Moral Responsibility in the Context of Prenatal Testing: What can be Expected?

Commentaire / Commentary

L'influence des marqueurs identitaires du juge dans les décisions relatives à la garde des enfants dans un contexte post-rupture

L’« intérêt de l’enfant » est un concept fondamental en droit de la famille puisqu’il constitue le critère déterminant dans toute décision qui concerne l’enfant. Le Code civil du Québec énonce, au second alinéa de l’article 33, les facteurs qui doivent servir à le déterminer, soit « les besoins moraux, intellectuels, affectifs et physiques de l’enfant, son âge, sa santé, son caractère, son milieu familial et les autres aspects de sa situation ». Les auteurs qui s’y sont intéressés l’ont abordé sous différents angles. Certains se sont intéressés à ses origines et à son évolution. D’autres en ont proposé leur propre définition. En ce qui nous concerne, nous avons choisi d’explorer ledit concept en nous intéressant aux diverses interprétations qu’il reçoit de la part des tribunaux dans les décisions relatives à la garde des enfants dans un contexte post-rupture, et ce, à la lumière du genre et de l’âge du décideur. Le concept d’intérêt de l’enfant étant hautement indéterminé, son interprétation est laissée à l’appréciation du juge qui en précisera le contenu en référence à la loi et aux faits particuliers de chaque cas d’espèce. Or, dans les situations où, une fois considéré le contexte factuel et normatif, le juge se retrouve face à une situation « neutre », c’est-à-dire où la garde exclusive et la garde partagée sont tout aussi envisageables, peut-on prétendre que son l’inclinaison vers l’une ou l’autre de ces modalités de garde est influencée par des facteurs autres que le droit et les faits mis en preuve ? Telle est la question au cœur de notre étude. Reposant sur des théories reconnues et bien établies affirmant l’importance de tenir compte du contexte social et de l’expérience individuelle du décideur dans la démarche interprétative que le droit sous-tend, l’hypothèse que nous soumettons est qu’au-delà des faits mis en preuve et du droit, des éléments indissociables au processus d’interprétation, à savoir les valeurs, les idéologies et les traits caractéristiques dominants que sous-tendent le genre et la génération du décideur, influent sur la teneur des jugements qu’il prononce. Sans admettre que ces éléments suffisent, à eux seuls, pour expliquer le produit judiciaire, nous sommes d’avis qu’on ne peut qualifier d’improbable l’incidence qu’ils exercent sur celui-ci. Nous intéressant au processus cognitif qui préside à la réflexion des décideurs, notre thèse vise à cerner, à travers une analyse interdisciplinaire, les facteurs humains et les forces sociales qui structurent les expériences et qui sont susceptibles d’avoir un impact sur les décisions judiciaires. L’objectif de notre étude n’est pas d’établir un lien de causalité entre le genre et l’âge du juge et les décisions qu’il rend, mais plutôt de vérifier si des corrélations peuvent être établies entre ces paramètres. Désirant aller au-delà des perceptions traditionnelles véhiculées par la doctrine classique, nos travaux se veulent davantage une contribution au développement d’une conception non formaliste du droit plutôt qu’une démonstration que le profil identitaire des décideurs conditionne systématiquement et invariablement leurs décisions. Une étude de ce genre comporte certes des difficultés en ce qu’elle confronte le juriste à des concepts et des théories qui appartiennent à d’autres champs disciplinaires et qui, partant, ne lui sont pas familiers. La compréhension plus fine du processus interprétatif et des décisions qui en résultent en justifie cependant le bien-fondé.

Photographier la ville, penser l'histoire : Beyrouth dans la représentation photographique artistique contemporaine

Cette étude s’organise autour d’une articulation : celle entre un médium (la photographie), une ville (Beyrouth), et les événements qui ont marqué son passé récent. Le thème des rapports entre la photographie et l’histoire, avec la pluralité de sens qui le décrit, vient, en arrière-fond de ces questions, délimiter l’horizon de cette étude ; le lien entre voir et savoir, antiquement aux sources de la connaissance historique (Hartog, Loraux), en représente la ligne de fuite. En premier plan, la relation photographique et historienne à l’événement constitue l’objet de cette recherche dont le propos est d’identifier dans la photographie une référence à l’histoire considérée en tant qu’écriture. Concrètement, cet argument se déplie sur deux mouvements. Il exige, dans un premier temps, une série d’analyses théoriques visant à étudier le potentiel de connaissance et le caractère formel de la photographie en qualité de représentation événementielle. En partant des expérimentations des avant-gardes (Lugon, Baqué), jusqu’au jumelage entre la photographie et la presse, il s’agira de montrer la part de lisibilité qui appartient aux narrations photographiques (Barthes, Lavoie). Ensuite, on prendra en considération le travail opéré par l’historien lors de l’opération historiographique visant à produire, autour de l’événement, une représentation historique (de Certeau, Ricœur, Ginzburg). Outre faire ressortir le caractère de visibilité qui appartient à l’écriture historienne, ce passage sera aussi l’occasion de produire une étude comparée de la photographie et de l’histoire (Kracauer) autour de notions ponctuelles, comme celles d’empreinte, d’indice et de témoignage. Le moteur de ce premier mouvement est la notion d’événement. Abordée d’un point de vue phénoménologique (Zarader, Marion, Dastur, Diano), elle nous permettra d’observer la photographie et l’histoire d’après la génétique de leur construction. Finalement, Beyrouth et son histoire façonnées par les images constituent le cadre à l’intérieur duquel s’organise le deuxième mouvement. Les analyses des œuvres de Sophie Ristelhueber (Beyrouth photographies, 1984), Robert Frank (Come again, 1991) et Lamia Joreige (Beyrouth, autopsie d’une ville, 2010) sont conçues comme autant d’espaces dialogiques entre la photographie, l’épistémologie de l’histoire et les événements historiques qu’elles représentent. Le propos est de faire ressortir le basculement qu’elles mettent en scène : de la chronique vers l’écriture d’histoire.

Design and Development of a Performance Evaluation Prototype for IT Organizations in the Context of Outsourcing

The present study shows design and development of a performance evaluation prototype for IT organizations in the context of outsourcing. The main objective of this research is to help an IT organization in the context of outsourcing to realize its current standing, so it can take corrective steps where ever necessary and strive for continuous improvement. Service level management (SLM) process plays a crucial role in controlling the quality provision for IT service. Out sourcing is the process of entrusting the responsibility of providing certain goods and services to an external party. We have tried to identify as many as twenty complexities and categorized in to four headings. Complexities associated with contracts and SLAs,SLM process,SLM organization and complexities due to intrinsic characteristics. In this study it is possible to measure the quality of the performance of an IT organization in an outsourcing environment effectively

Re-engineering and Re-defining University Libraries in the context of modern Information and Communication Technologies: a study with special reference to the University Libraries in Kerala

Information and communication technologies are the tools that underpin the emerging “Knowledge Society”. Exchange of information or knowledge between people and through networks of people has always taken place. But the ICT has radically changed the magnitude of this exchange, and thus factors such as timeliness of information and information dissemination patterns have become more important than ever.Since information and knowledge are so vital for the all round human development, libraries and institutions that manage these resources are indeed invaluable. So, the Library and Information Centres have a key role in the acquisition, processing, preservation and dissemination of information and knowledge. ln the modern context, library is providing service based on different types of documents such as manuscripts, printed, digital, etc. At the same time, acquisition, access, process, service etc. of these resources have become complicated now than ever before. The lCT made instrumental to extend libraries beyond the physical walls of a building and providing assistance in navigating and analyzing tremendous amounts of knowledge with a variety of digital tools. Thus, modern libraries are increasingly being re-defined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources.The research was conducted in the university libraries in Kerala State, India. lt was identified that even though the information resources are flooding world over and several technologies have emerged to manage the situation for providing effective services to its clientele, most of the university libraries in Kerala were unable to exploit these technologies at maximum level. Though the libraries have automated many of their functions, wide gap prevails between the possible services and provided services. There are many good examples world over in the application of lCTs in libraries for the maximization of services and many such libraries have adopted the principles of reengineering and re-defining as a management strategy. Hence this study was targeted to look into how effectively adopted the modern lCTs in our libraries for maximizing the efficiency of operations and services and whether the principles of re-engineering and- redefining can be applied towards this.Data‘ was collected from library users, viz; student as well as faculty users; library ,professionals and university librarians, using structured questionnaires. This has been .supplemented by-observation of working of the libraries, discussions and interviews with the different types of users and staff, review of literature, etc. Personal observation of the organization set up, management practices, functions, facilities, resources, utilization of information resources and facilities by the users, etc. of the university libraries in Kerala have been made. Statistical techniques like percentage, mean, weighted mean, standard deviation, correlation, trend analysis, etc. have been used to analyse data.All the libraries could exploit only a very few possibilities of modern lCTs and hence they could not achieve effective Universal Bibliographic Control and desired efficiency and effectiveness in services. Because of this, the users as well as professionals are dissatisfied. Functional effectiveness in acquisition, access and process of information resources in various formats, development and maintenance of OPAC and WebOPAC, digital document delivery to remote users, Web based clearing of library counter services and resources, development of full-text databases, digital libraries and institutional repositories, consortia based operations for e-journals and databases, user education and information literacy, professional development with stress on lCTs, network administration and website maintenance, marketing of information, etc. are major areas need special attention to improve the situation. Finance, knowledge level on ICTs among library staff, professional dynamism and leadership, vision and support of the administrators and policy makers, prevailing educational set up and social environment in the state, etc. are some of the major hurdles in reaping the maximum possibilities of lCTs by the university libraries in Kerala. The principles of Business Process Re-engineering are found suitable to effectively apply to re-structure and redefine the operations and service system of the libraries. Most of the conventional departments or divisions prevailing in the university libraries were functioning as watertight compartments and their existing management system was more rigid to adopt the principles of change management. Hence, a thorough re-structuring of the divisions was indicated. Consortia based activities and pooling and sharing of information resources was advocated to meet the varied needs of the users in the main campuses and off campuses of the universities, affiliated colleges and remote stations. A uniform staff policy similar to that prevailing in CSIR, DRDO, ISRO, etc. has been proposed by the study not only in the university libraries in kerala but for the entire country.Restructuring of Lis education,integrated and Planned development of school,college,research and public library systems,etc.were also justified for reaping maximum benefits of the modern ICTs.

Protection of Farmers’ Rights in India-Challenges for Law in the Context of Plant Breeders’ Rights

School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Accessing Education: Legal Perspectives

Access to education becomes an issue of equity with diverse claims from stakeholders justifying their rights based on perceptions of equity — both social and individual. In-spite of the phenomenal increase since independence in the number of institutions imparting education and the number of beneficiaries, India being the second largest nation in terms of population of the young finds its resources spread thin in meeting the demand for education. Quality education comes at a premium in India whether it is provided in the private or in the public sector. Education seemingly enables the individuals, singly and collectively. to overcome the social barriers perpetuated by the caste system. Taken together, these unleash grave demands on formulating equitable standards. It is in this context that identifying the deserving for favourable consideration becomes all the more important. In this sea of claims and counter-claims, this thesis tries to identify the issues involved on the question of equitable access to education on the basis of the factual position in the field of education. Identifying the issues correctly provides the necessary impetus for framing the questions that provide meaningful answers. The objective of this research is to help formulate the policy guidelines governing the principles of equity that is needed to ensure universal access to education in India.

FEATURE SELECTION AND COMPARISON OF TWO NAÏVE BAYES CLASSIFICATION METHODS IN THE CONTEXT OF SPAM FILTERING

Treating e-mail filtering as a binary text classification problem, researchers have applied several statistical learning algorithms to email corpora with promising results. This paper examines the performance of a Naive Bayes classifier using different approaches to feature selection and tokenization on different email corpora

Some Properties of Weighted Distributions in the Context of Repairable Systems

In this article we introduce some structural relationships between weighted and original variables in the context of maintainability function and reversed repair rate. Furthermore, we prove some characterization theorems for specific models such as power, exponential, Pareto II, beta, and Pearson system of distributions using the relationships between the original and weighted random variables

Some Dynamic Generalized Information Measures In The Context Of Weighted Models

In this paper, we study some dynamic generalized information measures between a true distribution and an observed (weighted) distribution, useful in life length studies. Further, some bounds and inequalities related to these measures are also studied

Some Results on Reciprocal Subtangent in the Context of Weighted Models

Recently, reciprocal subtangent has been used as a useful tool to describe the behaviour of a density curve. Motivated by this, in the present article we extend the concept to the weighted models. Characterization results are proved for models viz. gamma, Rayleigh, equilibrium, residual lifetime, and proportional hazards. An identity under weighted distribution is also obtained when the reciprocal subtangent takes the form of a general class of distributions. Finally, an extension of reciprocal subtangent for the weighted models in the bivariate and multivariate cases are introduced and proved some useful results

The Effect of SIFT Features as Content Descriptors in the Context of Automatic Writer Identification in Malayalam Language

The span of writer identification extends to broad domes like digital rights administration, forensic expert decisionmaking systems, and document analysis systems and so on. As the success rate of a writer identification scheme is highly dependent on the features extracted from the documents, the phase of feature extraction and therefore selection is highly significant for writer identification schemes. In this paper, the writer identification in Malayalam language is sought for by utilizing feature extraction technique such as Scale Invariant Features Transform (SIFT).The schemes are tested on a test bed of 280 writers and performance evaluated

Church-Rosser groups and growing context-sensitive groups

A finitely generated group is called a Church-Rosser group (growing context-sensitive group) if it admits a finitely generated presentation for which the word problem is a Church-Rosser (growing context-sensitive) language. Although the Church-Rosser languages are incomparable to the context-free languages under set inclusion, they strictly contain the class of deterministic context-free languages. As each context-free group language is actually deterministic context-free, it follows that all context-free groups are Church-Rosser groups. As the free abelian group of rank 2 is a non-context-free Church-Rosser group, this inclusion is proper. On the other hand, we show that there are co-context-free groups that are not growing context-sensitive. Also some closure and non-closure properties are established for the classes of Church-Rosser and growing context-sensitive groups. More generally, we also establish some new characterizations and closure properties for the classes of Church-Rosser and growing context-sensitive languages.

On Alternating Non-Context-Free Grammars

We study several extensions of the notion of alternation from context-free grammars to context-sensitive and arbitrary phrase-structure grammars. Thereby new grammatical characterizations are obtained for the class of languages that are accepted by alternating pushdown automata.