Analyse de la politique et des règles de procédure d’I.C.A.N.N. relatives au règlement des conflits entre les titulaires de marques de commerce et les détenteurs de noms de domaine

"L’enregistrement de noms de domaine, basé sur la règle du « premier arrivé, premier servi », n’a pas échappé à des personnes peu scrupuleuses qui se sont empressées d’enregistrer comme noms de domaine des marques de commerce, phénomène connu sous le nom de « cybersquattage ». L’U.D.R.P. (Uniform domain name Dispute Resolution Policy) est une procédure internationale qui a été adoptée pour régler les différends relatifs à cette pratique. La procédure de l’U.D.R.P. est conçue pour être rapide, efficace et simple. Même si le fardeau de preuve reposant sur le titulaire de marque de commerce peut sembler lourd, l’analyse de la procédure démontre qu’elle n’offre pas aux détenteurs de noms de domaine un procès juste et équitable, notamment en raison des délais très courts, de l’absence de voies de recours internes en cas de défaut et de l’obligation de saisir les tribunaux de droit commun. La procédure de l’U.D.R.P. ne présente aussi aucun caractère dissuasif envers les titulaires de marques qui tenteraient de s’approprier un nom de domaine enregistré dans des conditions légitimes. Une étude des décisions issues de la Procédure U.D.R.P. révèle qu’il existe un déséquilibre flagrant en faveur des titulaires de marques de commerces; les organismes accrédités se taillant la plus grande part du marché sont ceux dont les décisions sont généralement plus favorables aux titulaires de marques. Une variété d’arguments sont avancés pour expliquer ces résultats mais les études démontrent que la Procédure U.D.R.P. doit faire l’objet de réformes. La réforme devrait comprendre deux volets : premièrement, la modification du mode de désignation des organismes accrédités chargés d’administrer la Procédure U.D.R.P. ainsi que la modification du processus de sélection des commissaires; deuxièmement, une réforme relative aux délais, à la langue des procédures et au phénomène des procédures abusives intentées par des détenteurs de marques de commerce à l?égard d’enregistrements légitimes."

Le ville dipinte del cardinale Ippolito d’Este a Tivoli : l’architettura di fronte all’antico, la tradizione ferrarese, e un nuovo documento su Belriguardo

Actes du colloque international (Ferrare, Castello Sforzesco, 2006).

Interpretazione in una logica n-dimensionale di Metafisica 4,4

Il Principio di non contraddizione (PNC) così come tradizionalmente inteso sembra minare alla base la possibilità di un'alterità « assoluta », di un'alterità, cioè che non sia in nessun modo riconducibile ad un'ipseità che la conosca. [...]

Considerazioni generali sul concetto di « corpo »

Il concetto di “corpo” è evidentemente alla base della pratica medica. Dalla definizione che si sceglie di dare a questo concetto dipende l’idea stessa di medicina e di terapia. È per questo che una riflessione preliminare su che cosa sia il corpo è necessaria per guidare e impostare qualsiasi azione dell’operatore sanitario. [...]

Structural and Spectral Investigations of Transition Metal Complexes Of Di-2-Pyridyl Ketone N (4), N (4)-Disubstituted Thiosemicarbazones

The study deals with structural and spectral investigations of transition metal complexes of di-2-pyridyl ketone N(4),N(4)-disubstituted thiosemicarbazones. The main objective and scope of the work deals with di-2-pyridyl ketone N(4),N(4)-disubstituted thiosemicarbazones are quardridentate NNNS donor ligands. To chosen this ligand for study because, the ligands are prepared and characterized for the first time, since there are two pyridyl nitorgens, dimmers and polymers of complexes may result leading to interesting structural aspects. The work includes the preparation of the thiosemicarbzones and their structural and spectral studies, synthesis and spectral characterization of complexes of copper(II),,nickel(II),manganese(II), dioxovanadium(V),cobalt(III),zinc(II),cadmium(II) of the ligand HL, synthesis and spectral characterization of complexes of copper(II),manganese(II), of the ligand HL and the development of X-ray quality crystals and its X-ray diffraction studies. The structural characterization techniques are elemental analysis, conductivity measurements, magnetic measurements, electronic spectroscopy, H NMR spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

Development of Photorefractive Polymers: Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers with Donor-Pi-Acceptor Groups

Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Structural Characterization and Non-linear Optical Properties of Metal Complexes of Some Donor-Acceptor Substituted N-salicylidene-N' -aroylhydrazine Ligands

The present work deals with the complexation of Schiff bases of aroylhydrazines with various transition metal ions. The hydrazone systems selected for study have long 7I:-delocalized chain in the ligand molecule itself, which get intensified due to metal-to-ligand or ligand-to-metal charge transfer excitations upon coordination. Complexation with metal ions like copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, zinc and cadmium are tried. Various spectral techniques are employed for characterization. The structures of some complexes have been well established by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The nonIinaer optical studies of the ligands and complexes synthesized have been studied by hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique.The work is presented in seven chapters and the last one deals with summary and conclusion. One of the hydrazone system selected for study proved that it could give rise to polymeric metal complexes. Some of the copper, nickel, zinc and cadmium complexes showed non-linear optical activity. The NLO studies of manganese and iron showed negative result, may be due to the inversion centre of symmetry within the molecular lattice.

Phenylethynylarene Based Donor-Acceptor Systems: Design, Synthesis and Photophysical Studies

This thesis Entitled phenylethynylarene based Donor-Acceptor systems:Desigh,Synthesis and Photophysical studies. A strategy for the design of donor-acceptor dyads, wherein decay of the charge separated (CS) state to low lying local triplet levels could possibly be prevented, is proposed. In order to examine this strategy, a linked donor-acceptor dyad BPEPPT with bis(phenylethYlly/)pyrene (BPEP) as the light absorber and acceptor and phenothiazine (PT) as donor was designed and photoinduced electron transfer in the dyad investigated. Absorption spectra of the dyad can be obtained by adding contributions due 10 the BPEP and PT moieties indicating that the constituents do not interact in the ground stale. Fluorescence of the BPEP moiety was efficiently quenched by the PT donor and this was attributed to electron lransfer from PT to BPEP. Picosecond transient absorption studies suggested formation of a charge separated state directly from the singlet excited state of BPEP. Nanosecond flash photolysis experiments gave long-ived transient absorptions assignable to PT radical cation and BPEP radical anion. These assignments were confirmed by oxygen quenching studies and secondary electron transfer experiments. Based on the available data, energy level diagram for BPEP-PT was constructed. The long lifetime of the charge separated state was attributed to the inverted region effects. The CS state did not undergo decay to low lying BPEP triplet indicating the success of our strategy

Investigations on the Structural, Spectral and Magnetic Interactions of Transition Metal Complexes of Multidentate Ligands from Di-2-pyridyl ketone and N(4)-substituted Thiosemicarbazides

The present work deals with the investigations on sthe structural spectral and magnetic interactions of transition metal complexes of multidentate ligands from D1-2-pyridyl ketone and N(4)-Substituted thiosemicarbazides.Thiosemicarbazones are thiourea derivatives with the general formula R2N— C(S)—NH—N=CR2. In the solution state, the thiosemicarbazones exhibit the thionethiol tautomerism similar to the keto-enol tautomerism, and in solution state the thiol form predominates and a deprotonation at the thiolate group in alcoholic medium enhances the coordination abilities ofthe thiosemicarbazones.The magnetochemistry of metal complexes of di-2-pyridyl ketone is a current hot subject of research, which mainly owes to the excellent structural diversity of the complexes ranging from cubanes to clusters, with promising ferromagnetic outputs.Only few efforts were aimed at the magnetochemistry of metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones, and that too were concerned with the complexes of bisttltioscinicarbazones). However, as far as the monothiosemicarbazones are concerned, the magnetochemistry of transition metal complexes of di-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazones turned up quite unexplored. Consequently, an investigation into it appeared novel and promising to us and that prompted this study, which can be regarded as the initial step towards exploring the magnetochemistry of thiosemicarbazone complexes, especially of di-2-pyridyl ketone derivatives.We could successfully isolate single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction for the first three ligands. To conclude, we have synthesized some new thiosemicarbazones and their transition metal complexes and studied their structural, spectral and magnetic attributes. Some ofthe complexes revealed interesting stereochemistries and possible bridging characteristics with spectroscopic evidences. Unfortunately, single crystal Xray diffraction studies could not be carried out for many of these interesting compounds due to the lack of availability of suitable quality single crystals. However, the magnetic studies provided support for the proposed stereochemistry giving evidences for their magnetically concentrated nature. The magnetic susceptibilities measured at six different temperatures in the 80-298 K range are fitted into different magnetic equations, which provided an idea about the magnetic behavior of the compounds under study. Some of the copper, oxovanadium, nickel and cobalt complexes are found to possess anomalous magnetic moments, i.e., they revealed no regular gradation with temperature. However, some other copper complexes are observed to be antiferromagnetic, due to super-exchange pathways. The manganese complexes and one of the cobalt complexes are also observed to be antiferromagnetic in nature. However, some nickel complexes have turned up to be ferromagnetic. Accordingly, the versatile stereoehemistry and magnetic behavior of the complexes studied, prompt us to conclude that the transition metal complexes of di-2-pyridyl ketone thiosemicarbazones are promising systems for potential magnetic applications.

Copper(II) complexes derived from di-2-pyridyl ketone-N4-phenyl-3-semicarbazone: Synthesis and spectral studies

Five copper(II) complexes [CuLCl]2·CuCl2·4H2O (1), [CuLOAc] (2), [CuLNO3]2 (3), [CuLN3] (4) and [CuLNCS]·3/2H2O (5) of di-2-pyridyl ketone-N4-phenyl-3-semicarbazone (HL) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and electronic, infrared and EPR spectral techniques. In all these complexes the semicarbazone undergoes deprotonation and coordinates through enolate oxygen, azomethine and pyridyl nitrogen atoms. All the complexes are EPR active due to the presence of an unpaired electron. EPR spectra of all the complexes in DMF at 77K suggest axial symmetry and the presence of half field signals for the complexes 1 and 3 indicates dimeric structures

Synthesis and Properties of Polyurethanes of Hexamethylene Di-Isocyanate with Multifunctional Chromophores in the Main Chain

Various polyurethanes containing photoactive bis(azo) and bis(o-nitrobenzyl) groups in the main chain were synthesized by polyaddition reactions of diols such as bis(4-hydroxyphenylazo)-2,20-dinitrodiphenylmethane, 4-hydroxy-3-methylphenylazo- 40-hydroxyphenylazo-2,20-dinitrodiphenylmethane and bis(4-hydroxy-3- methylphenylazo)-2,20-dinitrodiphenylmethane with hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HMDI), in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst. All of them were characterized by IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra and also by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

Versatile binding properties of a di-2-pyridyl ketone nicotinoylhydrazone ligand: Crystal structure of a Cu(II) complex

Six new copper complexes of di-2-pyridyl ketone nicotinoylhydrazone (HDKN) have been synthesized. The complexes have been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques and the structure of [Cu(DKN)2]·H2O has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound [Cu(DKN)2]·H2O crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21 and has a distorted octahedral geometry. The IR spectra revealed the presence of variable modes of chelation for the investigated ligand. The EPR spectra of compounds [Cu2(DKN)2( -N3)2] and [Cu2(DKN)2( -NCS)2] in polycrystalline state suggest a dimeric structure as they exhibited a half field signal, which indicate the presence of a weak interaction between two Cu(II) ions in these complexes

Design and Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Low Band Gap Copolymers for Photoconductive and Non-linear Optical Applications

The main focus of the present study was to develop ideal low band gap D-A copolymers for photoconducting and non-linear optical applications. This chapter summarizes the overall research work done. Designed copolymers were synthesized via direct arylation or Suzuki coupling reactions. Copolymers were characterized by theoretical and experimental methods. The suitability of these copolymers in photoconducting and optical limiting devices has been investigated.The results suggest that the copolymers investigated in the present study have a good non-linear optical response and are comparable to or even better than the D-A copolymers reported in the literature and hence could be chosen as ideal candidates with potential applications for non-linear optics. The results also show that the structures of the polymers have great impact on NLO properties. Copolymers studied here exhibits good optical limiting property at 532 nm wavelength due to two-photon absorption (TPA) process. The results revealed that the two copolymers, (P(EDOT-BTSe) and P(PH-TZ)) exhibited strong two-photon absorption and superior optical power limiting properties, which are much better than that of others.

Theoretical Design and Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers for Photovoltaic and NLO Applications

Polymers with conjugated π-electron backbone display unusual electronic properties such as low energy optical transition, low ionization potentials, and high electron affinities. The properties that make these materials attractive include a wide range of electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility and thermal stability. Some of the potential applications of these conjugated polymers are in sensors, solar cells, field effect transistors, field emission and electrochromic displays, supercapacitors and energy storage. With recent advances in the stability of conjugated polymer materials, and improved control of properties, a growing number of applications are currently being explored. Some of the important applications of conducting polymers include: they are used in electrostatic materials, conducting adhesives, shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI), artificial nerves, aircraft structures, diodes, and transistors.

Versuche zur Synthese ferrocendiylverbrückter Di(amido)-Chelatkomplexe von Gruppe-4-Metallen

Die Polymerisation von α-Olefinen mit Derivaten von Gruppe-4-Metallocenen ist von großem technologischen Interesse. In den letzten Jahren hat sich bei der Suche nach metallocenalternativen Präkatalysatoren u.a. aufgrund der theoretischen Arbeiten von Ziegler gezeigt, dass Di(amido)-Chelatkomplexe mit Gruppe-4-Metallen vielversprechende Spezies für die α-Olefinpolymerisation darstellen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten die stereoelektronischen Eigenschaften solcher Komplexe durch Arylgruppen mit sterisch anspruchsvollen Alkylsubstituenten beeinflusst werden. Weitere interessante Eigenschaften sollten durch die die Stickstoffatome verbrückende Ferroceneinheit erzielt werden, da diese als molekulares Kugellager und redoxaktive Schaltereinheit fungieren kann. Die Di(arylamino)ferrocenligandvorstufen Fe[(C5H4)NHPh]2, Fe[(C5H4)NH(2,6-C6H3Me2)]2 und Fe[(C5H4)NH(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)]2 konnten durch Hartwig-Buchwald-artige Kreuzkupplung von 1,1´-Diaminoferrocen mit dem jeweiligen Arylbromid erhalten werden. Dagegen misslangen über diese Syntheseroute zahlreiche Versuche zur Synthese von Derivaten mit Substituenten in meta-Position des Arylringes. Die Darstellung der Titan- und Zirkoniumchelatkomplexe gelang durch Metathesereaktion der Di(arylamino)ferrocene mit M(NMe2)4 bzw. M(CH2Ph)4 (M = Ti, Zr), die unter Eliminierung von 2 Äquivalenten HNMe2 bzw. Toluol ablaufen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass bei sterisch anspruchsvollen Di(arylamino)ferrocenligandsystemen keine Metathesereaktion mit Ti(NMe2)4 möglich ist, was auch für analoge Reaktionen mit Ti(CH2Ph)4 zu erwarten ist. Ganz anders sind dagegen die Verhältnisse in der Zirkoniumchemie. Hier konnten durch Umsetzung von Fe[(C5H4)NH(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)]2 mit Zr(NMe2)4 bzw. Zr(CH2Ph)4 die Komplexe [{Fe[C5H4(NC6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3)]2}Zr(NMe2)2] und [{Fe[C5H4(NC6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3)]2}Zr(CH2Ph)2] dargestellt werden. Hier findet sich eine senkrechte Anordnung der Arylringe zur Chelatringebene, die die nach Ziegler günstige Orbitalüberlappung ermöglicht, die zu einer besonders hohen katalytischen Aktivität dieser Komplexe in der Ethylenpolymerisation führen sollte. Nach üblicher Aktivierung zeigen diese Komplexe jedoch nur niedrige Aktivitäten in der Ethylenpolymerisation. Ob strukturelle Parameter für dieses Ergebnis verantwortlich sind, oder sogar Defizite im Ziegler-Modell vorliegen, sollte Gegenstand zukünftiger Untersuchungen sein.