Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the "shell" as compared with the "core" of the rat nucleus accumbens.

The nucleus accumbens is considered a critical target of the action of drugs of abuse. In this nucleus a "shell" and a "core" have been distinguished on the basis of anatomical and histochemical criteria. The present study investigated the effect in freely moving rats of intravenous cocaine, amphetamine, and morphine on extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens shell and core by means of microdialysis with vertically implanted concentric probes. Doses selected were in the range of those known to sustain drug self-administration in rats. Morphine, at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, and cocaine, at 0.5 mg/kg, increased extracellular dopamine selectivity in the shell. Higher doses of cocaine (1.0 mg/kg) and the lowest dose of amphetamine tested (0.125 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine both in the shell and in the core, but the effect was significantly more pronounced in the shell compared with the core. Only the highest dose of amphetamine (0.250 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine in the shell and in the core to a similar extent. The present results provide in vivo neurochemical evidence for a functional compartmentation within the nucleus accumbens and for a preferential effect of psychostimulants and morphine in the shell of the nucleus accumbens at doses known to sustain intravenous drug self-administration.

The CuA center of cytochrome-c oxidase: electronic structure and spectra of models compared to the properties of CuA domains.

The electronic structure and spectrum of several models of the binuclear metal site in soluble CuA domains of cytochrome-c oxidase have been calculated by the use of an extended version of the complete neglect of differential overlap/spectroscopic method. The experimental spectra have two strong transitions of nearly equal intensity around 500 nm and a near-IR transition close to 800 nm. The model that best reproduces these features consists of a dimer of two blue (type 1) copper centers, in which each Cu atom replaces the missing imidazole on the other Cu atom. Thus, both Cu atoms have one cysteine sulfur atom and one imidazole nitrogen atom as ligands, and there are no bridging ligands but a direct Cu-Cu bond. According to the calculations, the two strong bands in the visible region originate from exciton coupling of the dipoles of the two copper monomers, and the near-IR band is a charge-transfer transition between the two Cu atoms. The known amino acid sequence has been used to construct a molecular model of the CuA site by the use of a template and energy minimization. In this model, the two ligand cysteine residues are in one turn of an alpha-helix, whereas one ligand histidine is in a loop following this helix and the other one is in a beta-strand.

The Malleable Politics of Welfare-to-Work Reform: Germany's "Hartz" activation compared with Dutch, British and Irish cases. ACES Cases No. 2009.1

We compare the Hartz reforms in Germany with three other major labor market activation reforms carried out by center-left governments. Britain and Germany developed radically neoliberal “mandatory” activation policies, whereas in the Netherlands and Ireland radical activation change took a very different “enabling” form. The Irish and German cases were path deviant, the British and Dutch path dependent. We explain why Germany underwent “mandatory” and path deviant activation by focusing on two features of the policy discourse. First, the elite level discourse was “ensilaged” sealing policy formation off from dissenting actors. This is what the British and German cases had in common and the result was reform that identified long term unemployment as social delinquency rather than market failure. Second, although the German policy-making system lacked the “authoritative” features that facilitated reform in the British case, and the Irish policy-making system lacked the “reflexive” mechanisms that facilitated reform in the Dutch case, in both Germany and Ireland the wider legitimating discourses were reshaped by novel institutional vehicles (the Hartz Commission and FÁS) that served to fundamentally alter system-constitutive perceptions about policy. The findings suggest that major reform of welfare-to-work policy may be much more malleable than previously thought.

National Role Conceptions and Foreign Policies: France and Germany Compared. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 02.4, 2002

In spite of domestic and international political changes, French and German foreign policies have displayed high degrees of continuity between the late 1950s and the mid-1990s. Over the same time period, the directions of the two states’ foreign policies have also continued to differ from each other. Why do states similar in many respects often part ways in what they want and do? This article argues that the French and German national role conceptions (NRCs) account for both of these continuities. NRCs are domestically shared understandings regarding the proper role and purpose of one’s own state as a social collectivity in the international arena. As internal reference systems, they affect national interests and foreign policies. This article reestablishes the NRC concept, empirically codes it for France and Germany for the time period under consideration, and demonstrates comparatively how different NRCs lead to varying interests and policies across the major policy areas in security, defense, and armament.

Early steps of paired fin development in zebrafish compared with tetrapod limb development.

The development of zebrafish paired fins and tetrapod forelimbs and hindlimbs show striking similarities at the molecular level. In recent years, the zebrafish, Danio rerio has become a valuable model for the study of the development of vertebrate paired appendages and several large-scale mutagenesis screens have identified novel fin mutants. This review summarizes recent advances in research into zebrafish paired fin development and highlights features that are shared with and distinct from limb development in other main animal models.

The variorum teacher's edition of the Holy Bible : containing the Old and New Testaments ; translated out of the original tongues; and with the former translations diligently compared and revised, by His Majesty's special command ; with various renderings and readings from the best authorities, and the aids to the student of the Holy Bible.

Pref. signed: C.J. Ball.

A short treatise on the unequal and disproportionate imposts levied on port-wine, shipped from Oporto to Great Britain; compared with the imp;osts levied on wines, of the same character, whipped to America and other countries.

Mode of access: Internet.

Out-of-class programed instruction compared with conventional homework assignments in teaching expository writing in freshman English

"The research ... was supported by the cooperative research program of the [U.S.] Office of Education."

Legislative department : constitutional provisions relative thereto, compared with the provisions of Article IV, Michigan Constitution /

Caption title.