Design and Optimization of Power Delivery and Distribution Systems Using Evolutionary Computation Techniques

Nowadays computing platforms consist of a very large number of components that require to be supplied with diferent voltage levels and power requirements. Even a very small platform, like a handheld computer, may contain more than twenty diferent loads and voltage regulators. The power delivery designers of these systems are required to provide, in a very short time, the right power architecture that optimizes the performance, meets electrical specifications plus cost and size targets. The appropriate selection of the architecture and converters directly defines the performance of a given solution. Therefore, the designer needs to be able to evaluate a significant number of options in order to know with good certainty whether the selected solutions meet the size, energy eficiency and cost targets. The design dificulties of selecting the right solution arise due to the wide range of power conversion products provided by diferent manufacturers. These products range from discrete components (to build converters) to complete power conversion modules that employ diferent manufacturing technologies. Consequently, in most cases it is not possible to analyze all the alternatives (combinations of power architectures and converters) that can be built. The designer has to select a limited number of converters in order to simplify the analysis. In this thesis, in order to overcome the mentioned dificulties, a new design methodology for power supply systems is proposed. This methodology integrates evolutionary computation techniques in order to make possible analyzing a large number of possibilities. This exhaustive analysis helps the designer to quickly define a set of feasible solutions and select the best trade-off in performance according to each application. The proposed approach consists of two key steps, one for the automatic generation of architectures and other for the optimized selection of components. In this thesis are detailed the implementation of these two steps. The usefulness of the methodology is corroborated by contrasting the results using real problems and experiments designed to test the limits of the algorithms.

Survey and brain storming studies about machines, constructions, human and environmental risk consideration in the careers of the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid

The Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (UPM) includes schools and faculties that were for engineering degrees, architecture and computer science, that are now in a quick EEES Bolonia Plan metamorphosis getting into degrees, masters and doctorate structures. They are focused towards action in machines, constructions, enterprises, that are subjected to machines, human and environment created risks. These are present in actions such as use loads, wind, snow, waves, flows, earthquakes, forces and effects in machines, vehicles behavior, chemical effects, and other environmental factors including effects of crops, cattle and beasts, forests, and varied essential economic and social disturbances. Emphasis is for authors in this session more about risks of natural origin, such as for hail, winds, snow or waves that are not exactly known a priori, but that are often considered with statistical expected distributions giving extreme values for convenient return periods. These distributions are known from measures in time, statistic of extremes and models about hazard scenarios and about responses of man made constructions or devices. In each engineering field theories were built about hazards scenarios and how to cover for important risks. Engineers must get that the systems they handle, such as vehicles, machines, firms or agro lands or forests, obtain production with enough safety for persons and with decent economic results in spite of risks. For that risks must be considered in planning, in realization and in operation, and safety margins must be taken but at a reasonable cost. That is a small level of risks will often remain, due to limitations in costs or because of due to strange hazards, and maybe they will be covered by insurance in cases such as in transport with cars, ships or aircrafts, in agro for hail, or for fire in houses or in forests. These and other decisions about quality, security for men or about business financial risks are sometimes considered with Decision Theories models, using often tools from Statistics or operational Research. The authors have done and are following field surveys about risk consideration in the careers in UPM, making deep analysis of curricula taking into account the new structures of degrees in the EEES Bolonia Plan, and they have considered the risk structures offered by diverse schools of Decision theories. That gives an aspect of the needs and uses, and recommendations about improving in the teaching about risk, that may include special subjects especially oriented for each career, school or faculty, so as to be recommended to be included into the curricula, including an elaboration and presentation format using a multi-criteria decision model.

Roofscapes and the spatiality of the common

The relationship between forms of delimitation and expropriation of the commons through the management of the "public" have led to a world of enclosures and exact division lines. But this is not how the individual perceives and experiences space, this is how bureaucracy builds it. The body’s individual spatiality is understood as the complex topological extension configured by the sensible world at every turn, reflecting while allowing the crossings, junctions, intensities, densities, proximities, etc., which weave together the experiential fabric wherein he lives. This individual spatiality, when it resonates with others, produces a form of common spatiality, the understanding of which can and should act as a new frame of reference for intervention strategies and spatial politics in the contemporary world. The roofscape, as a space not fitting within the canonical division of public/private, is a unique study case to frame these new concepts.

The Optimal combination: Grammatical Swarm, Particle Swarm Optimization and Neural Networks.

Social behaviour is mainly based on swarm colonies, in which each individual shares its knowledge about the environment with other individuals to get optimal solutions. Such co-operative model differs from competitive models in the way that individuals die and are born by combining information of alive ones. This paper presents the particle swarm optimization with differential evolution algorithm in order to train a neural network instead the classic back propagation algorithm. The performance of a neural network for particular problems is critically dependant on the choice of the processing elements, the net architecture and the learning algorithm. This work is focused in the development of methods for the evolutionary design of artificial neural networks. This paper focuses in optimizing the topology and structure of connectivity for these networks.

Generic multisensor multitarget bias estimation architecture

Current bias estimation algorithms for air traffic control (ATC) surveillance are focused on radar sensors, but the integration of new sensors (especially automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast and wide area multilateration) demands the extension of traditional procedures. This study describes a generic architecture for bias estimation applicable to multisensor multitarget surveillance systems. It consists on first performing bias estimations using measurements from each target, of a subset of sensors, assumed to be reliable, forming track bias estimations. All track bias estimations are combined to obtain, for each of those sensors, the corresponding sensor bias. Then, sensor bias terms are corrected, to subsequently calculate the target or sensor-target pair specific biases. Once these target-specific biases are corrected, the process is repeated recursively for other sets of less reliable sensors, assuming bias corrected measures from previous iterations are unbiased. This study describes the architecture and outlines the methodology for the estimation and the bias estimation design processes. Then the approach is validated through simulation, and compared with previous methods in the literature. Finally, the study describes the application of the methodology to the design of the bias estimation procedures for a modern ATC surveillance application, specifically for off-line assessment of ATC surveillance performance.

Agent Architecture Modelling at the Knowledge Level

The definition of an agent architecture at the knowledge level makes emphasis on the knowledge role played by the data interchanged between the agent components and makes explicit this data interchange this makes easier the reuse of these knowledge structures independently of the implementation This article defines a generic task model of an agent architecture and refines some of these tasks using the interference diagrams. Finally, a operationalisation of this conceptual model using the rule-oriented language Jess is shown. knowledge level,

Underground dwellings in the Tajuña valley, Madrid, Spain and their bioclimatic adaptation

Underground dwellings are the maximum example of the vernacular architecture adaptation to the climatic conditions in areas with high annual and daily thermal fluctuations. This paper summarizes the systematic research about the energy performance of this popular architecture and their adaptation to the outdoor conditions in the case of the low area of the River Tajuña and its surroundings. Some considerations on their maintenance and renovation arise from the research.

Medida de la conductividad térmica con el método de la aguja térmica, basado en la fuente lineal de calor transitorio, para su aplicación en los cerramientos de adobes y bloques de tierra comprimida

Existe un creciente interés internacional por el ahorro energético y la sostenibilidad en la edificación con importantes repercusiones en la Arquitectura. La inercia térmica es un parámetro fundamental para poder valorar energéticamente un edificio en condiciones reales. Para ello es necesario cambiar el enfoque tradicional de transmisión de calor en régimen estacionario por otro en régimen dinámico en el que se analizan las ondas térmicas y el flujo de calor oscilante que atraviesan los cerramientos. Los parámetros que definen la inercia térmica son: el espesor, la difusividad y el ciclo térmico. A su vez la difusividad está determinada por la conductividad térmica, la densidad y el calor específico del material. De estos parámetros la conductividad es el más complejo, variable y difícil de medir, especialmente en los cerramientos de tierra debido a su heterogeneidad y complejidad higrotérmica. En general, los métodos de medida de la conductividad o transmitancias en los paramentos presentan inconvenientes a la hora de medir un edificio construido con tierra: dificultades de implementación, el elevado coste o la fiabilidad de los resultados, principalmente. El Método de la Aguja Térmica (MAT) se basa en el principio de la evolución en el tiempo del calor emitido por una fuente lineal al insertarse en el seno de un material. Se ha escogido este método porque resulta práctico, de bajo coste y de fácil aplicación a gran escala pero tiene serios problemas de fiabilidad y exactitud. En esta tesis se desarrolla un método de medida de la conductividad térmica para Piezas de Albañilería de Tierra Cruda en laboratorio basado en el MAT, se mejora su fiabilidad, se analiza su incertidumbre, se compara con otros métodos de referencia y se aplica en adobes, Bloques de Tierra Comprimida y probetas de tierra estabilizada con distintas proporciones de paja. Este método servirá de base a una posterior aplicación in situ. Finalmente se proponen modelos matemáticos para mejorar la exactitud del dispositivo utilizado y para la estimación de la conductividad de cerramientos de tierra en función de su densidad. Con los resultados obtenidos se analizan las posibilidades de amortiguación y retardo de las ondas térmicas y capacidad de almacenaje de energía de los cerramientos en función de su densidad y humedad. There is growing international interest in energy saving and sustainability in buildings with significant impact on Architecture. Thermal inertia is a key parameter to assess energy in buildings in real conditions. This requires changing the traditional approach to heat transfer in steady state by another in dynamic regime which analyzes the thermal waves and oscillating heat flux passing through the external walls. The parameters defining the thermal inertia are: the thickness, the diffusivity and the thermal cycle. In turn, the diffusivity is determined by the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of the material. Of these parameters, thermal conductivity is the most complex, variable and difficult to measure, especially in earth walls due to their heterogeneity and hygrothermal complexity. In general, the methods of measurement of conductivity and transmittance in walls have drawbacks when measuring a building with earth: implementation difficulties, high cost, or reliability of the results, mainly. The Thermal Needle Procedure (TNP) is based on the principle of evolution in time of heat from a line source when inserted within a material. This method was chosen because it is a practical, low cost and easy to implement on a large scale but has serious problems of reliability and accuracy. This thesis develops a laboratory method for measuring the thermal conductivity of Masonry Units Unfire Earth-based based on TNP, its uncertainty is analyzed, compared to other reference methods and applies in adobes, Compressed Earth Blocks and stabilized soil specimens with different proportions of straw. This method will form the basis of a subsequent application in situ. Finally, mathematical models are proposed to improve the accuracy of the device used, and to estimate the conductivity of earth enclosures depending on its density. With the results obtained earth enclosures are analyzed to estimate their possibilities of delay and buffer of termal waves and energy storage capacity according to their density and moisture.

Just a failed shopping-scape? Urban and public values of Le Mirail’s dalle

The famous plan for Toulouse-Le Mirail, by Candilis/Josic/Woods (1961), proposed a radical and hitherto new public space, the dalle, an elevated linear ?stem? that wove the whole urban intervention and concentrated all the commercial, social and cultural activity of the neighbourhood. However, the project is today stigmatized as a total social failure. The dalle has been demolished and a traditional commercial street has been implemented. Was demolition the sole alternative for Le Mirail?s future? This paper aims at identifying certain themes around the conception of the dalle, capable of informing today?s theory and practice in the design of new shopping/public-scapes. It reflects on both the most positive values of the project and on its naiveties and mistakes, conscious of the social unrest that aggrandized them. Ultimately, it calls for a deeper reflection on the urban proposals of the Modern Movement, beyond demolition as the only possible solution.

Port planning for the Port of Vigo using port and city integration criteria

Project planning and architectural management of a port area should include many variables, it must be in harmony with its environment and its historical development as the key to successful integration. This article explains the elements which should be taken into account when doing such planning by describing the proposal presented on the ?Concurso public internacional de ideas para proyectar la ordenación urbanística y arquitectónica del área central del puerto de Vigo?, with the aim of sharing comprehensive applied design philosofy, it will inspire and help future designers. Creative imagination is great added value to engineering creations, but should not overwhelm functionality and sustainability, but to be in harmony with them. The maximum aesthetic expression in engineering is achieved as the product of the conceptual elegance of the functionality of the structures.

Effects of irrigation and time of application on the yield and quality of cv. Cabernet sauvignon in a warm climate

Mediterranean climate is characterized by hot summer, high evapotranspiration rates, and scarce precipitations (400 mm per year) during grapevine cycle. These extremely dry conditions affect vineyard productivity and sustainability. Supplementary irrigation is a needed practice in order to maintain yield and quality. Almost all Spanish grape growing regions are characterized by these within this context, especially in the center region, where this study was performed. The main objective of this work was to study the influence of irrigation on yield and quality. For this aim, we applied different levels of irrigation (mm of water applied) during different stages of growth and berry maturity. Four experimental treatments were applied considering the amount of water and the moment of the application: T1: Water irrigation (420 mm) applied from bloom to maturity. T2: Corresponded to the traditional irrigation scheduling, from preveraison to maturity (154 mm). T3: Water irrigation from bloom to preveraison, and water deficit from veraison to maturity (312 mm). T4: Irrigation applied from preveraison to maturity (230 mm) Experimental vineyard, cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, was located in a commercial vineyard (Bodegas Licinia S.L.) in the hot region of Morata de Tajuña (Madrid). The trial was performed during 2010 and 2011 seasons. Our results showed that yield increased from 2010 to 2011 in the treatments with a higher amount of water appli ed, T1 and T3 (24 and 10 % of yield increase respectively). This was mainly due to an increase in bud fertility (nº of bunches per shoot). Furthermore, sugar content was higher in T3 (27.3 ºBrix), followed by T2 (27 ºBrix). By contrast, T4 (irrigation from veraison) presented the lowest solid soluble concentration and the highest acidity. These results suggest that grapevine has an intrinsic capacity to adapt to its environment. However, this adaptation capacity should be evaluated considering the sensibility of quality parameters during the maturity period (acidity, pH, aroma, color...) and its impact on yield. Here, we demonstrated that a higher amount of water irrigation applied was no linked to a negative effect on quality.

Simulating Metabolic Processes Using an Architecture Based on Networks of Bio-inspired Processors.

In this work, we propose the Networks of Evolutionary Processors (NEP) [2] as a computational model to solve problems related with biological phenomena. In our first approximation, we simulate biological processes related with cellular signaling and their implications in the metabolism, by using an architecture based on NEP (NEP architecture) and their specializations: Networks of Polarized Evolutionary Processors (NPEP) [1] and NEP Transducers (NEPT) [3]. In particular, we use this architecture to simulate the interplay between cellular processes related with the metabolism as the Krebs cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle pathway (MAS) both being altered by signaling by calcium.

La construcción del espacio litoral. Una aproximación desde el marco legal

Es imposible entender, definir o actuar en el litoral sin tener en cuenta al menos tres puntos de vista y las relaciones e interacciones entre ellos: los procesos físicos del sistema litoral, la complejidad jurídica y competencial que determina el tipo y ámbito de la actuación, y la utilización de la costa como un recurso económico, productivo y cultural. En palabras de José Manuel Barragán, dicha relación se esquematiza de la siguiente manera: los recursos naturales constituyen la base del sistema productivo, mientras que el aparato jurídico y administrativo establece las relaciones entre aquellos y éste (1). Como creación socio política que regula la forma de actuar dentro del territorio, el ordenamiento jurídico es reflejo, en cada momento histórico, de los hábitos, prioridades y objetivos sobre el territorio. En muchas ocasiones, se desarrolla con el objetivo de equilibrar o corregir los errores pasados y presentes pero, obviamente, sin capacidad de pronosticar sus propias deficiencias a futuro. Como herramienta que define las intervenciones en el litoral, el marco legal ha sido parte fundamental en la construcción del espacio social litoral y en la destrucción del sistema ecológico. Por tanto, el análisis de su evolución permitirá establecer en cada momento sus puntos débiles, el valor social y económico que se otorga al territorio y los retos a futuro.

Máquinas o atmósferas: La estética de la energía en la arquitectura, 1750-2000 = From Machines to Atmospheres: The Aesthetics of Energy in Architecture, 1750-2000

La energía es ya un tema arquitectónico, pero su incorporación al proyecto ha sido hasta ahora fundamentalmente técnica, dando pie a una especie de funcionalismo ecológico cuyo destino es acaso repetir los errores de los viejos funcionalismos en su confianza de encontrar modos ‘objetivos’ de transmutar la energía en forma construida, pero sin que en tal proceso parezca haber hueco para mediaciones de tipo estético. Sin embargo, son precisamente tales mediaciones las que necesitan analizarse para que la adopción de los temas energéticos resulte fructífera en la arquitectura, y asimismo para dar cuenta de otras perspectivas complementarias —filosóficas, científicas, artísticas— que hoy forman el complejo campo semántico de la energía. Partiendo de la fecha de 1750 —que da comienzo simbólicamente al proceso de contaminaciones ‘modernas’ entre la arquitectura y otras disciplinas—, esta tesis analiza los diferentes modos con los que proyectos y edificios han expresado literal y analógicamente ciertos temas o ideales energéticos, demostrando la existencia de una ‘estética de la energía’ en la arquitectura y también de una tradición proyectual e intelectual sostenida en ella. Con este fin, se han seleccionados siete metáforas que vinculan tanto técnica como ideológicamente a la arquitectura con la energía: la metáfora de la máquina, asociada al ideal de movimiento y la autorregulación; las metáforas del arabesco, del cristal y del organismo, afines entre sí en su modo de dar cuenta del principio de la morfogénesis o energía creadora de la naturaleza; la metáfora de la actividad interna de los materiales; la metáfora del gradiente, que expresa la condición térmica y climática de la arquitectura, y, finalmente, la de la atmósfera que, recogiendo los sentidos anteriores, los actualiza en el contexto de la estética contemporánea. La selección de estas siete metáforas se ha llevado a cabo después de un barrido exhaustivo de la bibliografía precedente, y ha estructurado un relato cuyo método combina la perspectiva general —que permite cartografiar las continuidades históricas— con la cercana —que atiende a las problemas específicos de cada tema o metáfora—, complementándolas con una aproximación de sesgo iconográfico cuyo propósito es incidir en los vínculos que se dan entre lo ideológico y lo morfológico. El análisis ha puesto de manifiesto cómo detrás de cada una de estas metáforas se oculta un principio ideológico común —la justificación de la arquitectura desde planteamientos externos procedentes de la ciencia, la filosofía y el arte—, y cómo en cada uno de los casos estudiados las asimilaciones más fructíferas de la energía se han producido según mecanismos de mímesis analógica que inciden más en los procesos que en las formas que estos generan, y que en último término son de índole estética, lo cual constituye un indicio de los métodos de la arquitectura por venir. ABSTRACT Although it is already an architectural theme, the matter of incorporating energy into projects has up to now been mainly technical, giving rise to a kind of ecological functionalism which may be bound to old funcionalist mistakes in hopes of finding “objective” ways of transmuting energy into built forms without aesthetic considerations. However, it is precisely such considerations that need to be analyzed if the adoption of energy issues in architecture is to bear fruit and also to account for other complementary perspectives – philosophical, scientific, artistic – which today form the complex fabric of the energy semantic field. Beginning in 1750 – symbolic start of ‘modern’ contaminations between architecture and other disciplines –, this thesis analyzes the different ways in which projects and buildings have literally and analogically expressed certain subjects or ideals on energy, and demonstrates the existence of an “aesthetics of energy” in architecture, as well as of an intellectual and design tradition based on such aesthetics. For this purpose, seven metaphors are selected to link energy to architecture both technically and ideologically: the machine’s metaphor, associated with the ideal of mouvement and self-regulation; the arabesque, glass and the organism’s metaphors, which account for the morphogenesis principle, i.e. creative energy of nature; the metaphor linked to matter and the ideal of internal activity; the gradient’s metaphor, which expressed the thermal and climatic condition of architecture, and, finally, that of the atmosphere which, collecting the above meanings, updates them in the context of contemporary aesthetics. The selection of these seven metaphors was carried out after a thorough scan of the preceding literature, and has structured a reasoning that combines the overview method – which accounts for historical continuities – with the nearby one – which meets the specifics problems of each theme or metaphor –, both supplemented with an iconographic bias, the purpose of which is to visually express the links existing between the ideological and the morphological. So presented, the analysis shows how, behind each of these metaphors, lies a common ideological principle – the justification of architecture from scientific, philosophical and artistic “external” angles –, and how in each of the studied cases the most successful assimilation of energy were those produced by aesthetic mechanisms of analogical mimesis not focused in forms but in processes that generate them: an indication of the methods of architecture to come.

El vidrio y la luz en la envolvente contemporánea

Los arquitectos se han sentido progresivamente inclinados a incorporar superficies de vidrio cada vez mayores en sus proyectos de arquitectura, en correspondencia con una percepción socio-cultural del vidrio vinculada al progreso, la contemporaneidad y el bienestar, así como por la versatilidad de este material para expresar aspectos de la identidad del proyecto, establecer comunicación con el entorno y actuar como un escaparate para las tecnologías emergentes. A pesar de esta receptividad para acoger los sistemas tecnológicos más avanzados, la envolvente de vidrio contemporánea muy raramente integra tecnología avanzada para el control de la luz natural. Desde la arquitectura, el proyecto de la luz natural a través de la superficie de vidrio se ha explorado muy escasamente, aún cuando en las últimas tres décadas se haya producido una gran diversidad de soluciones tecnológicas para este propósito. Uno de los motivos principales para esta falta de sinergia es la inconsistencia conceptual que impulsa a los procesos proyectuales de la arquitectura y a los desarrollos tecnológicos para la sostenibilidad. Por un lado, las especificaciones de las tecnologías del control de la luz natural se determinan fundamentalmente desde una perspectiva científica de la eficiencia, que no tiene en consideración otros intereses y preocupaciones arquitectónicos. Por otro lado, la práctica arquitectónica no ha asimilado un pensamiento técnico en torno a la luz natural que lo determine como un agente clave del proceso proyectual, incluso cuando la sostenibilidad se perfile como la fuerza que ha de liderar la arquitectura del futuro y, en este sentido, sea una prioridad absoluta minimizar las consecuencias económicas y ecológicas del impacto negativo del vidrio. Por medio del escrutinio de valores culturales, proyectuales, funcionales y ecológicos, esta tesis aborda el estudio del precario diálogo transdisciplinar entre la evolución de la envolvente de vidrio en la arquitectura contemporánea y el desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas para el proyecto de la luz natural, e identifica sus principales puntos de divergencia como los temas centrales desde los que proyectar con vidrio en una arquitectura sostenible futura. Desde una perspectiva energética, este ejercicio es un paso crítico para concienciar sobre la gravedad de la situación presente y establecer los cimientos para líneas de intervención esenciales para hacer a ambos mundos converger. Desde la óptica arquitectónica, este estudio representa además de una oportunidad para entender los potenciales proyectuales de estas tecnologías y reflexionar sobre la relación vidrio-luz, un escenario desde el que comprender el estatus incongruente de la sostenibilidad tecnológica en la arquitectura actual, contribuyendo a que se genere una contextualización recíproca entre la investigación en energía y la práctica de la arquitectura futura. ABSTRACT Architects are increasingly demanded to incorporate extensive glazed areas in buildings in correspondence with a socio-cultural perception of glass linked with progress, contemporaneity and welfare, as well as for this material’s versatility to express identity features, establish communication with its environment, and perform as a showroom for emergent technologies. Despite this disposition to take cutting-edge technology in, the contemporary glass envelope very scarcely integrates advanced daylight control technology. From an architectural standpoint, the exploration of the manipulation of natural light through the glass surface has been very swallow, even though a wide range of technical solutions has being produced in the last three decades for this purpose. One of the core issues behind this inconsistency is the lack of established synergy between architectural design processes and sustainable technological developments. From one side, the specifications of daylighting technologies are primarily determined by a scientific perspective of efficiency and disregard fundamental architectural concerns and interests. From another, architectural practice does not conceive sustainable technologies as key active agents in the design process, despite the fact the concept of sustainability is constantly regarded as the driving force of the leading-edge architecture of the future, and in this sense, it becomes an absolute priority to minimize the ecological and economical consequences of glass decisive impact in buildings. Through the scrutiny of cultural, functional and ecological values, this thesis analyses the precarious transdisciplinary dialogue between the evolution of the glass envelope in contemporary architecture and the development of daylighting technological solutions, and identifies the core affairs necessary to a sustainable integration of glass facades into future architecture. From an energy point of view, this exercise is a critical step to raise awareness about the severity of the present situation, and to establish the underpinnings for new lines of intervention essential to make both worlds efficiently converge. Architecturally speaking, in addition to the opportunity to understand the design potentials of these technologies and reflect on the relationship glasslight, this study contributes with a scenario from which generate the reciprocal contextualization of energy building research to future architectural practices.