Radial measures of public services deficit for regional allocation of public funds

The goal of this paper is to present an optimal resource allocation model for the regional allocation of public service inputs. Theproposed solution leads to maximise the relative public service availability in regions located below the best availability frontier, subject to exogenous budget restrictions and equality ofaccess for equal need criteria (equity-based notion of regional needs). The construction of non-parametric deficit indicators is proposed for public service availability by a novel application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models, whose results offer advantages for the evaluation and improvement of decentralised public resource allocation systems. The method introduced in this paper has relevance as a resource allocation guide for the majority of services centrally funded by the public sector in a given country, such as health care, basic and higher education, citizen safety, justice, transportation, environmental protection, leisure, culture, housing and city planning, etc.

North-South convergence and the allocation of CO2 emissions

We postulate a two-region world, comprised of North (calibrated after the US) and South(calibrated after China). Our optimization results show the compatibility of the following threedesiderata:(1) Global CO2 emissions follow a conservative path that leads to the stabilizationof concentrations at 450 ppm.(2) North and South converge to a path of sustained growth at 1% per year (28.2%per generation) in 2075.(3) During the transition to the steady state, North also grows at 1% per year whileSouth s rates of growth are markedly higher.The transition paths require a drastic reduction of the share of emissions allocated to North,large investments in knowledge, both in North and South, as well as very large investments ineducation in South. Surprisingly, in order to sustain North s utility growth rate, some output mustbe transferred from South to North during the transition.Although undoubtedly subject to many caveats, our results support a degree of optimism byproviding prima facie evidence of the possibility of tackling climate change in a way that is fairboth across generations and across regions while allowing for positive rates of humandevelopment.

Hierarchical location-allocation models for congested systems

In this paper we address the issue of locating hierarchical facilities in the presence of congestion. Two hierarchical models are presented, where lower level servers attend requests first, and then, some of the served customers are referred to higher level servers. In the first model, the objective is to find the minimum number of servers and theirlocations that will cover a given region with a distance or time standard. The second model is cast as a Maximal Covering Location formulation. A heuristic procedure is then presented together with computational experience. Finally, some extensions of these models that address other types of spatial configurations are offered.

Adjustment to target capital, finance and growth

Does financial development result in capital being reallocated more rapidly to industries where it is most productive? We argue that if this was the case, financially developed countries should see faster growth in industries with investment opportunities due to global demand and productivity shifts. Testing this cross-industry cross-country growth implication requires proxies for (latent) global industry investment opportunities. We show that tests relying only on data from specific (benchmark) countries may yield spurious evidence for or against the hypothesis. We therefore develop an alternative approach that combines benchmark-country proxies with a proxy that does not reflect opportunities specific to a country or level of financial development. Our empirical results yield clear support for the capital reallocation hypothesis.

Intergenerational justice when future worlds are uncertain

Let there be a positive (exogenous) probability that, at each date, the human species will disappear.We postulate an Ethical Observer (EO) who maximizes intertemporal welfare under thisuncertainty, with expected-utility preferences. Various social welfare criteria entail alternativevon Neumann- Morgenstern utility functions for the EO: utilitarian, Rawlsian, and an extensionof the latter that corrects for the size of population. Our analysis covers, first, a cake-eating economy(without production), where the utilitarian and Rawlsian recommend the same allocation.Second, a productive economy with education and capital, where it turns out that the recommendationsof the two EOs are in general different. But when the utilitarian program diverges, thenwe prove it is optimal for the extended Rawlsian to ignore the uncertainty concerning the possibledisappearance of the human species in the future. We conclude by discussing the implicationsfor intergenerational welfare maximization in the presence of global warming.

Gross capital flows: Dynamics and crises

This paper analyzes the behavior of international capital flows by foreign and domestic agents,dubbed gross capital flows, over the business cycle and during financial crises. We show thatgross capital flows are very large and volatile, especially relative to net capital flows. Whenforeigners invest in a country, domestic agents invest abroad, and vice versa. Gross capital flowsare also pro-cyclical. During expansions, foreigners invest more domestically and domesticagents invest more abroad. During crises, total gross flows collapse and there is a retrenchmentin both inflows by foreigners and outflows by domestic agents. These patterns hold for differenttypes of capital flows and crises. This evidence sheds light on the sources of fluctuations drivingcapital flows and helps discriminate among existing theories. Our findings seem consistent withcrises affecting domestic and foreign agents asymmetrically, as would be the case under thepresence of sovereign risk or asymmetric information.

Indentifying human capital externalities: Theory with an application to US cities

The identification of aggregate human capital externalities is still not fully understood. The existing (Mincerian) approach confounds positive externalities with wage changes due to a downward sloping demand curve for human capital. As a result, it yields positive externalities even when wages equal marginal social products. We propose an approach that identifies human capital externalities whether or not aggregate demand for human capital slopes downward. Another advantage of our approach is that it does not require estimates of the individual return to human capital. Applications to US cities and states between 1970 and 1990 yield no evidence of significant average -schooling externalities.

International capital flows and credit market imperfections: A tale of two frictions

The financial crisis of 2007-08 has underscored the importance of adverse selection in financialmarkets. This friction has been mostly neglected by macroeconomic models of financialimperfections, however, which have focused almost exclusively on the effects of limited pledgeability.In this paper, we fill this gap by developing a standard growth model with adverseselection. Our main results are that, by fostering unproductive investment, adverse selection:(i) leads to an increase in the economy s equilibrium interest rate, and; (ii) it generates a negativewedge between the marginal return to investment and the equilibrium interest rate. Underfinancial integration, we show how this translates into excessive capital inflows and endogenouscycles. We also extend our model to the more general case in which adverse selection and limitedpledgeability coexist. We conclude that both frictions complement one another and show thatlimited pledgeability exacerbates the effects of adverse selection.

EDUCAÇÃO E CAPITAL SOCIAL PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL DA COMUNIDADE PISCATÓRIA EM CABO VERDE

A educação, a formação e o desenvolvimento do capital social é uma das questões prioritárias e que deve ser tido em consideração, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento das comunidades piscatórias em Cabo Verde. Precisa-se de focar essa problemática e, sugerir as medidas e as estratégias que devem estar no centro das atenções dos dirigentes e dos sistemas educativos, reflectindo sobre elas nas comunidades e em termos académicos, tendo presente a importância da educação para o exercício da cidadania. O presente trabalho de investigação tem por objectivo evidenciar a influência da educação na formação do capital social e analisar em que medida é que este pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável da comunidade piscatória de Cutelinho, situada na Vila de Pedra Badejo, Concelho de Santa Cruz. Em sociedades relativamente homogéneas, como é o caso de Cabo Verde, o capital social pode ser um recurso importante para a promoção do desenvolvimento humano e social, garantindo assim, a qualidade ambiental. A pesquisa é de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa, acreditando-se na complementaridade dos dois métodos de investigação. A triangulação de dados foi feita por meio de questionário/inquérito, entrevista e observação participante, recurso mais básico e fundamental desta investigação. Das análises das avaliações das observações participantes, das informações dos questionários e das entrevistas feitos aos sujeitos da pesquisa, chegou–se a conclusão de que o nível de educação e de capital social na referida comunidade é baixo pelo que a mesma apresenta-se problemas em termos de desenvolvimento

Pastoral conflict and resource management in Ethiopia's Somali region

RESUME L'objectif de cette thèse est d'approfondir la compréhension de la transformation des conflits liés à l'utilisation et la répartition des ressources foncières, de l'eau ainsi que des ressources politiques en région aride ou semi-aride. Cette thèse se concentre en particulier sur la façon dont les acteurs et les institutions résolvent les conflits dans un espace dominé par un mode de vie pastoral au sein des pays de la Corne de l'Afrique. Celle-ci réunit des zones périphériques mal contrôlée et caractérisée par une faible administration publique qui coexiste avec des instances coutumières et d'autres autorités. Le cas de la région Somali d'Ethiopie (ou Ogaden) nous démontre que les disputes et les pratiques de gestion des conflits existantes sont encastrées dans les normes, les politiques et les relations de pouvoir locales. Par conséquent, ce travail réfute le déterminisme causal de la littérature des conflits dits environnementaux en soulignant l'existence d'une vaste palette de stratégies de résolution des conflits. Il démontre empiriquement la capacité des éleveurs, des paysans et d'autres utilisateurs de ressources en propriété commune («common- pool resources », CPRs) à coopérer plutôt qu'à se disputer. De la même façon, la préférence idéologique de la plupart des études sur les CPRS pour des groupes d'utilisateurs homogènes et des systèmes de ressources d'utilisation simple est remise en question. En effet, l'existence de multiples ressources naturelles et politiques dans la région Somali d'Ethiopie justifie cette remise en cause. En soulignant l'économie politique dans laquelle se situent les conflits pastoraux et leur gestion cette thèse critique l'approche dépolitisée sur l'utilisation des ressources en propriété commune ainsi que les perspectives technocratiques sur les processus de construction des institutions. Les résultats de recherche marquent le rôle central et souvent inattendu de l'état dans la formation des conflits et la gestion des ressources dans sa périphérie pastorale. Avec |'introduction du fédéralisme ethnique éthiopien et la décentralisation administrative, la construction de l'état à pris une tournure nouvelle dans la région Somali depuis |991 - la période analysée dans cette étude. Ce processus fut accompagné de trois dynamiques parallèles (1) L'expansion des ressources étatiques dans les zones rurales les plus reculées, (2) la politisation des liens de parenté et (3) la redéfinition de la relation entre l'homme et son environnement naturel. En ce qui concerne l'atténuation des conflits, la thèse révèle que le rôle de l'état est spatialement différentié, que l'incorporation des autorités coutumières dans les gouvernements locaux est politiquement ambiguë, et que l'appui sur les lois coutumières ne « gèle » pas forcement les traditions. Les institutions mixtes qui allient règles coutumières et bureaucratiques sont souvent efficaces dans la gestion et la résolution des conflits liés aux ressources en milieu rural, mais pas dans la prévention et la transformation de ces conflits sur le long terme. En ce qui concerne la gestion des ressources, l'étude souligne le fait que les politiques publiques institutionnelles qui ignorent les variations saisonnières de l'utilisation des ressources, la multiplicité des revendications par les utilisateurs des ressources et les droits de propriété non exclusif ne font qu'aggraver des tensions entre divers groupes plutôt que de les atténuer. C'est précisèrent le cas de la décentralisation selon la logique « ethnique » de l'Ethiopie et d'autres politiques publiques sectorielles dont le but est de promouvoir la sédentarisation en incitant les groupes pastoraux à réclamer et occuper les territoires de manière permanente. En conclusion, cette thèse insiste sur (1) l'importance du renforcement du système de régulation au sein du régime institutionnel de ressources pastorales, (2) l'élaboration de nouvelles normes qui produisent des arrangements fonciers reconnus à la fois par les communautés et l'état, (3) la conception de politique publiques qui prennent en compte le périmètre des écosystèmes en place plutôt que des entités ethniques ou politiques et (4) le besoin d'un processus de démocratisation des projets de développement et de la représentation politique en périphéries semi-aride. L'étude est composée des chapitres suivants. Le chapitre 1 introduit les éléments clés des systèmes d'élevage dans la Corne de l'Afrique et les transitions économiques, écologiques et politiques dans lesquelles se situe le pastoralisme nomade. Quelques thèmes récurrents sont ici résumés dont le déclin des économies de cheptel, l'érosion de la gestion des terres arides et l'expansion de l'insécurité physique. Le chapitre 2 dissèque de manière critique le concept de conflit environnemental et les théories de la propriété commune en tant qu'explications théoriques des conflits dits pastoraux. Tandis que le premier décrit la violence comme une réaction à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles due aux pressions démographiques et au changement climatique, les secondes considèrent les confits comme l'expression d'un échec institutionnel de droits de propriété insuffisamment définis. Ce chapitre expose les défauts de ces deux explications et propose une approche alternative qui tient compte des relations de pouvoir, des institutions de gestion des conflits et des ressources naturelles, et de l'écologie non-équilibrée des régions arides. Le chapitre 3 élabore un cadre conceptuel qui rassemble des perspectives empruntées à la littérature portant sur la gestion des ressources naturelles, les techniques de médiation des conflits, les nouvelles théories « new range ecology » et les régimes institutionnels de ressources naturelles. Trois hypothèses décrivent les conditions requises pour prévenir, résoudre ou transformer les conflits liés à l'utilisation multiple des ressources dans les zones pastorales. Elles concernent (1) l'inclusion de partis tiers dans les processus de gestion de confits, (2) l'intégration de règles bureaucratiques et coutumières dans la gestion des ressources et des conflits et (3) le régime institutionnel de ressources naturelles qui concilie des revendications multiples aux ressources CPRs de manière flexible et inclusive. Le chapitre 4 présente les méthodes et la philosophie de recherche qui sous-tendent l'argumentation et l'analyse de la thèse. Il détaille l'opérationnalisation du cadre conceptuel et la sélection des études de cas, le processus de collecte des données et se penche sur les expériences de recherches de terrain de l'auteur. Le chapitre 5 décrit les conflits fonciers dans le district de Harshin où une expansion incontrôlée de clôtures des pâturages a encouragé la prolifération de conflits violents parmi les éleveurs Isaaq depuis la fin des années 1980. L'hétérogénéisation de l'utilisation des ressources, la multiplication des règles de gestion et l'incapacité des anciens à imposer un retour à la propriété commune des pâturages sont les points centraux de cette étude de cas. Le chapitre 6 passe en revue la compétition féroce autour de l'eau le long de la berge très peuplée et fertile du Wabi Shabelle dans le district de K'elafo. L'étude de cas reflète les interactions généalogiques complexes entre les groupes "nobles" et les « communs », la dépendance des cultivateurs Rer Barre du capital et de la technologie, pour les pompes à eaux par exemple, et l'importance continue des pratiques coutumières de gestion de l'agriculture. Le chapitre 7 démontre les rivalités autour du gâteau fiscal dans la capitale de la région Somali, Jijiga, où les partis politiques, les anciens claniques et les technocrates manoeuvrent pour le partage du pouvoir et des positions au sein de l'administration régionale. L'étude de cas rend compte de l'usage politisé du budget public, de l'expansion des ressources étatiques dans les zones rurales à travers la décentralisation, et de l'importance des agents intermédiaires entre les niveaux fédéral, régional et local dans l'allocation des ressources. Le chapitre 8 analyse les rôles et contributions respectifs des anciens et des acteurs étatiques dans la gestion de conflits violents entre les différents groupes dans la région Somali. En révélant les points forts et faibles des processus de paix basés sur les compensations de sang, ce chapitre propose une appréciation nuancée de la proposition (1) concernant l'inclusion de partis tiers dans la gestion de conflit. Le chapitre conclut en soulignant les contradictions et les effets associés à la délégation aux autorités coutumières par l'état Ethiopien de la résolution des conflits et de la maintenance de la sécurité. Le chapitre 9 se concentre sur l'impact des projets de développement financés par l'état et des politiques publiques qui régulent la propriété des terres communes dans les régions pastorales de l'Ethiopie. Ni les politiques publiques sectorielles existantes ni les principes institutionnels du fédéralisme ethnique ne reconnaissent les revendications et utilisations multiples qui se font des ressources dans la région aride et semi- aride, ce qui valide la proposition (3) sur le besoin d'un régime institutionnel de ressources différencié et flexible. Le chapitre attire l'attention sur les aspects contre-productifs d'une administration et d'une représentation politique basées sur un concept territorial, ce qui encourage une occupation permanente des ressources pour des bénéfices politiques. Le chapitre 10 conclut en évaluant la proposition (2) qui concerne l'efficacité de la gestion et de la transformation des conflits basés sur l'intégration des règles et lois coutumières et bureaucratiques. Ce chapitre souligne le rôle controversé mais décisif de la construction et de l'expansion graduelle de l'état dans les périphéries pastorales. Finalement, quelques recommandations sont proposées en vue de l'amélioration de la gestion des conflits et des ressources en milieu pastoral clans la région Somali et des espaces comparables dans la Corne de l'Afrique.

Capital Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Comunidade do Brasil em Achada de Santo António

O presente trabalho que se intitula “Capital Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Comunidade Piscatória do Brasil em Achada de Santo António” enquadra-se no âmbito do curso de licenciatura em Economia e Gestão realizado pela Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde. A formação e o reforço do capital social são questões que devem ser tidas em consideração, enquanto requisitos indispensáveis ao desenvolvimento das comunidades piscatórias em Cabo Verde e, sendo assim do Brasil em Achada de Santo António, uma vez que esta comunidade depara-se com problemas sócio-economicos, com reflexos negativos no meio ambiente. O presente trabalho de investigação tem, entre outros objetivos, analisar o nível do capital social na comunidade piscatória do Brasil, inteirar-se sobre o grau de participação das pessoas dessa comunidade em ações e projetos de desenvolvimento, identificar as situações em que essas pessoas se unem para se ajudarem, evidenciar a relação entre o nível do capital social e o desenvolvimento dessa comunidade, e assim sugerir medidas de políticas e estratégias a esse respeito.Este estudo foi realizado com base na metodologia com enfoque quantitativo e analítico. Para além do estudo documental, para a obtenção de dados e informação sobre a educação, o capital social e o desenvolvimento, sobretudo para a parte prática do trabalho foram aplicados através de inquéritos por questionário a 50 ( cinquenta ) pessoas, de ambos os sexos, dessa comunidade, escolhidas aleatoriamente. Os resultados do estudo foram apresentados com base em estatísticas descritivas e fez-se testes estatísticos para verificar a dependência/ independência entre as variáveis do estudo. Ainda, a discussão dos resultados de estudo foi feita tendo em consideração o suporte teórico, os objetivos e os pressupostos do trabalho.Com base na análise e discussão dos resultados do trabalho conclui-se que, na comunidade piscatória do Brasil, o nível de capital social dos inquiridos é de 0,57 e, sendo assim, ligeiramente acima da média estabelecida ( 0,50) , e aproveitado pelas pessoas na vida quotidiana, mas não se projeta para as iniciativas sem efeitos imediatos, pelo que pouco tem vindo a contribuir para o desenvolvimento dessa comunidade, o que requer medidas de políticas e estratégias a esse respeito, com realce para a educação para valores, entre os quais a sociabilidade, a cooperação, a entreajuda, a solidariedade e a confiança.

Traité général de science économique / par Christian Cornélissen. T. 3, Théorie du capital et du profit

Collection : Bibliothèque internationale d'économie politique ; 87-88

A importância da Motivação dos Recursos Humanos para a garantia de uma maior Produtividade Estudo comparativo entre as Empresas Pública, Privada e de Capital Mista

Para enfrentar os desafios com que se deparam atualmente, as empresas deverão apostar mais nos seus trabalhadores, e principalmente, preocupar-se em criar estímulos, de forma a motivá-los para que possam alcançar os seus objectivos, como também os objectivos pessoais de cada trabalhador. Pois pensar apenas em obter o lucro e a produtividade, não incrementando políticas de benefícios sociais como prática que privilegia os recursos humanos, certamente não será uma boa opção e o caminho mais indicado para o alcance das suas metas. A atribuição de benefícios sociais aos trabalhadores, esta a obter cada vez mais importância no seio das empresas. Esta a tornar-se cada vez mais crucial para qualquer empresa, a elaboração de políticas benefícios sociais dadas as melhorias verificadas no modo de entrega no trabalho e, consequentemente conduz a um aumento de produtividade. Existem diversos tipos de benefícios sociais atribuídos, tendo como objectivo, o aumento do grau de motivação dos trabalhadores, sendo que, de acordo com as pretensões, as empresas podem adoptar os benefícios sociais que mais se adequam as necessidades dos seus trabalhadores e a sua condição económica e financeira.As políticas de benefícios sociais como um instrumento de motivação dos trabalhadores é actualmente muito utilizado nas empresas, que utilizam estilos de gestão modernos e orientados para a estratégia. Neste sentido, pretende-se ilustrar os tipos de benefícios sociais existentes nas empresas e a sua relação directa na motivação dos trabalhadores, particularmente em três empresas Cabo-verdiana em estudo. Em termos metodológicos, recorreu-se ao método da pesquisa bibliográfica, ao estudo de caso nas empresas IFH, Tecnicil Industria e a Caixa Económica de Cabo Verde, à aplicação de questionário aos trabalhadores das três empresas e à entrevista feitas com os responsáveis pelo Departamento de Recurso Humano nas referidas empresas.

Cosmopolitan Capital and the Internationalization of the Field of Business Elites: Evidence from the Swiss Case

The aim of this contribution is to explore how the recent internationalization and the increasing importance of 'cosmopolitan capital' has impacted on the structure and character of the field of the Swiss business elite. For this purpose we will develop the notion of cosmopolitan capital and comparatively investigate the field of the Swiss business elite in 1980, 2000 and 2010 with multiple correspondence analysis. We can show that in this period international managers with transnational careers and networks not only grow in number, but come to conquer the apex of the biggest and highest capitalized Swiss firms. At the same time, national forms of capital decline in importance and Swiss managers themselves are differentiated increasingly into national and international fractions.

Effects of hatching asynchrony on sibling negotiation, begging, jostling for position and within-brood food allocation in the barn owl Tyto alba

When siblings differ markedly in their need for food, they may benefit from signalling to each other their willingness to contest the next indivisible food item delivered by the parents. This sib-sib communication system, referred to as 'sibling negotiation', may allow them to adjust optimally to investment in begging. Using barn owl (Two alba) broods. I assessed the role of within-brood age hierarchy on sibling negotiation, and in turn on jostling for position where parents predictably deliver food (i.e. nest-box entrance), begging and within-brood food allocation. More specifically, I examined three predictions derived from a game-theoretical model of sibling negotiation where a senior and a junior sibling compete for food resources (Roulin, 2002a, Johnstone and Roulin, 2003): (1) begging effort invested by the senior sibling should be less sensitive to the junior sibling's negotiation than vice versa; (2) the junior should invest less effort in sibling negotiation than its senior sibling but a similar amount of effort in begging; and (3) within-brood food allocation should be directly related to begging but only indirectly to sibling negotiation. Two-chick broods were created and vocalization in the absence (negotiation signals directed to siblings) and presence (begging signals directed to parents) of parents was recorded. In support of the first prediction, juniors begged at a low cadence after their senior sibling negotiated intensely, probably because negotiation reflects prospective investment in begging and hence willingness to compete. In contrast, the begging of senior siblings was not sensitive to their junior sibling's negotiation. In contrast to the second prediction, juniors negotiated and begged more intensely than their senior sibling apparently because they were hungrier rather than younger. In line with the third prediction, juniors monopolized food delivered by their parents when their senior sibling begged at a low level. The begging cadence of both the junior and senior sibling, the junior's negotiation cadence, the difference in age between the two nest-mates and jostling for position were not associated with the likelihood of monopolizing food. In conclusion, sibling negotiation appears to influence begging behaviour, which, in turn, affects within-brood food allocation. Juniors may negotiate to challenge their senior siblings, and thereby determine whether seniors are less hungry before deciding to beg for food. In contrast, seniors may negotiate to deter juniors from begging.