Propriedades físicas do solo em sistemas de rotação de culturas conforme o uso de corretivos da acidez

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de rotação de culturas e de corretivos da acidez nas propriedades físicas do solo. O experimento foi realizado entre outubro de 2006 e julho de 2008, em Botucatu, SP, em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e oito repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por quatro sistemas de rotação: soja/pousio/milho/pousio, soja/aveia-branca/milho/feijão, soja/milheto/milho/guandu e soja/braquiária/milho/braquiária. As subparcelas consistiram do tratamento testemunha, sem correção, e da aplicação de 3,8 Mg ha-1 de calcário dolomítico (PRNT = 90%) ou de 4,1 Mg ha-1 de silicato de cálcio e magnésio (PRNT = 80%), na superfície de um Latossolo Vermelho argiloso. Foram determinadas: estabilidade de agregados, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, resistência do solo à penetração e umidade do solo. A aplicação dos corretivos de acidez em superfície não reduz a agregação do solo e aumenta a macroporosidade até 0,20 m de profundidade, após aplicação de silicato, e até 0,10 m, após aplicação de calcário. A manutenção do solo em pousio, na entressafra, prejudica a estruturação do solo, reduz a estabilidade de agregados e aumenta a resistência à penetração nas camadas superficiais. A semeadura de braquiária, entre as safras de verão, aumenta a estabilidade de agregados até 0,10 m de profundidade.

Compósito Polimérico Híbrido: Comportamento Mecãnico, Descotinuidade Geométrica e Resistência Residual

The growing demand in the use of hybrid composite materials makes it essential a better understanding of their behavior face of various design conditions, such as the presence of geometric discontinuities in the cross section of structural elements. This way, the purpose of this dissertation is a study of the mechanical response (strength and stiffness), modes (characteristics) of fracture and Residual Strength of an hybrid polymeric composite with and without a geometric discontinuity in its longitudinal section (with a reduction in the cross section) loaded by uniaxial tension. This geometric discontinuity is characterized by central holes of different diameters. The hybrid composite was fabricated as laminate (plate) and consisting of ortho-tereftalic polyester matrix reinforced by 04 outer layers of Jute fibers bidirectional fabrics and 01 central layer of E-glass bidirectional fabric. The laminate was industrially manufactured (Tecniplas Nordeste Indústria e Comércio Ltda.), obtained by the hand lay-up technique. Initially, a study of the volumetric density of the laminate was made in order to verify its use in lightweight structures. Also were performed comparative studies on the mechanical properties and fracture modes under the conditions of the specimens without the central hole and with the different holes. For evaluating the possible influence of the holes in the structural stability of the laminate, the Residual Strength of the composite was determined for each case of variation in hole diameter. As a complementary study, analyses of the macroscopic final fracture characteristic of the laminates were developed. The presence of the central hole of any sizes, negatively changed the ultimate tensile strength. Regarding the elastic modulus, moreover, the difference found between the specimens was within the range of tests displacement, showing the laminate stability related to the stiffness

Influência da umidade nas propriedades mecânicas dos compósitos poliméricos híbridos (sisal/ vidro)

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with sisal fabric bidirectional tissue (Agave sisalana,) and E-glass fibers, containing the following configuration: a polymer matrix hybrid composite (Polyester Resin orthophalic) reinforced with three (3) layers of glass fibers and alternating-2 (two) layers of bidirectional sisal fabric, and finally a composite of polymer matrix reinforced with five (5) layers of glass fiber mat-type E. For this purpose as first step, the preparation of by sisal, since they are not on the market. The composites were made by manual lamination (Hand lay-up) and evaluated for tensile properties and three point bending both in the dry, and wet conditions aswele as immersed in oil. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the materialsweve awalysed, after the completion of the mechanical tests. After the studies, it was proven that the sisal fiber decreases the tensile stiffness of the material above 50% for both situations studied the tensile strength of the material decreases by approximately 40% for the cases mentioned, and when compared to the specific strength stiffness values drop to 14.6% and 29.02% respectively for the dry state only. Constants for bending the values were are to approximately 50% to 25% for strength and stiffness of the material for the cases dry, wet and immersed in oil. Under the influence of tension fluids do not interfere in the stiffness of the material for the bending tests, the same does not occur with the resistance, and these values are modified only in the cases stiffness and flexural strength

Controle inteligente de sistemas eletroidráulicos utilizando redes neurais artificiais

This work describes the development of a nonlinear control strategy for an electro-hydraulic actuated system. The system to be controlled is represented by a third order ordinary differential equation subject to a dead-zone input. The control strategy is based on a nonlinear control scheme, combined with an artificial intelligence algorithm, namely, the method of feedback linearization and an artificial neural network. It is shown that, when such a hard nonlinearity and modeling inaccuracies are considered, the nonlinear technique alone is not enough to ensure a good performance of the controller. Therefore, a compensation strategy based on artificial neural networks, which have been notoriously used in systems that require the simulation of the process of human inference, is used. The multilayer perceptron network and the radial basis functions network as well are adopted and mathematically implemented within the control law. On this basis, the compensation ability considering both networks is compared. Furthermore, the application of new intelligent control strategies for nonlinear and uncertain mechanical systems are proposed, showing that the combination of a nonlinear control methodology and artificial neural networks improves the overall control system performance. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed control system

Envelhecimento ambiental em compósitos poliméricos à base de tecidos de reforços híbridos

The utilization of synthetic fibers for plastic reinforcement is more and more frequent and this growing interest requires that their mechanic behavior under the most variable conditions of structural applications be known. The use of such materials in the open and exposed to the elements is one of them. In this case, it becomes extremely necessary to study their mechanical properties (strength, stiffness) and the mechanism of fracture by which the environment aging them out. In order to do that, the material must be submitted to hot steam and ultraviolet radiation exposure cycles, according to periods of time determined by the norms. This study proposal deals with the investigation of accelerated environmental aging in two laminated polymeric composites reinforced by hybrid woven made up of synthetic fibers. The configurations of the laminated composites are defined as: one laminate reinforced with hybrid woven of glass fibers/E and Kevlar fibers/49 (LHVK) and the other laminate is reinforced with hybrid tissue of glass fibers/E and of carbon fibers AS4 (LHVC). The woven are plane and bidirectional. Both laminates are impregnated with a thermofix resin called Derakane 470-300 Epoxy Vinyl-Ester and they form a total of four layers. The laminates were industrially manufactured and were made through the process of hand-lay-up. Comparative analyses were carried out between their mechanical properties by submitting specimen to uniaxial loading tractions and three-point flexion. The specimen were tested both from their original state, that is, without being environmentally aging out, and after environmental aging. This last state was reached by using the environmental aging chamber

Efeito de sistemas de manejo na estabilidade de agregados de um Nitossolo Vermelho

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo na estabilidade de agregados de um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, localizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu - SP, amostraram-se, em outubro de 2001, três sistemas de manejo de solo: (i) mata (MA), (ii) preparo convencional por 10 anos seguido de semeadura direta por 12 anos (PC/SD) e (iii) preparo convencional por 22 anos (PC), em quatro camadas: 0,0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30 e 0,30-0,40 m. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. As amostragens foram feitas após a cultura do milho (safra 2000-2001). As amostras foram submetidas às análises físicas e químicas, e as médias, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP), o índice de estabilidade dos agregados (IEA) e a percentagem de agregados em classes de diâmetro médio foram obtidos com os resultados do peneiramento obtidos pelo método por via úmida. O diâmetro médio ponderado e o índice de estabilidade dos agregados foram menores para o preparo convencional do solo. Os três sistemas de manejo apresentaram maior percentagem de agregados com diâmetro entre 7,93 e 2,00 mm. A substituição do preparo convencional pela semeadura direta favoreceu a estabilidade dos agregados do solo. O diâmetro médio ponderado, o índice de estabilidade de agregados e a percentagem de agregados por classe de diâmetro médio evidenciaram diferenças entre os sistemas de manejo do solo.

Tubulações de PRFV com adição de areia quartzosa visando sua aplicação na indústria do petróleo

Fillers are often added in composites to enhance performance and/or to reduce cost. Fiberglass pipes must meet performance requirements and industrial sand is frequently added for the pipe to be cost competitive. The sand is added to increase pipe wall thickness, thus increase pipe stiffness. The main goal of the present work is to conduct an experimental investigation between pipes fabricated with and without de addition of sand, to be used in the petroleum industry. Pipes were built using E-glass fibers, polyester resin and siliceous sand. The fabrication process used hand lay up and filament winding and was divided in two different parts: the liner and the structural wall. All tested pipes had the same liner, but different structural wall composition, which is the layer where siliceous sand may be added or not. The comparative investigation was developed considering the results of longitudinal tensile tests, hoop tensile tests, hydrostatic pressure leak tests and parallel-plate loading stiffness tests. SEM was used to analyze if the sand caused any damage to the glass fibers, during the fabrication process, because of the fiber-sand contact. The procedure was also used to verify the composite conditions after the hydrostatic pressure leak test. The results proved that the addition of siliceous sand reduced the leak pressure in about 17 %. In the other hand, this loss in pressure was compensated by a stiffness increment of more than 380 %. MEV analyses show that it is possible to find damage on the fiber-sand contact, but on a very small amount. On most cases, the contact occurs without damage evidences. In summary, the addition of sand filler represented a 27.8 % of cost reduction, when compared to a pipe designed with glass fiber and resin only. This cost reduction combined to the good mechanical tests results make siliceous sand filler suitable for fiberglass pressure pipes

Intervalo hídrico ótimo e compactação do solo com cultivo consorciado de milho e braquiária

O cultivo consorciado entre a espécie forrageira e a cultura produtora de grãos garante a produção de forragem no outono-inverno, além de palha para cobertura do solo em sistema semeadura direta. O aporte de matéria seca radicular no perfil do solo possibilita a melhoria da qualidade estrutural do solo. Objetivou-se com este experimento verificar as alterações nos atributos físicos e físico-hídricos do solo com o cultivo de milho solteiro e consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado (UNESP, Botucatu-SP), entre os anos agrícolas de 2002/2003 e 2003/2004. Foram coletadas amostras com estrutura preservada de solo, por meio de anéis volumétricos, nas camadas de 0 a 20 e 20 a 40 cm de profundidade, em trincheiras abertas em parcelas cultivadas com milho e mantidas em pousio na entressafra, bem como em parcelas cultivadas com milho consorciado com B. brizantha na linha de semeadura, mantendo a forrageira para pastagem após a colheita do milho. A partir dessas amostras, foi avaliado o Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO), por meio de curvas de resistência à penetração e de retenção de água, em amostras com diferentes densidades do solo. O cultivo solteiro de milho na safra de verão é suficiente para melhorar as características físicas e estruturais do solo na camada de 0 a 20 cm. O cultivo de braquiária em consórcio com o milho por dois anos consecutivos melhora as condições físicas e estruturais do solo na camada de 20 a 40 cm, com redução da resistência mecânica à penetração e aumento da densidade crítica do solo.

Aproveitamento de subprodutos da industrialização do escargot

The waste in the industries of escargot processing is very big. This is composed basically of escargot meat out of the commercialization patterns and the visceras. In this context, there is a need to take advantage to the use of these sub-products. A possibility should be drying them and transforming them in a certain form to be reused. Than, the present work has the objective of studying the reutilization of the sub-products of the escargot industrialization for by means of drying process. The samples were transformed in pastes, through a domestic processor for approximately 1 minute and compacted in trays of aluminum without perforations with three different heights (5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm). The drying was accomplished in a tray dryer with air circulation and transverse flow at a speed of 0,2 m/s and three temperature levels (70°C, 80°C and 90ºC). A drying kinetics study was accomplished for the obtained curves and for the heat and mass transfer coefficients using experimental procedures based in an experimental planning of 22 factorial type. Microbiological and physiochemical analysis were also accomplished for the in nature and the dehydrated sub-products. In the drying process, it was observed the great importance of the external resistances to the mass transfer and heat in the period of constant tax influenced by the temperature. The evaporation taxes indicated a mixed control of the mass transfer for the case of the thickest layers. As already expected, the drying constant behavior was influenced by the temperature and thickness of the medium, increasing and decreasing. The statistical analysis of the results, in agreement with the factorial planning 22, showed that the fissures, the shrinking of the transfer area and the formation of a crust on the surface might have contributed to the differences between the practical results and the linear model proposed. The temperature and the thickness influenced significantly in the answers of the studied variables: evaporation tax and drying constant. They were obtained significant statistical models and predictive ones for evaporation tax for the meat as well as for the visceras

Correction of soil acidity in the subsurface of an oxisol with sandy loam texture under no-tillage

No Rio Grande do Sul (RS), muitas áreas sob plantio direto apresentam elevada saturação por Al e baixa saturação por bases na camada de 0,10-0,20 m (subsuperfície), e isso pode diminuir a produção de grãos de culturas anuais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se a ocorrência de alta saturação por Al e baixa saturação por bases em subsuperfície (0,10-0,20 m), no plantio direto, pode representar um ambiente restritivo para a produção de culturas, bem como avaliar os modos de incorporação de calcário na correção da acidez do solo em subsuperfície. Para isso, foi realizado um experimento com os cultivos de soja (2005/ 2006), milho (2006/2007), trigo (2007) e soja (2007/2008), em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), 2006) de textura franco arenosa, há quatro anos sob plantio direto, no município de Tupanciretã (RS). Os seis tratamentos foram: sem revolvimento com ou sem calcário; lavração com ou sem calcário; e escarificação com ou sem calcário. Aos 24 meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos e nas camadas de 0-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,15, 0,15-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m, foram avaliados os valores de pH-H2O, saturação por Al e por bases. Avaliou-se a produtividade de soja (2005/2006), milho (2006/2007), trigo (2007) e soja (2007/2008). A acidez do solo em subsuperfície não alterou a produtividade das culturas quando as propriedades de acidez na camada de 0-0,10 m estavam em níveis em que não se recomenda a aplicação de calcário, segundo a CQFSRS/SC (2004). A incorporação de calcário com aração foi o modo mais eficiente de corrigir a acidez em profundidade.

Granulometria e doses de calcário em diferentes sistemas de manejo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Anatomia comparada do lenho em raiz e caule de Lippia salviifolia Cham. (Verbenaceae)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ondaletas e movimento browniano fracionário: aplicação à caracterização de poços de petróleo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Confinamento de fónons ópticos em estruturas piezoelétricas periódicas e quasiperiódicas

We study the optical-phonon spectra in periodic and quasiperiodic (Fibonacci type) superlattices made up from III-V nitride materials (GaN and AlN) intercalated by a dielectric material (silica - SiO2). Due to the misalignments between the silica and the GaN, AlN layers that can lead to threading dislocation of densities as high as 1010 cm−1, and a significant lattice mismatch (_ 14%), the phonon dynamics is described by a coupled elastic and electromagnetic equations beyond the continuum dielectric model, stressing the importance of the piezoelectric polarization field in a strained condition. We use a transfer-matrix treatment to simplify the algebra, which would be otherwise quite complicated, allowing a neat analytical expressions for the phonon dispersion relation. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis of the localization and magnitude of the allowed band widths in the optical phonon s spectra, as well as their scale law are presented and discussed

Morfologia em alta resolução espacial de estrelas de tipo Mira e R Corenae Borealis

Mira and R Coronae Borealis (R CrB) variable stars are evolved objects surrounded by circumstellar envelopes (CSE) composed of the ejected stellar material. We present a detailed high-spatial resolution morfological study of the CSE of three stars: IRC+10216, the closest and more studied Carbon-Rich Mira; o Ceti, the prototype of the Mira class; and RY Sagitarii (RY Sgr), the brightest R CrB variable of the south hemisphere. JHKL near-infrared adaptive optics images of IRC+10216 with high dynamic range and Vband images with high angular resolution and high depth, collected with the VLT/NACO and VLT/FORS1 instruments, were analyzed. NACO images of o Ceti were also analyzed. Interferometric observations of RY Sgr collected with the VLTI/MIDI instrument allowed us to explore its CSE innermost regions (»20 40 mas). The CSE of IRC+10216 exhibit, in near-infrared, clumps with more complex relative displacements than proposed in previous studies. In V-band, the majority of the non-concentric shells, located in the outer CSE layers, seem to be composed of thinner elongated shells. In a global view, the morphological connection between the shells and the bipolar core of the nebulae, located in the outer layers, together with the clumps, located in the innermost regions, has a difficult interpretation. In the CSE of o Ceti, preliminar results would be indicating the presence of possible clumps. In the innermost regions (.110 UA) of the CSE of RY Sgr, two clouds were detected in different epochs, embedded in a variable gaussian envelope. Based on a rigorous verification, the first cloud was located at »100 R¤ (or »30 AU) from the centre, toward the east-north-east direction (modulo 180o) and the second one was almost at a perpendicular direction, having aproximately 2£ the distance of the first cloud. This study introduces new constraints to the mass-loss history of these kind of variables and to the morphology of their innermost CSE regions