Dinámica del suelo y estoque de carbono después de diez años de la restauración de tierras degradadas usando especies arbóreas del bosque atlántico

Brazil's Atlantic Forest ecosystem has been greatly affected by land use changes, with only 11.26% of its original vegetation cover remaining. Currently, Atlantic Forest restoration is receiving increasing attention because of its potential for carbon sequestration and the important role of soil carbon in the global carbon balance. Soil organic matter is also essential for physical, chemical and biological components of soil fertility and forest sustainability. This study evaluated the potential for soil recovery in contrasting restoration models using indigenous Atlantic Forest tree species ten years after their establishment. The study site is located in Botucatu municipality, São Paulo State-Brazil, in a loamy dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisol site (Typic Hapludult). Four treatments were compared: i) Control (Spontaneous Restoration); ii) Low Diversity (five fast-growing tree species established by direct seeding); iii) High Diversity (mixed plantings of 41 species established with seedlings) and; iv) Native Forest (well conserved neighboring forest fragment). The following soil properties were evaluated: (1) physical-texture, density and porosity; (2) chemical-C, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Al and pH; (3) biological-microbial biomass. Litter nutrient concentrations (P, S, K, Ca and Mg) and C and N litter stocks were determined. Within ten years the litter C and N stocks of the Low Diversity treatment area were higher than Control and similar to those in both the High Diversity treatment and the Native Forest. Soil C stocks increased through time for both models and in the Control plots, but remained highest in the Native Forest. The methods of restoration were shown to have different effects on soil dynamics, mainly on chemical properties. These results show that, at least in the short-term, changes in soil properties are more rapid in a less complex system like the Low Diversity model than in the a High Species Diversity model. For both mixed plantation systems, carbon soil cycling can be reestablished, resulting in increases in carbon stocks in both soil and litter.

Animales vivos no destinados a la alimentación: cuadros comparativos de cifras del comercio exterior, de los países centroamericanos

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Animales vivos, no destinados a la alimentación: cuadros comparativos de derechos arancelarios, gravámenes totales y equivalentes ad-valorem a la importación en los países centroamericanos

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Animales vivos, no destinados a la alimentación: aforos uniformes acordados

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Extractivismo de Palmas por la etnia shuar y su influencia en la transformacion sócio-ambiental, en el alto Nangaritza, Amazonia ecuatoriana

O estudo atual foi feito no setor sul oriental da Amazônia equatoriana, na floresta protetora da bacia elevada do rio Nangaritza, em três centros indígenas Shuar: Shaime, Yayu e Napints, pertencentes à jurisdição Politico-Administrativa de Zurmi, do canto de Nangaritza, província de Zamora Chinchipe. São organizados e representados na associação Shuar Tayunts, além dos seus “Diretivas” e “Clubes centrais”. Trata-se de um esforço para apresentar a dinâmica sócio-ambiental do povo Shuar no extrativismo das palmas, para o qual se faz uma análise sócio-histórica destes três Centros Shuar; se estuda sua composição florística e a estrutura das palmeiras. Em cada um dos Centros se fez a amostragem em 0,3 ha e foram recenseados todos os indivíduos com CAP ≥ 10 cm, Shaime apresentou 4 espécies, Yayu 5 e Napints 3 espécies. No total foram 7 espécies registradas em 5 gêneros com 164 indivíduos. As palmeiras com maior área basal são Wettinia maynensis, Oenocarpus bataua e Prestoea schultzeana; e as de maior importância ecológica são Wettinia maynensis e Oenocarpus bataua. A regeneração natural é considerada aceitável, especialmente de Oenocarpus bataua, Wettinia maynensis, e Socratea exorrhiza. O índice de diversidade Shannon-Wiener de todas as espécies tem um valor de 1,34; a similaridade de Sorensen apresenta Napints e Shaime como os de maior similaridade com 85,71%, a apresenta também a Prestoea acuminata e a Wettinia maynensis como espécies compartilhadas entre os três Centros Shuar. São 9 as Etnocategorias de uso, as famílias Shuar dão maior valor total às etnocategorias de alimentação humana, construção, alimentação para animais de caça e pesca e de artesanato.

Microbiota fúngica de passeriformes de cativeiros da Região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo

Birds are hosts for a rich fungal microbiota which can act as potent pathogens for humans and other species of animals, causing thereby serious public health problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the participation of birds kept in containers in the epidemiology of infectious diseases such as cryptococcosis and aspergillosis, thus verifying the maintenance and spread of pathogens in the environment. 36 samples of excretas of passeriformes were collected and were cultivated in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar 4% at room temperature and 37°C. The isolated fungal colonies were classified according to their morphological and staining characteristics. Subsequently, those in yeast form were peaked in Niger Agar, incubated at 30°C. In one sample showed growth of more than one type of colony and there was verified the presence of 25.0% of Penicillium spp., 19.4% of Trichosporon spp., 13.9% of C. gattii, 11.1% of C. neoformans, 11.1% of Candida spp., 8.3% of Rhizomucor spp., 8.3% of Aspergillus spp., 2.8% of Nigrospora spp. and 2,8% of Geotrichum spp. It can be conluded by the expost that birds shed continuously pathogenic microorganisms in their feces acting in definitive form in the infectious diseases ecoepidemiology.

Occurrence and characterization of rotavirus A in broilers, layers, and broiler breeders from brazilian poultry farms

Rotaviruses are a major cause of diarrhea in humans and animals, including several mammalian and avian species. Using different PCR protocols, we report the occurrence of rotavirus A in 21 (53.84%; 21/39) from 39 fecal pool samples of broilers, layers, and broiler breeders from Brazilian avian farms. We typed the G5, G8, G11, G19, and P[31] genotypes