com doença do tipo multibacilar (MB) e 29,6% de indivíduos com incapacidade grau 2. Neste grupo os indivíduos paucibacilares (PB) apresentavam 10,0% de incapacidade grau 2 e os MB 41,2%. No grupo dos AD a incapacidade grau 2 ocorreu em 80,0% dos casos. Os troncos nervosos mais frequentemente envolvidos foram, por ordem decrescente de frequência: 1) nos ND, o tibial posterior, o mediano, o cubital, o ciático popliteu externo e o radial; 2) nos AD, o tibial posterior, o cubital, o mediano, o ciático popliteu externo e o radial. Os troncos nervosos que mais se associaram a lesões/deformidades foram nos ND e AD: o tibial posterior, cubital e mediano. As lesões dos membros mais frequentes foram: 1) nos ND, feridas e úlceras das mãos e dos pés, mutilação de dedos das mãos; 2) nos AD, mutilação das mãos e pés e mão em garra. O pé pendente/equino ocorreu apenas nos AD. Após o diagnóstico a maioria dos AD foram abandonados pela família ou amigos e encontravam-se dependentes nas actividades domésticas. Globalmente, 78% não retomou a sua actividade profissional (na maior parte das vezes ligada ao trabalho rural) ou mudou de ocupação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que uma proporção importante de indivíduos está a ser diagnosticada tardiamente, o que pode corresponder a um maior número de casos detectados activamente em zonas antes não abrangidas pelas actividades de controlo da lepra. A maioria dos novos casos detectados eram MB, que correspondiam aos que apresentavam maior incapacidade. Os troncos nervosos mais atingidos foram os descritos na literatura, resultando nas lesões habituais. Estas são abordadas correctamente se passíveis de tratamento conservador, contudo parece escassear o recurso a soluções cirúrgicas. Estas lesões estiveram associadas a impacto negativo na qualidade de vida e integração social destes doentes. O estudo sugere que a detecção precoce da lepra e das lesões incapacitantes a ela associadas podem ser optimizadas no hospital de Cumura. Existe lugar para o tratamento cirúrgico que pode alterar a história natural da doença e suas consequências físicas, familiares e sociais.

Gas emissions on rice culture and its importance on air quality

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente Perfil Gestão de Sistemas Ambientais