Cellular immune response of Curraleiro Pé-duro and Nellore calves following Mycobacterium bovis-BCG vaccination

The present study aimed to assess the CD4, CD8 and γδ blood levels for Curraleiro Pé-duro, as well as the specific IFN-γ response after BCG vaccination using flow cytometry. The specific immune response against BCG was also evaluated by tuberculin skin test, performed before and 45 days after the vaccination. For comparison purposes, the same parameters were investigated on Nellore calves, an exotic bovine with resistance previously demonstrated. Naturally, Curraleiro Pé-duro animals had greater levels of CD4, CD8 and γδ lymphocytes (p<0.05). In response to vaccine, Curraleiro Pé-duro showed greater ability to respond specifically to BCG, generating resistance profile (Th1), evidenced by greater number of antigen specific CD4+ cells producing IFN-γ (p<0.05) and also higher tuberculin skin test reaction (p<0.05). Additionally, vaccinated Curraleiro Pé-duro calves had higher CD4 cells numbers than both Nellore control (p<0.05) and vaccinated groups (p<0.05). Curraleiro Pé-duro calves' higher basal lymphocytes blood level and stronger response in both IFN-γ and tuberculin skin test parameters probably play a positive role on protection/resistance to Mycobacterium bovis.

Distribution of immune response cells in the pelvic urethra and the prepuce of rams

The pathogens of the reproductive system in the male can penetrate and establish by ascending route, from to the prepuce to the urethra, accessory glands, epididymis and testicles. The aim of this paper is determine the distribution and number of cells involved in the immune response in prepuce and pelvic urethra of rams, without apparent clinical alterations in testicle, epididymis and prepuce. The distribution of some of the cells involved in the immune response at the level of the prepuce and the pelvic urethra was quantified in four one-year-old rams seronegative for B. ovis and A. seminis and without apparent lesions in the testicles, the epididymis, and the prepuce. At the moment of slaughter, samples were taken from the preputial fornix and the pelvic urethra and placed in 10% formalin and under freezing conditions. CD4, CD8, WC1, CD45RO, CD14 and CD1b cells were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, and immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC) of the IgA, IgG and IgM classes were demonstrated by immunofluorescence. The labeled cells present in the mucosa of both organs were counted with an image analyzer. The total number of cells was compared between both tissues and differentially between the epithelium and the connective tissue of the mucosa. Significant differences were found in the total number of CD4, CD45RO, and WC1 lymphocytes, in CD14 macrophages, and CD1b dendritic cells, with mean values being greater in the fornix than in the urethra (p<0.05) in all cases. Only dendritic cells were found in the prepuce. No differences were found in the number of CD8 lymphocytes between both organs. The ratio between each cell type in the connective and the intraepithelial tissues and between organs was 10/1 for CD4 in the fornix (p<0.05), against 7/1 in the urethra (p<0.05), while CD8 had a 1/1 distribution in both mucosae. The WC1 ratio was 5/1 in both mucosae (p<0.05). CD45RO labeling was 19/1 in the prepuce (p<0.05) and 1/1 in the urethra. IgA-containing cells did not show differences in the total number of cells in both tissues. In the urethra, no IgG-containing cells were observed and IgM-containing cells were scarce; in contrast, both cell types were present in the prepuce, in amounts greater than in the urethra (p<0.05). IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-containing cells were located in both organs in the mucosal connective tissue. The presence of antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as of lymphocytes CD4, CD8 TCR γδ (WC1), IgA-, IgG and IgM positive cells, and CD45RO cells suggests that both mucosae may behave as inductive and effector sites for the mucosal immune response.

Regulation of lymphocyte response in vitro and in vivo

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells have an important role in the defence against diverse pathogens. Th cells can differentiate into several functionally distinct subtypes including Th1 and Th2 cells. Th1 cells are important for eradicating intracellular pathogens, whereas Th2 cells pro¬tect our body against extracellular parasites. However if uncontrolled, Th cells can mediate immunopathology such as asthma or allergies, but inappropriate Th response can also lead to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes. Deeper knowledge of the regulation of the lymphocyte response both in vitro and in vivo is important for un¬derstanding the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases and microbe-host interactions. In the work presented in this thesis, the first goal was to elucidate the role of novel factors, PIM kinases and c-FLIP in the regulation of human Th cell differentiation. The oncogenic serine-threonine kinases of the PIM family were shown to be preferentially expressed in Th1 cells and in addition, by using RNA interference, they were also shown to be positive regulators of Th1 differentiation. The PIM depletion experiments suggest that PIM kinases promote the expression of the hallmark cytokine of Th1 cells, IFNγ, and influence the IL12/STAT4 pathway during the early Th1 cell differentiation. In addition to cytokine and T cell receptor (TCR) induced pathways, caspase activity has been shown to regulate Th cell proliferation. In the work presented in this thesis, the two isoforms of the caspase regulator protein, c-FLIP, were shown to be differentially ex¬pressed in Th1 and Th2 cells. Both of the isoforms were up-regulated in response to TCR activation, but the expression of the short isoform was selectively induced by IL4, the Th2 inducing cytokine. Furthermore, the c-FLIP isoforms had distinct and opposite roles during the early differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells. The knockdown of the long isoform of c-FLIP led to the induction of Th1 marker genes, such as IFNγ and TBET, whereas the depletion of c-FLIP short down-regulated Th2 marker genes IL-4 and GATA3. The third goal was to elucidate the gene expression profiles characterizing the T- and B-lymphocyte responses in vivo during experimental infection by intracellular bacte¬rium Chlamydia pneumoniae. Previously, it has been shown that CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are important for the protection against Chlamydia pneumoniae. In this study, the analysis revealed up-regulation of interferon induced genes during recurrent infection underlining the importance of IFNγ secreted by Th1 and CD8+ T cells in the protection against this pathogen. Taken together, in this study novel regulators of Th cell differ¬entiation were discovered and in addition the gene expression profiles of lymphocytes induced by Chlamydia pneumoniae infection were characterized.

Age-related changes of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein function in normal human peripheral blood T lymphocytes

The multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein is a transmembrane efflux pump expressed by lymphocytes and is involved in their cytolytic activity. In the present study, we investigated the age-related changes of P-glycoprotein function in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Blood samples from 90 normal volunteers (age range, 0 to 86 years) were analyzed. P-glycoprotein function was assessed by the flow cytometric rhodamine 123 assay. P-glycoprotein function was highest in cord blood and progressively declined with age in peripheral blood T CD4+ and CD8+ cells. In contrast, P-glycoprotein function did not vary with age in CD19+ B or CD16+CD56+ natural killer cells. These data suggest that the decline in P-glycoprotein function in T CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes as a function of age may contribute to the decrease in T cell cytolytic activity with aging.

Normal skin of HIV-infected individuals contains increased numbers of dermal CD8 T cells and normal numbers of Langerhans cells

Dysregulation of the skin immune system (SIS) could explain the high prevalence of skin disorders in HIV+ individuals. The present study was carried out to determine whether alterations in the cell population of SIS and epidermal immunoactivation occur in the normal skin of HIV+ individuals. Forty-five biopsies were taken from the normal upper arm skin of 45 HIV+ patients and of 15 healthy controls. HIV+ individuals were divided into three categories according to their CD4 cell blood count (<200, 200-499 and ³500/µl). Hematoxylin-eosin was used to stain tissue sections for morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of the frequency of macrophages, Langerhans cells, and CD lymphocyte subsets. In addition, semiquantitative analysis of LFA-1, ICAM-1 and HLA-DR was determined in epidermal cells. Macrophages, Langerhans cells, and CD lymphocyte subsets did not differ significantly between any of the patient categories and the control group. When all HIV+ individuals were compared as a group to the control group, a significant increase in dermal CD8+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and lower CD4-CD8 ratios (P < 0.01) were observed in the HIV+ individuals. Epidermal ICAM-1 and HLA-DR expression was negative in both HIV+ and normal skin biopsies. No evidence of a depletion of the SIS population or of epidermal immunoactivation in normal skin from HIV+ individuals was demonstrable, suggesting that alterations in the central immune system are not necessarily reflected in the SIS of HIV-infected patients.

Immunopathology of the duodenal mucosa of HIV-positive patients during combined antiretroviral therapy

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the duodenal mucosa of HIV-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy. This was an observational study conducted on HIV-positive patients and a control group. Group 1 comprised 22 HIV-negative individuals while 38 HIV-positive individuals were classified according to the CDC 1993 classification into group 2 (A1 or A2) or group 3 (B2, A3, B3, C2, C3). All subjects were submitted to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with duodenal biopsies. Qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative histological analyses were performed. Results were considered significant when P < 0.05. A higher prevalence of inflammatory infiltrate and eosinophilia was observed in the HIV group, together with a reduction in mucosal CD4+ lymphocyte (L) counts [median (lower-upper quartiles), 12.82 (8.30-20.33), 6.36 (1.75-11.66) and 1.75 (0.87-3.14) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively] which was not correlated with disease stage. The extent of CD4+L count reduction was similar in blood and duodenal mucosa. Normal CD8+L and CD45RO+L counts, and normal numbers of macrophages and antigen-presenting cells were also found in the HIV patients. The cytokine pattern did not differ among groups. Tissue HIV, assessed by p24 antigen, correlated with a higher CD45RO+L count (77.0 (61-79.8) and 43.6 (31.7-62.8) in p24+ and p24-, respectively, P = 0.003), and IL-4 positivity (100 and 48.2% in p24+ and p24-, respectively, P = 0.005). The duodenal mucosa of HIV+ patients showed a relatively preserved histological architecture. This finding may be characteristic of a population without opportunistic infections and treated with potent antiretroviral therapy, with a better preservation of the immune status.

Imbalance of naive and memory T lymphocytes with sustained high cellular activation during the first year of life from uninfected children born to HIV-1-infected mothers on HAART

The immune consequences of in utero HIV exposure to uninfected children whose mothers were submitted to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during gestation are not well defined. We evaluated 45 HIV-exposed uninfected (ENI) neonates and 45 healthy unexposed control (CT) neonates. All HIV-infected mothers received HAART during pregnancy, and the viral load at delivery was <50 copies/mL for 56.8%. Twenty-three ENI neonates were further evaluated after 12 months and compared to 23 unexposed healthy age-matched infants. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry in cord and peripheral blood. Cord blood lymphocyte numbers did not differ between groups. However, ENI neonates had a lower percentage of naive T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 76.6 vs 83.1%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 70.9 vs 79.6%, P = 0.003) and higher percentages of central memory T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 13.9 vs 8.7%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 8.6 vs 4.8%, P = 0.001). CD38 mean fluorescence intensity of T cells was higher in ENI neonates (CD4+, 62.2 vs 52.1, P = 0.007; CD8+, 47.7 vs 35.3, P < 0.001). At 12 months, ENI infants still had higher mean fluorescence intensity of CD38 on T cells (CD4+, 34.2 vs 23.3, P < 0.001; CD8+, 26.8 vs 19.4, P = 0.035). Despite effective maternal virologic control at delivery, HIV-exposed uninfected children were born with lower levels of naive T cells. Immune activation was present at birth and remained until at least 12 months of age, suggesting that in utero exposure to HIV causes subtle immune abnormalities.

Leukocytosis, muscle damage and increased lymphocyte proliferative response after an adventure sprint race

The effect of an adventure sprint race (ASR) on T-cell proliferation, leukocyte count and muscle damage was evaluated. Seven young male runners completed an ASR in the region of Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil. The race induced a strong leukocytosis (6.22±2.04×103 cells/mm3 beforevs 14.81±3.53×103 cells/mm3after the race), marked by a significant increase of neutrophils and monocytes (P<0.05), but not total lymphocytes, CD3+CD4+ or CD3+CD8+ cells. However, the T-cell proliferative response to mitogenic stimulation was increased (P=0.025) after the race, which contradicted our hypothesis that ASR, as a high-demand competition, would inhibit T-cell proliferation. A positive correlation (P=0.03, r=0.79) was observed between the proliferative response of lymphocytes after the race and the time to complete the race, suggesting that the proliferative response was dependent on exercise intensity. Muscle damage was evident after the race by increased serum levels of aspartate amino transferase (24.99±8.30 vs 50.61±15.76 U/L, P=0.003). The results suggest that humoral factors and substances released by damaged muscle may be responsible for lymphocyte activation, which may be involved in muscle recovery and repair.

Melanosomal targeting sequences from gp100 are essential for MHC class II-restricted endogenous epitope presentation and mobilization to endosomal compartments

CD4+ T lymphocytes play an important role in CD8+ T cell-mediated responses against tumors. Considering that about 20% of melanomas express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, it is plausible that concomitant antigenic presentation by MHC class I and class II complexes shapes positive (helper T cells) or negative (regulatory T cells) anti-tumor responses. Interestingly, gp100, a melanoma antigen, can be presented by both MHC class I and class II when expressed endogenously, suggesting that it can reach endosomal/MHC class II compartments (MIIC). Here, we demonstrated that the gp100 putative amino-terminal signal sequence and the last 70 residues in carboxy-terminus, are essential for MIIC localization and MHC class II presentation. Confocal microscopy analyses confirmed that gp100 was localized in LAMP-1+ endosomal/MIIC. Gp100-targeting sequences were characterized by deleting different sections in the carboxy-terminus (residues 590 to 661). Transfection in 293T cells, expressing MHC class I and class II molecules, revealed that specific deletions in carboxy-terminus resulted in decreased MHC class II presentation, without effects on MHC class I presentation, suggesting a role in MIIC trafficking for these deleted sections. Then, we used these gp100-targeting sequences to mobilize the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to endosomal compartments, and to allow MHC class II and class I presentation of minimal endogenous epitopes. Thus, we concluded that these specific sequences are MIIC targeting motifs. Consequently, these sequences could be included in expression cassettes for endogenously expressed tumor or viral antigens to promote MHC class II and class I presentation and optimize in vivo T cell responses, or as an in vitro tool for characterization of new MHC class II epitopes.

L’impact de la grossesse sur l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques dirigés contre le VIH-1

La transmission mère-enfant (TME) du VIH-1 est un des enjeux majeurs de la pandémie. Une meilleure compréhension de la réponse des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques CD8+ (LTC) VIH-spécifiques lors de la grossesse facilitera le design de stratégies optimales pour diminuer la TME. Notre objectif est donc de caractériser l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des LTC VIH-spécifiques avant, pendant et après la grossesse chez des femmes infectées par le VIH-1. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que l’initiation et la progression de la grossesse, à elles seules, n'ont que peu d’influence sur l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des réponses LTC en termes de production d’IFN‐. Ces résultats indiquent que les femmes infectées par le VIH conservent une immunocompétence durant leur grossesse, du moins dans le contexte d’un traitement antirétroviral efficace. Ceci pourrait éventuellement aider à promouvoir l’immunisation comme stratégie pour prévenir la TME du VIH‐1.

Adhesion and transcellular migration of neutrophils and B lymphocytes on fibroblasts

During tissue inflammation, infiltrated leukocytes may have physical contacts with fibroblasts. We observed that neutrophils and B lymphocytes adhered in a larger proportion than T cells on cultured fibroblasts. Microscopy showed that adhesion was also characterized by leukocyte engulfment by the fibroblasts. In migration assays, only neutrophils and B lymphocytes were selectively able to migrate through a fibroblast barrier. Adhesion and migration were increased by stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Antibodies against ICAM-1/beta2 integrin blocked the interaction of neutrophils to fibroblasts. For B lymphocytes the couple VCAM-1/alpha4 integrin was also involved in this interaction. Human skin fibroblasts presented similar adhesion characteristics as rat cardiac fibroblasts. By measuring the distance between the border of migration holes and cadherin-positive adherens junctions, more than 65% of the holes correspond to the transcellular route over the paracellular route. Furthermore, vimentin staining revealed that the migration holes were highly nested by intermediate filaments in accordance with the transcellular route. Our results demonstrated that engulfment of neutrophils and B lymphocytes by fibroblasts resulted in selective passage by a transcellular route.

Expression des SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 par les lymphocytes T humains en réponse à des cytokines immuno-modulatrices

Les cytokines jouent un rôle fondamental dans la régulation des processus biologiques via la cascade de signalisation JAK-STAT. Les « Suppressors of Cytokine Signalling » (SOCS), protéines intracellulaires, inhibent la voie JAK-STAT. Plusieurs études supportent leur implication dans des maladies immunitaires, mais peu d’informations sont disponibles sur leur expression par les lymphocytes T humains. Nous postulons que les cytokines Interféron-β(IFN-β) et Interleukine-27 (IL-27), dotées d’un potentiel immuno-régulateur, ont des rôles bénéfiques via l’induction des SOCS. L’impact de l’IFN-β et l’IL-27 sur l’expression des SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 par des cellules T CD8 et CD4 humaines a été étudié en utilisant des cellules sanguines de donneurs sains. L’expression de ces régulateurs a été évaluée aux niveaux de l’ARNm par qRT-PCR et protéique par immunocytochimie. Les SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 ont été rapidement induits en ARNm dans les deux types cellulaires en réponse à l’IFN-β ou l’IL-27 et une augmentation de l’expression a été confirmée au niveau protéique. Afin de mimer les thérapies à base d’IFN-β, les cellules T ont été exposées chroniquement à l’IFN-β. Après chaque ajout de cytokine les cellules T ont augmenté l’expression du SOCS-1, sans moduler le SOCS-3. L’IL-27 a induit les SOCS-1 et SOCS-3 préférentiellement dans les cellules T CD8 ; ceci corrèle avec des résultats du laboratoire démontrant une plus petite expression des récepteurs à l’IL-27 par les lymphocytes T CD4 que les CD8. Notre projet a permis d’élucider l’expression des SOCS dans deux populations de cellules T et de clarifier les mécanismes d’actions de l’IFN-β et l’IL-27.

Étude de l’implication de la force du signal transmis par le récepteur des cellules T dans le développement et la survie des lymphocytes T mémoires

Suite à la rencontre d’un antigène (Ag) présenté à la surface des cellules présentatrice de l’Ag (CPA), les lymphocytes T naïfs, ayant un récepteur des cellules T (RCT) spécifique de l’Ag, vont proliférer et se différencier en LT effecteurs (1). Suite à l’élimination de l’Ag la majorité des LTe vont mourir par apoptose alors que les restants vont se différencier en LT mémoire (LTm) protégeant l’organisme à long terme. Les mécanismes qui permettent la différenciation des LTe en LTm sont encore inconnus. Pour comprendre comment les LTm CD8+ sont générés à partir des LTe, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que la densité de l’Ag présenté par les CPA peut avoir un impact sur la sélection des LT CD8+ répondant l’Ag à se différencier en LTm. De manière intéressante, nos résultats montrent qu’une immunisation avec des cellules dendritiques (DCs) exprimant un haut niveau de complexe CMH/peptide à sa surface permet le développement de LTm. À l’inverse, le développement des LTm est fortement réduit (10-20X) lorsque les souris sont immunisées avec des DCs exprimant un niveau faible de complexes CMH/peptide à leur surface. De plus, la quantité d’Ag n’a aucune influence ni sur l’expansion des LT CD8+ ni sur l’acquisition de leurs fonctions effectrices, mais affecte de manière critique la génération des LTm. Nos résultats suggèrent que le nombre de RCT engagé lors de la reconnaissance de l’Ag est important pour la formation des LTm. Pour cela nous avons observé par vidéo-microscopie le temps d’interaction entre des LTn et des DCs. Nos résultats montrent que le temps et la qualité de l’interaction sont dépendants de la densité d’Ag présenté par les DCs. Effectivement, nous observons une diminution dans le pourcentage de LT faisant une interaction prolongée avec les DCs quand le niveau d’Ag est faible. De plus, nous observons des variations de l’expression des facteurs de transcription clefs impliqués dans la différenciation des LTm tels qu’Eomes, Bcl-6 et Blimp-1. Par ailleurs, la densité d’Ag fait varier l’expression du Neuron-derived orphan nuclear receptor 1 (Nor-1). Nor-1 est impliqué dans la conversion de Bcl-2 en molécule pro-apoptotique et contribue à la mort par apoptose des LTe pendant la phase de contraction. Notre modèle propose que la densité de l’épitope contrôle la génération des CD8+ LTm. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la génération des LTm permettra le développement de meilleures stratégies pour la génération de vaccin. Dans un second temps, nous avons évalué le rôle du signal RCT dans l’homéostasie des LTm. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé un modèle de souris transgénique pour le RCT dont son expression peut être modulée par un traitement à la tétracycline. Ce système nous a permis d’abolir l’expression du RCT à la surface des LTm. De manière intéressante, en absence de RCT exprimé, les LTm CD8+ peuvent survivre à long terme dans l’organisme et rester fonctionnels. De plus, une sous population des LTm CD4+ a la capacité de survivre sans RCT exprimé dans un hôte lymphopénique alors que l’autre sous population nécessite l’expression du RCT.

L’influence du réseau de chimiokines sur les lymphocytes T dans le contexte de l’infection à virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1)

Les chimiokines et leurs récepteurs respectifs jouent un rôle important dans l’immunité innée et adaptative. Les récepteurs de chimiokines identifient des cellules T CD4+ avec potentiel de migration dans des tissus spécifiques et à fonctionnalité distincte du point de vue de la spécificité antigénique et de la production de cytokines. L’identité de la population des cellules T CD4+ susceptibles versus résistantes à l’infection par le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (VIH) reste mal définie. Le recrutement dans les muqueuses intestinales d’un excès de cellules T effectrices (CD8+) comparé aux cellules cibles (CD4+) représente un bon pronostic de l’infection par le virus de l’immunodéficience simienne (VIS), tandis que la déplétion des cellules Th17 dans les tissus lymphoïdes associés au tractus gastro-intestinal (GALT) est un marqueur de la progression de l’infection à VIH. L’effet régulateur des chimiokines sur l’activation de la réplication virale dans différentes sous-populations cellulaires T CD4+ reste peu étudié. Ce projet de maîtrise est divisé en 3 parties: (1) l’identification des récepteurs de chimiokines CCR4, CXCR3 et CCR6 comme marqueurs de surfaces des sous populations T CD4+ avec susceptibilité distincte à l’infection par le VIH; (2) la caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules T CD4+ et T CD8+ spécifiques au VIH de sujets à progression lente vers le stade sida (LTNP); et (3) les effets des chimiokines ligands de CCR4, CXCR3 et CCR6 sur l’activation cellulaire et la réplication virale in vitro. Nos résultats démontrent que les cellules T CD4+ CCR4+CCR6+ (profile cytokinique Th17) et CXCR3+CCR6+ (profile cytokinique Th1/Th17) sont hautement permissives à l’infection par le VIH. Nous proposons également de nouveaux corrélats de protection immunitaire contre le VIH chez les sujets LTNP: (i) le potentiel de co-localisation dans les muqueuses intestinales des cellules T CD4+ et CD8+ spécifiques au VIH via l’intégrine β7, (ii) le ratio élevé entre les cellules T effectrices (CD8+) versus les cellules cibles (CD4+) spécifiques au VIH, (iii) le profil cytokinique Th17 et (iv) la capacité des cellules T CD4+ et CD8+ spécifiques au VIH à produire des ligands de CCR5 bloquant l’entrée virale. Finalement, nos résultats sur l’effet co-stimulateur des chimiokines sur les cellules T et leurs effets opposés sur la réplication virale démontrent l’implication du réseau des chimiokines dans la régulation de la pathogenèse de l’infection à VIH.

Étude du mécanisme par lequel la thérapie à l'IL7 induit l'expansion homéostatique des lymphocytes T CD4+

Dans les cas de lymphopénie, les lymphocytes T résiduels prolifèrent exagérément dans un phénomène appelé «expansion homéostatique périphérique» (HPE), qui est efficace pour la régénération des T CD8+, mais inefficace pour les T CD4+. L’interleukine-7 (IL7) est une cytokine homéostatique utilisée afin d’augmenter les comptes lymphocytaires T des patients lymphopéniques. Toutefois, la raison de l’expansion préférentielle des lymphocytes T CD8+ par l’IL7 demeure toujours inconnue. Nous montrons que cette expansion est due au fait que l’IL7 induit une prolifération efficace des T CD8+ périphériques (CD8+PERI) ainsi que des émigrants thymiques CD8+ (CD8+RTEs). Par contre, l’effet prolifératif de l’IL7 est restreint presqu’uniquement aux CD4+RTEs même si les CD4+PERI survivent mieux que les CD4+RTEs. De plus faibles doses d’IL7 sont nécessaires aux CD4+RTEs afin de phosphoryler STAT5 ou de proliférer comparativement aux CD4+PERI et nous démontrons que les contacts TCR/CMHII sont nécessaires à la prolifération induite par l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs en périphérie. De fait, augmenter au Flt3 ligand le nombre de cellules dendritiques périphériques d’une souris donneuse, avant de transférer ses TPERI dans des souris receveuses traitées à l’IL7 induit une prolifération significative des CD4+PERI. Nos résultats indiquent donc que l’abondance des contacts TCR/CMHII reçus dans le thymus semble contrôler la sensibilité à l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs. Finalement, l’observation que les CD8+PERI et CD8+RTEs prolifèrent pareillement pendant la thérapie à l’IL7, alors que la prolifération des T CD4+ est largement restreinte aux RTEs expliquerait pourquoi, dans les cas de lymphopénie, la régénération des T CD4+ est aussi dépendante de la thymopoïèse.