Policy as a struggle for meaning: disentangling knowledge translation across international health contexts

Over the last decade, research in medical science has focused on knowledge translation and diffusion of best practices to enable improved health outcomes. However, there has been less attention given to the role of policy in influencing the translation of best practice across different national contexts. This paper argues that the underlying set of public discourses of healthcare policy significantly influences its development with implications for the dissemination of best practices. Our research uses Critical Discourse Analysis to examine the policy discourses surrounding the treatment of stroke across Canada and the U.K. It focuses in specific on how concepts of knowledge translation, user empowerment, and service innovation construct different accounts of the health service in the two countries. These findings provide an important yet overlooked starting point for understanding the role of policy development in knowledge transfer and the translation of science into health practice. © 2011 Operational Research Society. All rights reserved.

食物种类和浓度对壶状臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

使用浓度为0．3mg／mL的椭圆小球藻、尖细栅藻和两者以1：1（湿重比）组成的混合藻在26±1℃下对壶状臂尾轮虫进行单个体培养研究。结果表明，虽然三类食物对轮虫的胚胎发育时间和平均寿命无显著影响，但投喂小球藻时轮虫的生殖前期明显比投喂栅藻或混合藻时短，投喂小球藻时轮虫的生殖期明显比投喂栅藻时长；轮虫的生殖后期历时以栅藻组最长，混合藻组次之，小球藻组最短，三者间具显著差异。轮虫的繁殖率、产卵量和种群内禀增长率均以小球藻组最高，混合藻组次之，栅藻组最低。由此可见，小球藻是该种轮虫培养的最适饵料。以浓度为0．3

鲈形目少鳞鳜属(Coreoperca)化石在中国的首次发现

记述的山东少鳞鳜（新种）（Ｃｏｒｅｏｐｅｒｃａ ｓｈａｎｄｏｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ）是该属化石在我国的首次发现，标本产自山东山旺早中新世晚期山旺组纹层状硅藻页岩之上的含硅藻泥页岩中。山东少鳞鳜的发现，说明原始鳜类在中新世已发生分化，在中新世时期的中国大陆和日本列岛均已相当繁盛。少鳞鳜属可能并非起源于朝鲜和日本一带，之后扩散到中国，而是中新世广布于东亚的鱼类，这进一步支持了关于中国东部和日本列岛新生代晚期同属一个鱼类区系的观点。

蓝藻的一种人工转化系统研究

本研究用溶菌酶处理ＳｙｎｅｃｈｏｃｏｃｃｕｓＰＣＣ６３０１细胞诱导人工感受态，并用外源质粒ｐＢＲ３２５转化受体细胞表达氯霉素抗性，转化频率接近５×１０￣（－５）转化子／细胞。用转化子ＤＮＡ再进行次级转化，转化频率可达５×１０￣（－４）转化子／细胞。这比以前的研究者对同种藻株，用克隆的ＤＮＡ、通过生理感受态进行转化得到的转化频率要高。ＤＮＡ电泳、次级转化和斑点杂交证明外源质粒通过单交换已经整合到了受体细胞染色体上。这些结果表明，人工转化系统是有效的，并具有可重复性。对于影响转化的一些条件，如ＤＮＡ与细胞保温

长江中游草鱼天然种群的生化遗传结构及变异

采用淀粉或聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法分析了长江中游武汉江段草鱼天然种群(n=81)中10种同工酶约28个基因座位的遗传变异型。该种群的多态座位比例为16.7%,平均杂合度为0.0739。而Utter和Folmar(1978)曾报道美国的5个草鱼人工繁殖种群的多态座位比例及平均杂合度分别为6%和0.021。比较结果表明,近交很可能是导致草鱼人工繁殖种群中遗传变异性降低的主要原因。我们认为生产上采用数量大、来源广的亲鱼进行人工繁殖,并定期用天然种群更换或补充繁殖用亲鱼很可能是保持或增加鱼类人工繁殖种群遗传变异性的

A self-adaptive genetic algorithm applied to multi-objective optimization of an airfoil

Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been used to tackle non-linear multi-objective optimization (MOO) problems successfully, but their success is governed by key parameters which have been shown to be sensitive to the nature of the particular problem, incorporating concerns such as the numbers of objectives and variables, and the size and topology of the search space, making it hard to determine the best settings in advance. This work describes a real-encoded multi-objective optimizing GA (MOGA) that uses self-adaptive mutation and crossover, and which is applied to optimization of an airfoil, for minimization of drag and maximization of lift coefficients. The MOGA is integrated with a Free-Form Deformation tool to manage the section geometry, and XFoil which evaluates each airfoil in terms of its aerodynamic efficiency. The performance is compared with those of the heuristic MOO algorithms, the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS) and NSGA-II, showing that this GA achieves better convergence.

Designing and testing an advanced pneumatic braking system for heavy vehicles

Heavy goods vehicles exhibit poor braking performance in emergency situations when compared to other vehicles. Part of the problem is caused by sluggish pneumatic brake actuators, which limit the control bandwidth of their antilock braking systems. In addition, heuristic control algorithms are used that do not achieve the maximum braking force throughout the stop. In this article, a novel braking system is introduced for pneumatically braked heavy goods vehicles. The conventional brake actuators are improved by placing high-bandwidth, binary-actuated valves directly on the brake chambers. A made-for-purpose valve is described. It achieves a switching delay of 3-4 ms in tests, which is an order of magnitude faster than solenoids in conventional anti-lock braking systems. The heuristic braking control algorithms are replaced with a wheel slip regulator based on sliding mode control. The combined actuator and slip controller are shown to reduce stopping distances on smooth and rough, high friction (μ = 0.9) surfaces by 10% and 27% respectively in hardware-in-the-loop tests compared with conventional ABS. On smooth and rough, low friction (μ = 0.2) surfaces, stopping distances are reduced by 23% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, the overall air reservoir size required on a heavy goods vehicle is governed by its air usage during an anti-lock braking stop on a low friction, smooth surface. The 37% reduction in air usage observed in hardware-in-the-loop tests on this surface therefore represents the potential reduction in reservoir size that could be achieved by the new system. © 2012 IMechE.

Understanding and navigating industrial emergence

Industrial emergence is a broad and complex domain, with relevant perspectives ranging in scale from the individual entrepreneur and firm with the business decisions and actions they make to the policies of nations and global patterns of industrialisation. The research described in this article has adopted a holistic approach, based on structured mapping methods, in an attempt to depict and understand the dynamics and patterns of industrial emergence across a broad spectrum from early scientific discovery to large-scale industrialisation. The breadth of scope and application has enabled a framework and set of four tools to be developed that have wide applicability. The utility of the approaches has been demonstrated through case studies and trials in a diverse range of industrial contexts. The adoption of such a broad scope also presents substantial challenges and limitations, with these providing an opportunity for further research. © IMechE 2013.

广西鲤科鱼类二新种

<正> 1981—1983年,我们在拍摄、编写《中国淡水鱼类原色图集》时,从广西采集一批鱼类标本,经鉴定其中有二新种。正模标本,编号83-IV-0388,全长183毫米,体长147毫米。副模标本7尾,编号83-IV-0008,83-IV-0085,83-IV-0384-0387,83-IV-0389,全长152一227毫米,体长121一184毫米。

粘孢子纲新科的代表——安永七囊虫SEPTEMCAPSULA YASUNAGAI,新属新种

<正> 日本国安永统男先生(Norio Yasunaga, 1981)报道在日本长崎五岛一些养殖场饲养的花鲈 Lateolabrax japonicus发生一种粘孢子虫病,引起严重死亡。他从病鱼脑腔里找到这种病原体的孢囊标本,赠给作者两块,以研究它的形态结构和分类问题。通过对标本的详细观察、研究,认为这种粘孢子虫的孢子,形态结构比较特殊,不仅足以作为独立的属,而且是一新科的代表。

An integrated 2-D model of a lithium ion battery: The effect of material parameters and morphology on storage particle stress

An integrated 2-D model of a lithium ion battery is developed to study the mechanical stress in storage particles as a function of material properties. A previously developed coupled stress-diffusion model for storage particles is implemented in 2-D and integrated into a complete battery system. The effect of morphology on the stress and lithium concentration is studied for the case of extraction of lithium in terms of previously developed non-dimensional parameters. These non-dimensional parameters include the material properties of the storage particles in the system, among other variables. We examine particles functioning in isolation as well as in closely-packed systems. Our results show that the particle distance from the separator, in combination with the material properties of the particle, is critical in predicting the stress generated within the particle. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.

Nonylphenol and octylphenol in urban eutrophic lakes of the subtropical China

The paper studied two estrogenic pollutants, 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments in urban eutrophic lakes. The concentrations of NP ranged from 1.94 to 32.85 mu g/l, 0.876 to 31.13 mu g/l and 3.54 to 32.43 mu g/g dry weight (dw) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively, and that of OP from 0.027 to 1.44 mu g/l, 0.008 to 1.777 mu g/l and 0.058 to 1.245 mu g/g dw in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively. An increasing trend in the concentration was noticed in all matrices close to the sewage inlets, which was found to be the major factor affecting the spatial distribution of alkylphenols (APs) in the lakes. Due to restoration of submerged macrophytes, which might accumulate APs, the contaminations of APs in the Little Moon Lake (LML) and the Little Lotus Lake (LLL) were lower than those in the Big, Moon Lake (BML) and the Bier Lotus Lake (BLL). A reasonable correlation of NP and OP was obtained among water, suspended particle and sediment. The possible environmental stress of APs concentration on aquatic organisms in Wuhan urban lakes was also discussed.

Development of the microbial communities in Lake Donghu in relation to water quality

There is increasing recognition that protozoa is very useful in monitoring and evaluating water ecological healthy and quality. In order to study the relationship between structure and function of protozoan communities and water qualities, six sampling stations were set on Lake Donghu, a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake. Microbial communities and protists sampling from the six stations was conducted by PFU (Polyurethane foam unit) method. Species number (S), diversity index (DI), percentage of phytomastigophra, community pollution value (CPV), community similarity and heterophy index (HI) were mensurated. The measured indicators of water quality included total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4 (+), NO2 (-) and NO3-. Every month water samples from stations I, II, III, IV were chemically analyzed for a whole year, Among the chemically analyzed stations, station I was the most heavily polluted, station II was the next, stations III and IV had similar pollution degrees. The variable tendencies of COD, TP, NH3, NO2-, NO3-, and DO during the year was approximately coincident among the six stations. Analysis from the community parameters showed that the pollution of station 0 was much more serious than others, and station V was the most slight. Of the community parameters, CPV and HI were sensitive in reflecting the variables of the water quality. Community similarity index was also sensitive in dividing water qualities and the water quality status of different stations could be correctly classified by the cluster analysis. DI could reflect the tendency of water quality gradient, species number and percentage of Phytomastigophora was not obvious in indicating the water quality gradient.