Estudios medioambientales : nuestro entorno.

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Variación de la potencia del tren inferior en jugadoras de balonmano de alta competición.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Delincuencia juvenil : aproximación a su ámbito legislativo.

Analizar las características de los tratamientos que se les impone a los menores delincuentes. Investigación centrada en el tratamiento que legalmente se les impone a los jóvenes menores de edad implicados en actos delictivos. En el primer capítulo, describe las Teorías que explican este fenómeno, y determinadas circunstancias que rodean al niño y le conducen a delinquir. Estas situación, forjan en el niño una peculiar personalidad, analizada en el segundo capítulo. La presencia de estos niños en la sociedad, no es gustosa para muchos ciudadanos y eso examina en el tercer capítulo, la problemática social de los menores en nuestro país. Recorridos estos puntos, previos para la comprensión del tema, pasa al capítulo cuarto, con las instituciones y servicios que se ocupan del menor, y de las leyes judiciales a las que se ven sometidos (capítulo quinto), poniendo en clara evidencia la necesidad de una reforma de la legislación vigente. 1) Los niños son personas y no hay que esperar a que crezcan para considerarlos así. Su personalidad está en desarrollo pero existe. Es una personalidad original y tiene su propia forma de ser. El niño puede ser protagonista de su vida y su educación, siempre y cuando se lo permitan. No cabe, por tanto, modelar al niño según intereses políticos, económicos, ideológicos o de cualquier otro tipo. 2) Nuestra sociedad necesita resolver una contradicción básica en lo que a la infancia se refiere. Por un lado, se advierte la irrupción que el estilo infantil hace en la cultura de la imagen, y el interés social que existe por el desarrollo de las generaciones futuras. Por otro lado, la misma sociedad trata de evitar cualquier aportación del niño y no promueve su creatividad y su originalidad. Y es que aceptar la aportación de la infancia, reclamaría una vigente y global transformación de la sociedad. 3) Necesitamos tomar conciencia de que el problema d los menores necesita una respuesta global, creativa y coordinada entre todos: poder público, profesionales, asociaciones y, en general personas comprometidas en la animación y acompañamiento a los menores, para que éstos, en sus ambientes, vayan expresando sus aspiraciones, buscando las respuestas y exigiendo los recursos necesarios para superar tal marginación, y así llegar a desarrollarse como persona y ser protagonista de su vida. 4) No es suficiente con sacar paquetes de medidas cuando exista un colectivo de menores que ponga en peligro la seguridad ciudadana. La solución está, prioritaria y fundamentalmente, en la mejora sustancial de la calidad de las condiciones de vida de existencia de los menores y de la incidencia sobre los factores sociales que hacen surgir y mantienen la situación de marginación de menores. 5) Es necesario que las estructuras sociales, económicas y culturales que originan esta problemática, se transformen. Esta transformación será parte integrante de medidas a largo plazo, necesarias para posibilitar y favorecer la acción educativa y el desarrollo de las personas. 6) La coherencia social debe llegar a los menores a través de la justicia, pero entendida ésta como justicia distributiva. La misma coherencia social debe ponerse en funcionamiento con los menores más problemáticos en sus conductas.

La aventura de trabajar por proyectos.

Monográfico con el título: 'Educación Infantil'

Immunomodulation and metabolism: possible role of lactoferrin

To gain insight in the relationship between innate immune system and metabolic disease, we aimed to investigate the effects of lactoferrin in obesity-related metabolic disturbances. Circulating lactoferrin concentration was significantly decreased in subjects with altered glucose tolerance (AGT) and associated negatively with obesity-related metabolic disturbances. The SNPs-induced aminoacidic changes in lactoferrin N-terminus region were associated with a low atherogenic lipid profile. Lactoferrin production in neutrophils decreased significatively in aging, chronic low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes. In vitro, lactoferrin increased insulin signaling pathway, even under insulin resistance conditions and displayed dual effects on adipogenesis (antiadipogenic in 3T3-L1 and adipogenic in human adipocytes). In conclusion, lactoferrin might play a potential protective role against insulin resistance and obesity related metabolic disturbances.

Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits

The different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract are inhabited by populations of micro-organisms. By far the most important predominant populations are in the colon where a true symbiosis with the host exists that is a key for well-being and health. For such a microbiota, 'normobiosis' characterises a composition of the gut 'ecosystem' in which micro-organisms with potential health benefits predominate in number over potentially harmful ones, in contrast to 'dysbiosis', in which one or a few potentially harmful micro-organisms are dominant, thus creating a disease-prone situation. The present document has been written by a group of both academic and industry experts (in the ILSI Europe Prebiotic Expert Group and Prebiotic Task Force, respectively). It does not aim to propose a new definition of a prebiotic nor to identify which food products are classified as prebiotic but rather to validate and expand the original idea of the prebiotic concept (that can be translated in 'prebiotic effects'), defined as: 'The selective stimulation of growth and/or activity(ies) of one or a limited number of microbial genus(era)/species in the gut microbiota that confer(s) health benefits to the host.' Thanks to the methodological and fundamental research of microbiologists, immense progress has very recently been made in our understanding of the gut microbiota. A large number of human intervention studies have been performed that have demonstrated that dietary consumption of certain food products can result in statistically significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in line with the prebiotic concept. Thus the prebiotic effect is now a well-established scientific fact. The more data are accumulating, the more it will be recognised that such changes in the microbiota's composition, especially increase in bifidobacteria, can be regarded as a marker of intestinal health. The review is divided in chapters that cover the major areas of nutrition research where a prebiotic effect has tentatively been investigated for potential health benefits. The prebiotic effect has been shown to associate with modulation of biomarkers and activity(ies) of the immune system. Confirming the studies in adults, it has been demonstrated that, in infant nutrition, the prebiotic effect includes a significant change of gut microbiota composition, especially an increase of faecal concentrations of bifidobacteria. This concomitantly improves stool quality (pH, SCFA, frequency and consistency), reduces the risk of gastroenteritis and infections, improves general well-being and reduces the incidence of allergic symptoms such as atopic eczema. Changes in the gut microbiota composition are classically considered as one of the many factors involved in the pathogenesis of either inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. The use of particular food products with a prebiotic effect has thus been tested in clinical trials with the objective to improve the clinical activity and well-being of patients with such disorders. Promising beneficial effects have been demonstrated in some preliminary studies, including changes in gut microbiota composition (especially increase in bifidobacteria concentration). Often associated with toxic load and/or miscellaneous risk factors, colon cancer is another pathology for which a possible role of gut microbiota composition has been hypothesised. Numerous experimental studies have reported reduction in incidence of tumours and cancers after feeding specific food products with a prebiotic effect. Some of these studies (including one human trial) have also reported that, in such conditions, gut microbiota composition was modified (especially due to increased concentration of bifidobacteria). Dietary intake of particular food products with a prebiotic effect has been shown, especially in adolescents, but also tentatively in postmenopausal women, to increase Ca absorption as well as bone Ca accretion and bone mineral density. Recent data, both from experimental models and from human studies, support the beneficial effects of particular food products with prebiotic properties on energy homaeostasis, satiety regulation and body weight gain. Together, with data in obese animals and patients, these studies support the hypothesis that gut microbiota composition (especially the number of bifidobacteria) may contribute to modulate metabolic processes associated with syndrome X, especially obesity and diabetes type 2. It is plausible, even though not exclusive, that these effects are linked to the microbiota-induced changes and it is feasible to conclude that their mechanisms fit into the prebiotic effect. However, the role of such changes in these health benefits remains to be definitively proven. As a result of the research activity that followed the publication of the prebiotic concept 15 years ago, it has become clear that products that cause a selective modification in the gut microbiota's composition and/or activity(ies) and thus strengthens normobiosis could either induce beneficial physiological effects in the colon and also in extra-intestinal compartments or contribute towards reducing the risk of dysbiosis and associated intestinal and systemic pathologies.

Association of the PPARGC1A gene polymorphism with diabetic nephropathy in an Asian Indian population (CURES-41)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A) gene with diabetic nephropathy (DN) in Asian Indians. METHODS: Six common polymorphisms, 3 of the PPARG gene [-1279G/A, Pro12Ala, and His478His (C/T)] and 3 of the PPARGC1A gene (Thr394Thr, Gly482Ser, and +A2962G) were studied in 571 normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) subjects, 255 type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects without nephropathy, and 141 DN subjects. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and direct sequencing. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the covariables associated with DN. RESULTS: Among the 6 polymorphisms examined, only the Gly482Ser of the PPARGC1A gene was significantly associated with DN. The genotype frequency of Ser/Ser genotype of the PPARGC1A gene was 8.8% (50/571) in NGT subjects, 7.8% (20/255) in T2D subjects, and 29.8% (42/141) in DN subjects. The odds ratios (ORs) for DN for the susceptible Gly/Ser and Ser/Ser genotype after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and duration of diabetes were 2.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23-3.72; P = 0.007] and 8.01 (95% CI, 3.89-16.47; P < 0.001), respectively. The unadjusted OR for DN for the XA genotype of the Thr394Thr polymorphism was 1.87 (95% CI, 1.20-2.92; P = 0.006) compared to T2D subjects. However, the significance was lost (P = 0.061) when adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and duration of diabetes. The +A2962G of PPARGC1A and the 3 polymorphisms of PPARG were not associated with DN. CONCLUSION: The Gly482Ser polymorphism of the PPARGC1A gene is associated with DN in Asian Indians.

Primärpreventiva åtgärder i primärvården för patienter med nedsatt glukostolerans : en systematisk litteraturstudie

Diabetes typ 2 ökar i hela världen, beräkningar har visat att prevalensen troligen kommer att öka till det dubbla år 2030. Att identifiera och behandla patienter som riskerar att utveckla sjukdomen är angeläget då personer med diabetes typ 2 löper ökad risk för att få komplikationer och andra sjukdomstillstånd som leder till stort lidande och förtida död. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att utifrån distriktssköterskans ansvarsområde beskriva primärpreventiva åtgärder och dess effekter för att förebygga diabetes typ 2 hos personer med nedsatt glukostolerans. En litteraturstudie med analys av 14 vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes och resultatet visade att studier som innehöll både kost och motionsintervention inklusive individuell eller gruppbaserad rådgivning hade goda långtidseffekter på riskfaktorerna för insjuknande av diabetes typ 2. Patienter med nedsatt glukostolerans har behov av stöd för att förändra sina levnadsvanor i strävan mot att förebygga eller skjuta upp insjuknande i diabetes typ 2.

Differences in height explain gender differences in the response to the oral glucose tolerance test - the AusDiab study

Aim To determine the extent of gender-related differences in the prevalence of glucose intolerance for the Australian population and whether body size may explain such differences.

Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from a national cohort of 11 247 Australians aged ≥ 25 years. Glucose tolerance status was assessed according to both fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) levels following a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Anthropometric and glycated haemoglobin measurements were also made.

Results Undiagnosed diabetes and non-diabetic glucose abnormalities were more prevalent among men than women when based only on the FPG results (diabetes: men 2.2%, women 1.6%, P = 0.02; impaired fasting glycaemia: men 12.3%, women 6.6%, P < 0.001). In contrast 16.0% of women and 13.0% of men had a 2hPG abnormality (either diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, P = 0.14). Women had a mean FPG 0.3 mmol/l lower than men (P < 0.001), but 2hPG 0.3 mmol/l higher (P = 0.002) and FPG-2hPG increment 0.5 mmol/l greater (P < 0.001). The gender difference in mean 2hPG and FPG-2hPG increment disappeared following adjustment for height. For both genders, those in the shortest height quartile had 2hPG levels 0.5 mmol/l higher than the tallest quartile, but height showed almost no relationship with the FPG.

Conclusions Men and women had different glycaemic profiles; women had higher mean 2hPG levels, despite lower fasting levels. It appeared that the higher 2hPG levels for women related to lesser height and may be a consequence of using a fixed glucose load in the OGTT, irrespective of body size.

Association between hyperglycaemia and fracture risk in non-diabetic middle-aged and older Australians : a national, population-based prospective study (AusDiab)

Summary : The association between pre-diabetes and fracture risk remains unclear. In this large cohort of middle-aged and older Australian men and women without diabetes, elevated 2-h plasma glucose and pre-diabetes were associated with a reduced 5-year risk of low trauma and all fractures in women, independently of BMI, fasting insulin and other lifestyle factors.

Introduction : We aimed to (1) examine associations between fasting and 2-h plasma glucose (FPG and 2-h PG), fasting insulin and risk of low trauma and all fractures in non-diabetic adults and (2) compare fracture risk between adults with pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) and those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods : Six thousand two hundred fifty-five non-diabetic men and women aged ≥40 years with NGT (n = 4,855) and pre-diabetes (n = 1,400) were followed for 5 years in the AusDiab Study. Fractures were self-reported.

Results : Five hundred thirty-nine participants suffered at least one fracture (368 women, 171 men), of which the majority (318) occurred after a low-energy trauma (258 women, 60 men). In women, a 2-h PG ≥7.2 mmol/L (highest quartile) was associated with a decreased risk of low trauma and all fractures independent of age and BMI [OR (95% CI) for low trauma fractures, 0.59 (0.40–0.88)], but also fasting insulin, smoking, physical activity, history of fracture, dietary calcium and alcohol intake or menopausal status. There was no effect of 2-h PG on fracture risk in men [OR (95% CI), 1.39 (0.60–3.26)] or any relationship between fracture risk and quartiles of FPG or insulin in either sex. Compared to women with NGT, those with pre-diabetes had a reduced risk of fracture [OR (95% CI) for all fractures, 0.70 (0.52–0.95); for low trauma fractures, 0.75 (0.53–1.05)].

Conclusion : Elevated 2-h PG levels and pre-diabetes were inversely associated with low trauma and/or all fractures in non-diabetic women, independent of BMI and fasting insulin levels.

A global approach to dissecting lipid-induced impairment of liver gluconeogenesis

This thesis identified: 1) novel aspects of cholesterol metabolism, 2) a novel signalling lipid in the phosphatidylinositol class, and 3) a gene involved in regulating lipid breakdown, as being regulated in the reversal of a fatty acid induced diabetic liver. The identification of these targets may allow for future development of targeted therapies against type 2 diabetes with a specific focus on the liver.

Muscle oxidative capacity is a better predictor of insulin sensitivity than lipid status

We determined whole-body insulin sensitivity, long-chain fatty acyl coenzyme A (LCACoA) content, skeletal muscle triglyceride (TGm) concentration, fatty acid transporter protein content, and oxidative enzyme activity in eight patients with type 2 diabetes (TYPE 2); six healthy control subjects matched for age (OLD), body mass index, percentage of body fat, and maximum pulmonary O2 uptake; nine well-trained athletes (TRAINED); and four age-matched controls (YOUNG). Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were taken before and after a 2-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Oxidative enzyme activities, fatty acid transporters (FAT/CD36 and FABPpm), and TGm were measured from basal muscle samples, and total LCACoA content was determined before and after insulin stimulation. Whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was lower in TYPE 2 (P < 0.05) than in OLD, YOUNG, and TRAINED. TGm was elevated in TYPE 2 compared with all other groups (P < 0.05). However, both basal and insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle LCACoA content were similar. Basal citrate synthase activity was higher in TRAINED (P < 0.01), whereas β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity was higher in TRAINED compared with TYPE 2 and OLD. There was a significant relationship between the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle and insulin sensitivity (citrate synthase, r = 0.71, P < 0.001; β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase, r = 0.61, P = 0.001). No differences were found in FAT/CD36 protein content between groups. In contrast, FABPpm protein was lower in OLD compared with TYPE 2 and YOUNG (P < 0.05). In conclusion, despite markedly elevated skeletal muscle TGm in type 2 diabetic patients and strikingly different levels of whole-body glucose disposal, both basal and insulin-stimulated LCACoA content were similar across groups. Furthermore, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity was a better predictor of insulin sensitivity than either TGm concentration or long-chain fatty acyl CoA content.

Chronic intraocular pressure elevation impairs autoregulatory capacity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina

Purpose: To assess ocular blood flow responses to acute IOP stress following 4 weeks of chronic IOP elevation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and control rats. We hypothesise that chronic IOP elevation for 4 weeks will further impair blood flow regulation in STZ-induced diabetic rats eyes. Methods: Two weeks following citrate buffer or STZ-injections chronic IOP elevation was induced in Long Evans rats via fortnightly intracameral injections of microspheres (15 μm) suspended in 5% polyethylene glycol. IOP was monitored daily. Electroretinography (ERG, -6.79-2.07 log cd s m-2) was undertaken at Week 4 to compare photoreceptor (RmPIII), ON-bipolar cell (Vmax) and ganglion cell dominant ERG [scotopic threshold response (STR)] components. 4 weeks post-chronic IOP induction, ocular blood flow (laser Doppler flowmetry) was measured in response to acute IOP challenge (10-100 mmHg, in 5 mmHg steps, each 3 min). Results: Four weeks of chronic IOP (mean ± S.E.M., citrate: 24.0 ± 0.3 to 30.7 ± 1.3 and STZ-diabetes: 24.2 ± 0.2 to 31.1 ± 1.2 mmHg) was associated with reduced photoreceptor amplitude in both groups (-25.3 ± 2.2% and -17.2 ± 3.0%, respectively). STZ-diabetic eyes showed reduced photoreceptor sensitivity (citrate: 0.5 ± 1.8%, STZ-diabetic: -8.1 ± 2.4%). Paradoxically ON-bipolar cell sensitivity was increased, particularly in citrate control eyes (citrate: 166.8 ± 25.9%, STZ-diabetic: 64.8 ± 18.7%). The ganglion cell dominant STR was not significantly reduced in STZ-diabetic rats. Using acute IOP elevation to probe autoregulation, we show that STZ-diabetes impaired autoregulation compared with citrate control animals. The combination of STZ-diabetes and chronic IOP elevation further impaired autoregulation. Conclusions: STZ-diabetes and chronic IOP elevation appear to be additive risk factors for impairment of ocular blood flow autoregulation.

Bioclastos de organismos terrestres e marinhos na praia e plataforma interna do Rio Grande do Sul : natureza, distribuição, origem e significado geológico

Fácies marinhas e costeiras associadas a eventos transgressivos-regressivos quaternários ocorrem na Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul e na plataforma continental adjacente. Enquanto as fácies expostas na planície costeira apresentam uma composição essencialmente siliciclástica, as fácies submersas, hoje aflorantes na antepraia e plataforma interna, apresentam, muitas vezes, uma composição carbonática. Formada por coquinas e arenitos de praia fortemente cimentados, estas fácies destacam-se do fundo oceânico como altos topográficos submersos. Os altos topográficos da antepraia têm atuado como fonte de boa parte dos sedimentos e bioclastos de origem marinha encontrados nas praias da área de estudo. Os bioclastos carbonáticos que ocorrem nestes locais caracterizam uma Associação Heterozoa, ou seja, são formados por carbonatos de águas frias, característicos de médias latitudes, e são representados principalmente por moluscos, equinodermos irregulares, anelídeos, crustáceos decápodos, restos esqueletais de peixes ósseos e cartilaginosos, cetáceos, tartarugas e aves semelhantes à fauna atual. Além destes bioclastos de origem marinha, as praias estudadas apresentam a ocorrência de fragmentos orgânicos provenientes de afloramentos continentais fossilíferos, contendo abundantes restos esqueletais de mamíferos terrestres gigantes extintos, das ordens Edentada, Notoungulada, Litopterna, Proboscidea, Artiodactila, Perissodactila, Carnívora e Rodentia. A concentração dos bioclastos na praia resultada da ação direta dos processos hidrodinâmicos que atuam na região de estudo (ondas de tempestade, deriva litorânea, correntes, etc). A variação no tamanho médio dos bioclastos encontrados ao longo da linha de costa está relacionada ao limite da ação das ondas de tempestades sobre o fundo oceânico, o qual é controlado principalmente pela profundidade. Os afloramentos-fonte submersos podem ser divididos em holocênicos e pleistocênicos. A tafonomia dos bioclastos pleistocênicos permite argumentar que após o penúltimo máximo transgressivo que resultou na formação do sistema deposicional Laguna-Barreira III (aproximadamente 120 ka) parte dos depósitos lagunares permaneceram emersos e não estiveram sob a ação marinha (barrancas do arroio Chuí, com a megafauna preservada in situ), enquanto que parte dos depósitos lagunares esteve sob ação direta do ambiente praial. Em diversas feições submersas observam-se coquinas contendo fósseis de mamíferos terrestres, indicando o retrabalhamento dos sedimentos lagunares em ambiente praial. As coquinas que apresentam moluscos pouco arredondados e de maior granulometria são aqui definidas, informalmente, como Coquinas do Tipo 1. Como conseqüência da última regressão pleistocênica (iniciada após o máximo transgressivo de 120 ka) estas coquinas ficaram submetidas a uma exposição subaérea. Este fato possibilitou a dissolução diferenciada dos componentes carbonáticos existentes nos depósitos (coquinas e arenitos) e sua recristalização (calcita espática) em ambientes saturados em água doce. A Transgressão Pós-Glacial (iniciada em torno de 18 ka) foi responsável pelo retrabalhamento dos arenitos e coquinas, recristalizando mais uma vez os elementos carbonáticos. Devido ao seu grau de consolidação estes depósitos resistiram à erosão associada à elaboração da superfície de ravinamento e encontram-se atualmente expostos na antepraia e, mesmo, na linha de praia atual. Pelo menos há 8 ka houve novamente um período favorável à precipitação de carbonato de cálcio, ocorrendo a litificação de rochas sedimentares em uma linha de praia numa cota batimétrica inferior a atual. Neste intervalo de tempo formaram-se as coquinas e arenitos não recristalizados, apresentando fragmentos de moluscos muito fragmentados e arredondados e de menor granulometria, aqui definidas, informalmente, como Coquinas do Tipo 2. A interpretação da tafonomia dos bioclastos de idade holocênica sugere pelo menos duas fácies deposicionais: (a) Fósseis articulados numa matriz areno-síltica, preenchidos por silte e argila, interpretados como originalmente depositados em regime transgressivo no ambiente Mesolitoral (foreshore) para Infralitoral superior (upper shoreface), com baixa ação de ondas. (b) Fragmentos de carapaças e quelas isoladas encontradas numa coquina fortemente cimentada por calcita espática, por vezes recristalizada, interpretados como concentrados na Zona de Arrebentação por ondas de tempestades. A dinâmica costeira atual retrabalha novamente os sedimentos inconsolidados enquanto as rochas sedimentares consolidadas (formadas pelas Coquinas Tipo 1 e 2) resistem parcialmente à erosão e constituem os altos topográficos submersos (parcéis) descritos neste trabalho.