976 resultados para CHA-252


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A Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) device developed for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is reported. A vertical nanotube structure is employed to form the electromechanical switch and capacitor structure. The mechanical movement of the nanotube defines 'On' and 'OFF' states and the electrical signals which result lead to charge storage in a vertical capacitor structure as in a traditional DRAM. The vertical structure contributes greatly to a decrease in cell dimension. The main concept of the NEM switch and capacitor can be applied to other memory devices as well. © 2005 IEEE.

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The study of pair-wise interactions between swimming microorganisms is fundamental to the understanding of the rheological and transport properties of semi-dilute suspensions. In this paper, the hydrodynamic interaction of two ciliated microorganisms is investigated numerically using a boundary-element method, and the microorganisms are modeled as spherical squirmers that swim by time-dependent surface deformations. The results show that the inclusion of the unsteady terms in the ciliary propulsion model has a large impact on the trajectories of the interacting cells, and causes a significant change in scattering angles with potential important consequences on the diffusion properties of semi-dilute suspensions. Furthermore, the analysis of the shear stress acting on the surface of the microorganisms revealed that the duration and the intensity of the near-field interaction are significantly modified by the presence of unsteadiness. This observation may account for the hydrodynamic nature of randomness in some biological reactions, and supersedes the distinction between intrinsic randomness and hydrodynamic interactions, adding a further element to the understanding and modeling of interacting microorganisms.

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The reproductive biology of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the western Indian Ocean was investigated from samples collected in 2009 and 2010. In our study, 1012 female Yellowfin Tuna were sampled: 320 fish on board a purse seiner and 692 fish at a Seychelles cannery. We assessed the main biological parameters that describe reproductive potential: maturity, spawning seasonality, fish condition, and fecundity. The length at which 50% of the female Yellowfin Tuna population matures (L50) was estimated at 75 cm in fork length (FL) when the maturity threshold was established at the cortical alveolar stage of oocyte development. To enable comparison with previous studies, L50 also was estimated with maturity set at the vitellogenic stage of oocyte development; this assessment resulted in a higher value of L50 at 102 cm FL. The main spawning season, during which asynchrony in reproductive timing among sizes was observed, was November–February and a second peak occurred in June. Smaller females (<100 cm FL) had shorter spawning periods (December to February) than those (November to February and June) of large individuals, and signs of skip-spawning periods were observed among small females. The Yellowfin Tuna followed a “capital-income” breeder strategy during ovarian development, by mobilizing accumulated energy while using incoming energy from feeding. The mean batch fecundity for females 79–147 cm FL was estimated at 3.1 million oocytes, and the mean relative batch fecundity was 74.4 oocytes per gram of gonad-free weight. Our results, obtained with techniques defined more precisely than techniques used in previous studies in this region, provide an improved understanding of the reproductive cycle of Yellowfin Tuna in the western Indian Ocean.

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原产于亚马逊河流域的水生植物凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在花部结构上有三种花型(L、M和S),故其配殖系统(mating system)为典型的三型花柱(tristyly)。但在入侵地区,它却常只有M和L两种花型,其中尤以M型占据绝对优势,使有性繁殖水平大为下降。为了解释凤眼莲在入侵过程中,花型频率为何发生变化以及该变化对其在入侵地的适应性进化上有何影响,作者在中国西南的两个居群中连续两年开展了野外生长和人工授粉实验,对比分析水面和泥地两类不同生境中M和L在克隆生长、生物量积累以及有性繁殖水平等方面的异同,并利用RAPD、 ISSR片段比较了具M型和L型花植物个体间的遗传变异水平。对三型花柱这一长期引人注目的遗传模式的分子位点也尝试了连锁片段的克隆和测序。 克隆生长的对比实验发现,在2004年,漂浮生长的M个体平均克隆分株数为25.37,L为21.20,前者显示较强的克隆生长能力(t=2.252, P< 0.05);2005年的实验再次证实M(每个个体19.83个分株)比L(每个个体15.53分株)表现出了显著较强的克隆优势(t=2.631,P<0.001)。M较L多产生克隆约24%。 但在岸边泥地上固着生长时,2004年L个体平均克隆分株为16.20,M 为10.17个分株。L表现出了更强的克隆生长能力(t=4.788,p<0.001),与漂浮生长状况下的情形恰恰相反,暗示M与L个体可能存在一定的生态位分化。这种分化可能是在入侵过程中形成的,也可能反映了原产地亚马孙流域旱涝交替造成的固着生长与漂浮生长交替发生的种内适应性。 生物量(干重)的对比分析发现,M个体在漂浮生长和固着生长的情况下都比L有着更高的生物量积累(漂浮生长实验:t=6.173,p<0.005(2004年);t=6.99,p<0.001(2005年)。固着生长实验:t=4.029,p<0.001)。生物量对凤眼莲的竞争和过冬有着一定的作用,因此较大的生物量积累可能是M个体在当地气候和环境中逐渐适应的一个结果。 有性繁殖的实验包括了实验个体的花序数与花朵数、自交与异交人工授粉的结实情况以及种子萌发率等方面的对比分析。结果表明,虽然M和L个体在花序数和花朵数上不存在显著差异,但是M个体在自交和异交的种子产量上比L略高,尤其是自交的种子产量,M显著高于L(M平均每个蒴果的自交种子产量为139.8,L为76.2)。以各100粒种子进行萌发实验,发现两花型之间在种子萌发率上不存在显著差异。对于M而言,其自交种子产量远大于异交种子产量 (139.8 vs. 93.3),且种子萌发率也略大于异交的种子萌发率(自交种子萌发率45.47%,异交种子萌发率 30.73%)。结合以上的实验结果,本文认为M基因型优势的形成可能与M个体与当地环境长期适应导致的生长与繁殖 上的优势有关。M的本地适应性是建立在特定的遗传背景上时,异交反而会破坏这种遗传组合,造成远交衰退。 对40个M和30个L个体进行20个RAPD引物和20个ISSR引物的遗传分析时发现,所有个体在RAPD表型上没有区别,但是在M中出现了3个ISSR表型,在L中出现了2个ISSR表型。本文还尝试利用RAPD技术扫描与三型花柱的遗传位点连锁的DNA片段。在146个RAPD随机引物中,初步发现两个候选片段,一个750bp,另一个2 000bp;已对它们进行了克隆、测序。 这些初步实验表明凤眼莲在我国的入侵可能伴随着基因型的差异表现和居群遗传分化,这种基因型的差异表现对该植物的成功入侵具有作用。其中,花型为M的个体的优势生长解释了该花型在中国分布区内的主导地位。推测该生长优势的遗传基础可能来源于基因组内较高的杂合子水平和在入侵地较长的适应历史,但最终结论尚有待进一步的实验证据。

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近几十年来,栽培作物及其野生近缘(祖先)种的群体遗传结构和进化历史的研究日益受到关注,因为此类研究不仅能加深人们对作物起源和驯化的认识,而且有助于作物野生资源的开发以及作物的遗传改良。分子谱系地理分析(Molecular phylogeography)是此类研究中的重要手段之一,能够有效地了解近缘群体的进化历程以及重建作物的驯化历史。菰(Zizania latifolia Turcz.)是东亚广泛分布、具有重要价值的水生草本植物,其栽培型—茭白是中国第二大水生蔬菜。尽管已有不少涉及此类群的研究,但迄今我们对菰的群体遗传结构和进化历史以及茭白的起源几乎一无所知。本研究从29个基因片段中筛选了2个在菰种内水平上具有显著变异量的核基因片段,进行了分子谱系地理研究,揭示了菰的遗传多样性水平及其地理分布格局,探讨了菰的群体演化历史,并初步探讨了茭白的起源和驯化历史。主要结果如下: 1)基因片段筛选 开展分子谱系地理学研究,需要采用具有显著种内变异的分子标记,为此我们通过预实验对一批备选基因片段进行了筛选。在18个叶绿体和2个线粒体片段中,测序的总长度达17100 bp,但没有发现任何变异位点。在9个核基因片段中,7个片段具有变异位点,但只有2个片段的变异量在1%以上,分别是Adh1a(2.70%)和GPATb(1.25%)基因。所以,本研究最后确定了采用这2个核基因片段来进行菰的分子谱系地理的研究。 2)Adh1a基因谱系地理分析 对来自21个天然群体126个个体,通过Adh1a基因的直接PCR和克隆测序共得到了252条序列,中性检测表明,Adh1a基因符合中性进化模型、没有重组并且有足够的变异量,适合用于进行菰的谱系地理研究和进化历史的推断。在物种水平上,菰的核苷酸多态性水平为θsil = 0.0089,跟一些作物近缘类群相比处于中等偏低的水平;不同群体的核苷酸多态性水平相差明显,多态性最高的群体出现在东北地区,并有从北向南递减的趋势。群体间存在着显著的遗传分化(FST = 0.481)表明群体之间的基因流有限。群体间的遗传距离与地理距离没有相关性,地理邻近的群体并没有共享关系相近的单倍型,整个群体缺乏明显的谱系地理结构。目前的遗传多样性分布格局可能是由于近几十年来的生境退化和丧失造成过去群体的片段化所致。根据群体遗传多样性水平的差异和基因谱系的地理分布格局以及分子钟估算的与北美近缘种的分化时间,我们推断菰的群体经历了从东北向华南逐步扩散的过程。 3)GPATb基因谱系地理分析 为更可靠地推断菰的谱系地理格局,我们选择了GPATb基因作为标记开展了进一步的分析。对相同的采样群体和个体共252条序列的分析表明,在物种水平上,GPATb的核苷酸多态性只相当于Adh1a基因的1/4。综合2个基因的结果,可以认为菰的核苷酸多态性水平是维持在较低的水平上。该位点体现的群体遗传分化也没有Adh1a基因明显。群体之间相近的遗传多样性水平和较低分化程度可能意味着该基因位点受到平衡选择作用的影响,这一推论也得到了中性检测结果的支持。因此,GPATb基因可能受到选择作用的影响,不能用来支持或推翻Adh1a基因的结果。 4)茭白的起源和驯化 对来自13个省份的65个茭白品种的Adh1a和GPATb基因片段进行测序,结果发现,所有的品种在这2个基因上都具有相同的基因型,Adh1a位点上表现为杂合体,而GPATb位点上则是纯合体。这说明在茭白的起源过程中发生了严重的驯化瓶颈效应,也即茭白是单次起源的,是从菰的少数几个甚至单个个体驯化而来。虽然文献考据表明,茭白最早的栽培地区为太湖流域,但我们的分子证据却并不支持其为茭白的驯化起源地点,而可能是在太湖流域以北地区起源的。鉴于采样的局限性,这一结论还有待于进一步的验证。同时2个基因的数据表明来自陕西、四川、云南、湖南和福建的6个菰群体可能是从人为引种的茭白逃逸成为野生的。因此,在以后野生菰群体的采集中,特别是在茭白种植地区,要在详细调查的基础上设计采集方案。