Johnalcornia gen. et. comb. nov., and nine new combinations in Curvularia based on molecular phylogenetic analysis

An examination of ex-type and authentic cultures of 34 species of Bipolaris and Curvularia by phylogenetic analysis of four loci (EF-1α, GAPDH, ITS and LSU) resulted in nine new combinations in Curvularia, as well as new synonymies for some species of Bipolaris and Curvularia. Lectotypes are designated for Bipolaris secalis and Curvularia richardiae, and an epitype is designated for Curvularia crustacea. A new monotypic genus, Johnalcornia, is introduced to accommodate Bipolaris aberrans, which clusters sister to the newly described Porocercospora. Johnalcornia differs morphologically from this taxon by producing distinctive conidia-like chlamydospores as well as comparatively thick-walled, geniculate conidiophores, with conidiogenous cells that have conspicuous scars. Johnalcornia further differs from related genera by forming the second conidial septum in the apical cell.

Lexicon forestale.

592 s.

Finlandismer och språkvård från 1800-talet till i dag

The aim of the study is to investigate the use of finlandisms in an historical perspective, how they have been viewed from the mid-19th century to this day, and the effect of language planning on their use. A finlandism is a word, a phrase, or a structure that is used only in the Swedish varieties used in Finland (i.e. in Finland Swedish), or used in these varieties in a different meaning than in the Swedish used in Sweden. Various aspects of Finland-Swedish language planning are discussed in relation to language planning generally; in addition, the relation of Finland Swedish to Standard Swedish and standard regional varieties is discussed, and various types of finlandisms are analysed in detail. A comprehensive picture is provided of the emergence and evolution of the ideology of language planning from the mid-19th century up until today. A theoretical model of corpus planning is presented and its effect on linguistic praxis described. One result of the study is that the belief among Finland-Swedish language planners that the Swedish language in Finland must not be allowed to become distanced from Standard Swedish, has been widely adopted by the average Finland Swede, particularly during the interwar period, following the publication of Hugo Bergroth s work Finlandssvenska in 1917. Criticism of this language-planning ideology started to appear in the 1950s, and intensified in the 1970s. However, language planning and the basis for this conception of language continue to enjoy strong support among Swedish-speaking Finns. I show that the editing of Finnish literary texts written in Swedish has often been somewhat amateurish and the results not always linguistically appropriate, and that Swedish publishers have in fact adopted a rather liberal attitude towards finlandisms. My conclusion is that language planning has achieved rather modest results in its resistance to finlandisms. Most of the finlandisms used in 1915 were still in use in 2005. Finlandisms occur among speakers of all ages, and even among academically educated people despite their more elevated style. The most common finlandisms were used by informants of all ages. The ones that are firmly rooted are the most established, in other words those that are stylistically neutral, seemingly genuinely Swedish, but which are nevertheless strongly supported by Finnish, and display a shift in meaning as compared with Standard Swedish.

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9). As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.

High-temperature kinetics of the reaction between CN and hydrocarbons using a novel high-enthalpy flow tube

More than 70 molecules of varied nature have been identified in the envelopes of carbon-rich stars through their spectral fingerprints in the microwave or far infrared regions. Many of them are carbon chain molecules and radicals, and a significant number are unique to the circumstellar medium. The determination of relevant laboratory kinetics data is critical to keep up with the development of the high spectral and spatial resolution observations and of the refinement of chemical models. Neutralneutral reactions of the CN radical with unsaturated hydrocarbons could be a dominant route in the formation of cyanopolyynes, even at low temperatures and deserve a detailed laboratory investigation. The approach we have developed aims to bridge the temperature gap between resistively heated flow tubes and shock tubes. The present kinetic measurements are obtained using a new reactor combining a high-enthalpy source with a flow tube and a pulsed laser photolysislaser-induced fluorescence system to probe the undergoing chemical reactions. The high-enthalpy flow tube has been used to measure the rate constant of the reaction of the CN radical with propane (C3H8), propene (C3H6), allene (C3H4), 1,3-butadiene (1,3-C4H6), and 1-butyne (C4H6) over a temperature range extending from 300 to 1200 K. All studied reactions of CN with unsaturated hydrocarbons are rapid, with rate coefficients greater than 10-10 cm3 center dot molecule-1 center dot s-1 and exhibit slight negative temperature dependence above room temperature. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 753766, 2012

Scale-dependent relationships between tree species richness and ecosystem function in forests

1. The relationship between species richness and ecosystem function, as measured by productivity or biomass, is of long-standing theoretical and practical interest in ecology. This is especially true for forests, which represent a majority of global biomass, productivity and biodiversity. 2. Here, we conduct an analysis of relationships between tree species richness, biomass and productivity in 25 forest plots of area 8-50ha from across the world. The data were collected using standardized protocols, obviating the need to correct for methodological differences that plague many studies on this topic. 3. We found that at very small spatial grains (0.04ha) species richness was generally positively related to productivity and biomass within plots, with a doubling of species richness corresponding to an average 48% increase in productivity and 53% increase in biomass. At larger spatial grains (0.25ha, 1ha), results were mixed, with negative relationships becoming more common. The results were qualitatively similar but much weaker when we controlled for stem density: at the 0.04ha spatial grain, a doubling of species richness corresponded to a 5% increase in productivity and 7% increase in biomass. Productivity and biomass were themselves almost always positively related at all spatial grains. 4. Synthesis. This is the first cross-site study of the effect of tree species richness on forest biomass and productivity that systematically varies spatial grain within a controlled methodology. The scale-dependent results are consistent with theoretical models in which sampling effects and niche complementarity dominate at small scales, while environmental gradients drive patterns at large scales. Our study shows that the relationship of tree species richness with biomass and productivity changes qualitatively when moving from scales typical of forest surveys (0.04ha) to slightly larger scales (0.25 and 1ha). This needs to be recognized in forest conservation policy and management.

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher's alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between similar to 40,000 and similar to 53,000, i.e., at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of similar to 19,000-25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of similar to 4,500-6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa.

Factores que inciden en la calidad de los cueros en el municipio de León

En el presente trabajo, se estudió la situación existente, con respecto a los factores que influyen sobre la calidad de los cueros en las ternerias artesanales, semindustriales e industriales en el municipio de León específicamente en el barrio de El Laborío, ubicada en la zona Noroeste de dicho. Municipio. Esto se analizó a través de encuesta realizada con los teneros, realizando un muestreo en base a 25 cueros o 50 tiras para lo cual se escogieron las siguientes variables: perdidas por Torsalo, Pérdidas por Garrapata, Pérdidas por Cuchillo de Rastro, Pérdidas por Procesos Químicos, Pérdidas por Mal Salados, pérdidas por Herraje, perdidas por Procesos en Tenerlas:(procesos de Descarne, Descodado, Golpes de Divididas, Golpes de Batán, Exceso de Recorte). El análisis estadístico utilizado fue la estadística descriptiva.. Además, que se tomaron en este estudio el l00% de las tenerías que existen en el municipio de León de las cuales se analizaron las variables antes mencionadas, de las que resulto que las tenerías Industriales utilizan mayor número de procesos, pero con menor tiempo de elaboración, 82 horas; las tenerías artesanales son afectadas por mayor cantidad de factores con 10; Existen solamente cuatro criterios de para la compra del cuero crudo en las tenerías Artesanales: El departamento de Masaya es donde mayormente se comercializa la mayoría de los productos elaborado por las diferentes tenerías; Las pérdidas económicas al año en los terneros industriales es de U$ 59,626.80. mientras que en las tenerías Semindustriales es de U$ 74 327.33, y por ultimo las tenerlas Artesanales pierden U $ 277.297.71 para un total de pérdidas al País de U$ 411,251.84 al año, que equivale al 58 por ciento de las exportaciones anuales en el País.

Letras, 1993, nº 27-28 (número completo)

Contenido: Hermenéutica y estructuras históricas / Cesare Segre – Realismo y simbolismo en la geografía del Amadís de Gaula: la Insula Firme y sus dimensiones / Javier R. González – La visión insular y litoral del espacio en el Amadís de Gaula / Silvia Cristina Lastra Paz – El nivel de la historia en un relato de J. L. Borges. Un análisis narratológico / Hugo Eduardo Lombardini – Joseph de Maistre, maestro de razonamiento de Baudelaire (primera parte). La filosofía de Joseph de Maistre, entrevista en el soneto “Correspondances” de Charles Baudelaire (segunda parte) / Perla Montiveros de Mollo – Imágenes del “Hombre nuevo��� en la obra de Leopoldo Marechal / Javier de Navascués – Valores cronotópicos y técnicas significantes al servicio de la “ejemplaridad” cervantina en “El celoso extremeño��� / María Rosa Petruccelli – Reseñas bibliográficas

Hermeneútica jurídica y comunión en la fe católica. (Apostillas al discurso de Benedicto XVI a la Rota romana, el 21 de enero de 2012)

La convocatoria a recorrer un “Año de la fe” permitió a Benedicto XVI centrar su alocución de 2012 a la Rota romana en ese próximo acontecimiento eclesial. La extrema importancia que el Pontífice atribuye a su llamada a renovar la fe católica se puso de manifiesto en las palabras que dirigiera unos días más tarde a la plenaria de la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe...

Teología, 2008, Tomo XLV nº 97 (número completo)

Nota del Director -- Breve exposición de la hermenéutica analógica / Mauricio Beuchot -- ¿Fin de la antropología alma-cuerpo? / Lucio Florio -- Michel de Certeau : recorridos por el "creer" y sus constelaciones contemporáneas / Marcelo González -- Justicia, caridad y solidaridad en la DSI / Gustavo Irrazábal -- "Las palabras del Grito" / Hugo Rodolfo Safa -- Grupo de estudio bíblico judío cristiano / Víctor M. Fernández -- Una aproximación al acompañamiento espiritual en San Juan de la Cruz -- El lenguaje de la vida en la estética hildegardiana / Cecilia Inés Avenatti de Palumbo -- Reflexiones sobre la experiencia religiosa durante la crisis de identidad de la adolescencia / Julio V. Maffei -- Catalina de Siena : su teología hecha biografía / Gabriela María Di Renzo -- Espiritualidad sanante : salud y espiritualidad en Anselm Grün / Mónica Cristina Ukaski -- El legado póstumo de José Carlos Barcellos / Alberto Toutin -- Notas bibliográficas

Prudentia Iuris, 2000, n° 53 (número completo)

Contenido: Editorial – Derecho Penal y Procesal Penal: Presentación – Jornadas de Derecho Procesal Penal: Los distintos proyectos de reforma al Código Procesal Penal de la Nación / Ricardo Gil Lavedra – Diferentes perfiles del ejercicio de la acción penal / Francisco D’Albora – El Ministerio Público Fiscal / José Cafferata Nores – El Ministerio Público Fiscal en Italia / Giorgio Cherubini – El Ministerio Público Fiscal en la provincia de Buenos Aires / Eduardo D’Empaire – El recurso extraordinario / Jorge Reynaldo Vanossi – La situación del imputado / Hernán Munilla Lacasa – Incorporación de prueba al debate / Roberto Raúl Daray – El recurso de casación en el nuevo Código Procesal Penal de la provincia de Buenos Aires / Carlos A. Mahiques – El procesado en estado de cautividad / Jorge Kent – Jornadas Internacionales de Derecho Penal: El derecho penal y el orden social / Alfredo Battaglia – Del Comité Especial a la Conferencia de Roma / Juan Manuel Gramajo – La protección de la vida inocente en vísperas del siglo veintiuno / Alberto Rodríguez Varela – Derecho Laboral : nuevas normas y doctrinas: Reformas laborales. Leyes 25.013, 25.165 y 25.250 / Jorge Rodríguez Mancini ; Juan A. Confalonieri (h), comentario de Héctor César Guisado – Recargos en indemnizaciones por despido : Ley 25.323 / Hugo Roberto Mansueti – In Memoriam – Recensiones

El estado actual de la “third quest” o “tercera búsqueda” del Jesús histórico

El presente estudio ofrece un panorama actualizado acerca del estado de la “Investigación sobre el Jesús histórico��� en su última etapa conocida como “La Tercera Búsqueda” o “Third Quest”. Al respecto, se presentan el marco general de la Investigación sobre la vida de Jesús, “La Tercera Etapa”, las “imágenes” de Jesús de Nazaret, las Perspectivas y la relevancia de la “Tercera Búsqueda”. Sin una pretensión de exhaustividad, el autor plantea esta aproximación como parte de un plan más amplio que se propone el Grupo de Investigación “Judíos y cristianos en los procesos culturales del mundo helenístico-romano���: una mirada más abarcadora de las “Tres búsquedas”.

Prudentia Iuris, 2002, n° 55 (número completo)

Contenido: Editorial – Sobre la guerra: El uso de la fuerza frente a las agresiones de baja intensidad / Hernando V. Cañardo – Derecho de la alta tecnología: El orden público tecnológico / Horacio R. Granero – El gobierno electrónico como un nuevo paradigma de administración / Pablo Castoldi – Reforma del Estado: Crisis y reforma estructural del Estado / Vicente Gonzalo Massot – La reforma del Estado en sus aspectos estructurales y de gestión / Hugo Luis Dalbosco – Crisis y reforma del estado / Roberto Antonio Punte – Cómo recorrer virtualmente al estado argentino / Federico Ricciardi – La región como alternativa política / Carlos A. de Jorge – Algunos problemas actuales del federalismo y la regionalización como respuesta / Eugenio Luis Palazzo – La reforma administrativa del estado / Alfredo G. Barros – La reforma impostergable y largamente esperada del Poder Judicial / Silvana M. Stanga – Recensiones