Where is the credit crunch in Greece? CEPS Commentary, 6 October 2015

Greek policy-makers like to make the point that their economy cannot recover because of a lack of credit and that this affects exports, in particular. Austerity is an easy explanation for the weakness of domestic demand, argues Daniel Gros in this CEPS Commentary, but it is more difficult to see why Greek exports have stagnated in recent years. The author considers the argument that the Greek economy could not recover via export-led growth because of a credit crunch. The overall availability of credit was higher than GDP, and interest rates remained relatively low. There is some indication of a misallocation of bank credit, but the responsibility for any mistakes in this direction must lie squarely with the government and the Troika, given that the Greek banking system has been under government control since 2012.

The cultivation of Castanea sativa (Mill.) in Europe, from its origin to its diffusion on a continental scale

The history of Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) cultivation since medieval times has been well described on the basis of the very rich documentation available. Far fewer attempts have been made to give a historical synthesis of the events that led to the cultivation of sweet chestnut in much earlier times. In this article we attempt to reconstruct this part of the European history of chestnut cultivation and its early diffusion by use of different sources of information, such as pollen studies, archaeology, history and literature. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we have tried to identify the roles of the Greek and Roman civilizations in the dissemination of chestnut cultivation on a European scale. In particular, we show that use of the chestnut for food was not the primary driving force behind the introduction of the tree into Europe by the Romans. Apart from the Insubrian Region in the north of the Italian peninsula, no other centre of chestnut cultivation existed in Europe during the Roman period. The Romans may have introduced the idea of systematically cultivating and using chestnut. In certain cases they introduced the species itself; however no evidence of systematic planting of chestnut exists. The greatest interest in the management of chestnut for fruit production most probably developed after the Roman period and can be associated with the socio-economic structures of medieval times. It was then that self-sufficient cultures based on the cultivation of chestnut as a source of subsistence were formed.

Intracranial EEG correlates of implicit relational inference within the hippocampus

Drawing inferences from past experiences enables adaptive behavior in future situations. Inference has been shown to depend on hippocampal processes. Usually, inference is considered a deliberate and effortful mental act which happens during retrieval, and requires the focus of our awareness. Recent fMRI studies hint at the possibility that some forms of hippocampus-dependent inference can also occur during encoding and possibly also outside of awareness. Here, we sought to further explore the feasibility of hippocampal implicit inference, and specifically address the temporal evolution of implicit inference using intracranial EEG. Presurgical epilepsy patients with hippocampal depth electrodes viewed a sequence of word pairs, and judged the semantic fit between two words in each pair. Some of the word pairs entailed a common word (e.g.,‘winter - red’, ‘red - cat’) such that an indirect relation was established in following word pairs (e.g, ‘winter - cat’). The behavioral results suggested that drawing inference implicitly from past experience is feasible because indirect relations seemed to foster ‘fit’ judgments while the absence of indirect relations fostered 'do not fit' judgments, even though the participants were unaware of the indirect relations. A event-related potential (ERP) difference emerging 400 ms post-stimulus was evident in the hippocampus during encoding, suggesting that indirect relations were already established automatically during encoding of the overlapping word pairs. Further ERP differences emerged later post-stimulus (1500 ms), were modulated by the participants' responses and were evident during encoding and test. Furthermore, response-locked ERP effects were evident at test. These ERP effects could hence be a correlate of the interaction of implicit memory with decision-making. Together, the data map out a time-course in which the hippocampus automatically integrates memories from discrete but related episodes to implicitly influence future decision making.

Book of the paintings, Library of Congress.

"The eighty-nine pictures here given comprise all the principal paintings of the Grand stair hall, and of the other halls of the Entrance pavilion, together with the architecture of the library building. The text contains the poems of the ʻPoetry' series, the mythological incidents of the ʻGreek Heroes, ̓the symbolism of the ʻGovernment ̓series, and other explanatory notes."

Report of the Committee appointed by the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania to translate the inscription on the Rosetta stone.

The "Report" includes the hieroglyphic text, translations of the three texts, and an essay on Ptolemee Epiphanes. The "Appendix" contains a facsimile of the demotic text and the Greek text.

Echoes of the war /

Published also with title: The old lady shows her medals.

The Book of God : the Apocalypse of Adam-Oannes /

Includes the Greek text of an Apocalypse, but not the New Testament book, with an English translation.

The crested seas /

The dance -- On the bottom of the dory -- The blasphemer -- The commandeering of the Lucy Foster -- The illimitable senses -- The joy of a Christmas passage -- The dawn shutters -- The smugglers -- Between shipmates -- The ice-dogs -- The Americanization of Roll-down Joe -- The harsh word -- The magnetic hearth.

Greece, ancient and modern. Lectures delivered before the Lowell institute.

v.1. First course: The Greek language and poetry. Second course: The life of Greece.--v.2. Third course: Constitutions and orators of Greece. Fourth course: Modern Greece.

The Oedipus tyrannus of Sophocles. Harvard university, Sanders theatre, May 17, 19, and 20, 1881.

Greek text & English translation of Lewis Campbell on opposite pages, paged in duplicate; in this edition the English is on the versos & the Greek on the rectos.

The ideas that have influenced civilization, in the original documents;

Contents.--v. 1. The ancient world.--v. 2. The Greek world.--v. 3. The Roman world.--v. 4. The middle ages.--v. 5. Renaissance and reformation periods.--v. 6. Advance in knowledge, 1650-1800.--v. 7. The era of revolution, 1765-1800.--v. 8. 1800-1833.--v. 9. 1833-1860.--v. 10. 1860-1903.

A commentary on the Epistles of St. John /

Includes translation of the author's German translation of the Greek text of the Epistles of John.

The ideas that have influenced civilization, in the original documents;

Contents.--v. 1. The ancient world.--v. 2. The Greek world.--v. 3. The Roman world.--v. 4. The middle ages.--v. 5. Renaissance and reformation periods.--v. 6. Advance in knowledge, 1650-1800.--v. 7. The era of revolution, 1765-1800.--v. 8. 1800-1833.--v. 9. 1833-1860.--v. 10. 1860-1903.

The works of Samuel Johnson

Vols. 13-14 have special t.-p.: Debates in parliament.

Harvard lectures on Greek subjects,

"Public lectures delivered at Harvard University in April, 1904."--Pref.