Resistance Exercise Intensity Progression in Older Men

Our purpose was to examine possible influences of age on resistance exercise (RE) intensity progression in men. Twenty-four men, divided in young sedentary (YS; n = 10; 25.9 +/- 3.7 years), older sedentary (OS; n = 7; 67.4 +/- 5.2 years), and older runners (OR; n = 7; 71.3 +/- 3.0 years), underwent a 2 times-a-week RE program for 13 weeks. Muscle strength was assessed before and after training by 1-repetition maximum test. RE workloads were recorded for each exercise session, and increases of 5-10% were made whenever adaptation occurred. Muscle strength improved similarly in all groups after RE (P < 0.001). Relative RE intensity progression was not significantly different between YS and OS, except for a greater increase in calf raise relative workload observed in YS (P < 0.05). In contrast, OR displayed greater relative workload increase in 7 and 6 exercises than YS and OS, respectively (P < 0.05). The RE was safe as no injuries or major muscle pain were observed in either group. These results suggest that healthy sedentary older men are capable to exercise and increase RE intensity in the same way as young men, while physically active older men are capable to increase RE intensity in greater way than sedentary young and older men.

Increased expression of monocarboxylate transporters 1, 2, and 4 in colorectal carcinomas

Tumour cells are known to be highly glycolytic, thus producing high amounts of lactic acid. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), by promoting the efflux of the accumulating acids, constitute one of the most important mechanisms in the maintenance of tumour intracellular pH. Since data concerning MCT expression in colorectal carcinomas (CRC) are scarce and controversial, the present study aimed to assess the expressions of MCT1, 2, and 4 in a well characterized series of CRC and assess their role in CRC carcinogenesis. CRC samples (126 cases) were analyzed for MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 immunoexpression and findings correlated with clinico-pathological parameters. Expression of all MCT isoforms in tumour cells was significantly increased when compared to adjacent normal epithelium. Remarkably, there was a significant gain of membrane expression for MCT1 and MCT4 and loss of plasma membrane expression for MCT2 in tumour cells. Plasma membrane expression of MCT1 was directly related to the presence of vascular invasion. This is the larger study on MCT expression in CRC and evaluates for the first time its clinico-pathological significance. The increased expression of these transporters suggests an important role in CRC, which might justify their use, especially MCT1 and MCT4, as targets in CRC drug therapy.

Airway epithelium mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise on asthma

Airway epithelium plays an important role in the asthma physiopathology. Aerobic exercise decreases Th2 response in murine models of allergic asthma, but its effects on the structure and activation of airway epithelium in asthma are unknown. BALB/c mice were divided into control, aerobic exercise, ovalbumin-sensitized and ovalbumin-sensitized plus aerobic exercise groups. Ovalbumin sensitization occurred on days 0, 14, 28, 42, and aerosol challenge from day 21 to day 50. Aerobic exercise started on day 22 and ended on day 50. Total cells and eosinophils were reduced in ovalbumin-sensitized group submitted to aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise also reduced the oxidative and nitrosative stress and the epithelial expression of Th2 cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors and NF-kB and P2X7 receptor. Additionally, aerobic exercise increased the epithelial expression of IL-10 in non-sensitized and sensitized animals. These findings contribute to the understanding of the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise for chronic allergic airway inflammation, suggesting an immune-regulatory role of exercise on airway epithelium. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Low-Intensity Swimming Training Partially Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury

RAMOS, D. S. C. R. OLIVO. F. D. QUIRINO SANTOS LOPES, A. C. TOLEDO, M. A. MARTINS, R. A. LAZO OSORIO. M. DOLHNIKOFF, W. RIBEIRO, and R. R VIEIRA. Low-Intensity Swimming Training Partially Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.. Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 113-119, 2010. Background: Aerobic exercise-decreases pulmonary inflammation and remodeling in experimental models of allergic asthma. However, the effects of aerobic exercise oil pulmonary inflammation of nonallergic Origin, such as in experimental models of acute long injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), have not been evaluated. Objective: The present study evaluated file effects of aerobic exercise in a model of LPS-induced acute lung injury. Methods: BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: Control, Aerobic Exercise, LPS, and Aerobic Exercise + LPS. Swimming tests were conducted at baseline and at 3 and 6 wk. Low-Intensity swimming training was performed for 6 wk, four times per week, 60 min per session. Intranasal LPS (1 mg.kg(-1) (60 mu g per mouse)) was instilled 24 It after the last swimming physical test in the LPS and Aerobic Exercise + LPS mice, and the animals were studied 24 It after LPS instillation. Exhaled nitric oxide, respiratory mechanics, total and differential cell Counts in bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung parenchymal inflammation and remodeling were evaluated. Results: LPS instillation resulted in increased levels of exhaled nitric oxide (P < 0.001), higher numbers of neutrophils in file bronchoalveolar lavage (P < 0.001) and in the lung parenchyma (P < 0.001), and decreased lung tissue resistance (P < 0.05) and volume proportion of elastic fibers (P < 0.01) compared with the Control group. Swim training in LPS-instilled animals resulted in significantly lower exhaled nitric oxide levels (P < 0.001) and fewer nelltrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (P < 0.001) and the lung parenchyma (P < 0.01) compared with the LPS group. Conclusions: These results Suggest that low-intensity swimming training inhibits lung neutrophilic inflammation, but not remodeling and impaired lung mechanics, in a model of LPS-induced acute lung injury.

AGE DOES NOT AFFECT EXERCISE INTENSITY PROGRESSION AMONG WOMEN

Ciolac, EG, Brech, GC, and Greve, JMD. Age does not affect exercise intensity progression among women. J Strength Cond Res 24(11): 3023-3031, 2010-It has been recommended that the intensity of exercise training (ET) should progress slowly with lower increments in older than in young people. However, scientific evidence supporting this recommendation is lacking. Our aim was to examine possible influences of age on exercise intensity progression in healthy women. Seventeen young (29.1 +/- 5.7 years) and 16 older women (64.5 +/- 4.5 years) underwent 13 weeks of ET consisting of cycle ergometry (CE, 65-75% of reserve heart rate), whole-body resistance exercise (RE, 60% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), and stretching. Muscle strength was assessed before and after ET by the 1RM. Cycle ergometry and RE workloads were recorded for each exercise session, and increases of 5-10% were made whenever adaptation occurred. Absolute muscle strength after ET improved (p < 0.001) in both groups, and there were no significant differences between groups. Relative exercise intensity progression was not significantly different between groups for RE (Pearson`s correlation = 0.98 +/- 0.01), but it was greater in older women for CE (p = 0.047). The ET was safe because no injuries or major muscle pain was observed in either group. These results suggest that healthy older women are capable of exercising and increasing exercise intensity in the same way as young women.

Low-dose estrogen therapy does not change postexercise hypotension, sympathetic nerve activity reduction, and vasodilation in healthy postmenopausal women

The aim of this study was to determine whether estrogen therapy enhances postexercise muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) decrease and vasodilation, resulting in a greater postexercise hypotension. Eighteen postmenopausal women received oral estrogen therapy (ET; n = 9, 1 mg/day) or placebo (n = 9) for 6 mo. They then participated in one 45-min exercise session (cycle ergometer at 50% of oxygen uptake peak) and one 45-min control session (seated rest) in random order. Blood pressure (BP, oscillometry), heart rate (HR), MSNA (microneurography), forearm blood flow (FBF, plethysmography), and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) were measured 60 min later. FVR was calculated. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. Although postexercise physiological responses were unaltered, HR was significantly lower in the ET group than in the placebo group (59 +/- 2 vs. 71 +/- 2 beats/min, P < 0.01). In both groups, exercise produced significant decreases in systolic BP (145 +/- 3 vs. 154 +/- 3 mmHg, P = 0.01), diastolic BP (71 +/- 3 vs. 75 +/- 2 mmHg, P = 0.04), mean BP (89 +/- 2 vs. 93 +/- 2 mmHg, P = 0.02), MSNA (29 +/- 2 vs. 35 +/- 1 bursts/min, P < 0.01), and FVR (33 +/- 4 vs. 55 +/- 10 units, P = 0.01), whereas it increased FBF (2.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 ml (.) min(-1) (.) 100 ml(-1), P = 0.02) and did not change HR (64 +/- 2 vs. 65 +/- 2 beats/min, P = 0.3). Although ET did not change postexercise BP, HR, MSNA, FBF, or FVR responses, it reduced absolute HR values at baseline and after exercise.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of physical exercises and estrogen therapy on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the isolated and associated effects of estrogen therapy (estradiol valerate 1 mg/d orally) and physical exercise (moderate aerobic exercise, 3 h/wk) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and menopausal symptoms among women who had undergone hysterectomy. Design: A 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 44 postmenopausal women who had undergone hysterectomy. The interventions were physical exercise and hormone therapy (n = 9), being sedentary and hormone therapy (n = 14), physical exercise and placebo (n = 11), and being sedentary and placebo (n = 10). HRQOL was assessed by a Brazilian standard version of the Medical Outcome Study Short-Forrn Health Survey and symptoms by Kupperman Index at baseline and after 6 months. Results: There was a decrease in symptoms in all groups, but only groups who performed physical exercise showed an increase in quality of life. Analysis of variance showed that changes in physical functioning (P = 0.001) and bodily pain (P = 0.012) scores over the 6-month period differed significantly between women who exercised and women who were sedentary, regardless of hormone therapy. Hormone therapy had no effect, and there was also no significant association between physical exercise and hormone therapy in HRQOL. Conclusions: Physical exercises can reduce menopausal symptoms and enhance HRQOL, independent of whether hormone therapy is taken.

Fatty acid synthesis and generation of glycerol-3-phosphate in brown adipose tissue from rats fed a cafeteria diet

In vivo fatty acid synthesis and the pathways of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) production were investigated in brown adipose tissue (BAT) from rats fed a cafeteria diet for 3 weeks. In spite of BAT activation, the diet promoted an increase in the carcass fatty acid content. Plasma insulin levels were markedly increased in cafeteria diet-fed rats. Two insulin-sensitive processes, in vivo fatty acid synthesis and in vivo glucose uptake (which was used to evaluate G3P generation via glycolysis) were increased in BAT from rats fed the cafeteria diet. Direct glycerol phosphorylation, evaluated by glycerokinase (GyK) activity and incorporation of [U-(14)C]glycerol into triacylglycerol (TAG)-glycerol, was also markedly increased in BAT from these rats. In contrast, the cafeteria diet induced a marked reduction of BAT glyceroneogenesis, evaluated by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-C activity and incorporation of [1-(14)C]pyruvate into TAG-glycerol. BAT denervation resulted in an approximately 50% reduction of GyK activity, but did not significantly affect BAT in vivo fatty acid synthesis, in vivo glucose uptake, or glyceroneogenesis. The data suggest that the supply of G3P for BAT TAG synthesis can be adjusted independently from the sympathetic nervous system and solely by reciprocal changes in the generation of G3P via glycolysis and via glyceroneogenesis, with no participation of direct phosphorylation of glycerol by GyK.

Maxillary sinuses microbiology from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

There isn`t definitive and consistent data concerning the distribution of bacterial species in patients with Chronic Sinusitis (CS). The variability of the results from studies in CS may be due to the different techniques used as collection method, variations in culture methods, previous antibiotic use, and difficulty in distinguishing bacterial flora from pathogenic agents. Study design: Clinical prospective. Aim: To identify the incidence of microorganisms in patients with CRS by growing bacteria from the secretion of the maxillary sinus. Patients and Methods: Cross-sectional study in 62 patients that had undergone FESS for treatment of chronic sinusitis; cultures from the maxillary sinus were obtained. Results: 62 samples, 33 (53.2%) had no growth; 29 (45.2%) counts of aerobic bacteria; one case (1.6%) of fungus growth; we did not find anaerobic bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the one more frequently found - 8 samples (27.6%), Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 4 samples each; Streptococcus pneumoniae in 3 samples (10.4%); other Gram negative agents in 17 samples (31%). Conclusion: In the present study we concluded that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other Gram negatives bacteria and Staphylococcus spp were the representatives of the bacterial flora found in the paranasal sinuses of patients with CS.

Nitric oxide synthesis blockade reduced the baroreflex sensitivity in trained rats

Objective: The present study has investigated the effect of blockade of nitric oxide synthesis on cardiovascular autonomic adaptations induced by aerobic physical training using different approaches: 1) double blockade with methylatropine and propranolol; 2) systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and heart rate variability (HRV) by means of spectral analysis; and 3) baroreflex sensitivity. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary rats (SR); sedentary rats treated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for one week (SRL); rats trained for eight weeks (TR); and rats trained for eight weeks and treated with L-NAME in the last week (TRL). Results: Hypertension and tachycardia were observed in SRL group. Previous physical training attenuated the hypertension in L-NAME-treated rats. Bradycardia was seen in TR and TRL groups, although such a condition was more prominent in the latter. All trained rats had lower intrinsic heart rates. Pharmacological evaluation of cardiac autonomic tonus showed sympathetic predominance in SRL group, differently than other groups. Spectral analysis of HRV showed smaller low frequency oscillations (LF: 0.2-0.75 Hz) in SRL group compared to other groups. Rats treated with L-NAME presented greater LF oscillations in the SAP compared to non-treated rats, but oscillations were found to be smaller in TRL group. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition with L-NAME reduced the baroreflex sensitivity in sedentary and trained animals. Conclusion: Our results showed that nitric oxide synthesis blockade impaired the cardiovascular autonomic adaptations induced by previous aerobic physical training in rats that might be, at least in part, ascribed to a decreased baroreflex sensitivity. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of progressive exercise during phase I cardiac rehabilitation on the heart rate variability of patients with acute myocardial infarction

Purpose. aEuro integral Heart rate variability (HRV) decreases after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to changes in cardiac autonomic balance. The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to evaluate the effects of a progressive exercise protocol used in phase I cardiac rehabilitation on the HRV of patients with post-AMI. Material and methods. aEuro integral Thirty-seven patients who had been admitted to hospital with their first non-complicated AMI were studied. The treated group (TG, n == 21, age == 52 +/-+/- 12 years) performed a 5-day programme of progressive exercise during phase I cardiac rehabilitation, while the control group (CG, n == 16, age == 54 +/-+/- 11 years) performed only respiratory exercises. Instantaneous heart rate (HR) and RR interval were acquired by a HR monitor (Polar (R) A (R) S810i). HRV was analysed by frequency domain methods. Power spectral density was expressed as normalised units (nu) at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies, and as LF/HF. Results. aEuro integral After 5 days of progressive exercise, the TG showed an increase in HFnu (35.9 +/-+/- 19.5 to 65.19 +/-+/- 25.4) and a decrease in LFnu and LF/HF (58.9 +/-+/- 21.4 to 32.5 +/-+/- 24.1; 3.12 +/-+/- 4.0 to 1.0 +/-+/- 1.5, respectively) in the resting position (p < 0.05). No changes were observed in the CG. Conclusions. aEuro integral A progressive physiotherapeutic exercise programme carried out during phase I cardiac rehabilitation, as supplement to clinical treatment increased vagal and decreased sympathetic cardiac modulation in patients with post-AMI.

Effects of aeration on characteristics of sugarcane silage.

Effects of aeration on characteristics of sugarcane silage. This trial aimed at evaluating, the deleterious effects of aeration time on nutritive value and other fermentative characteristics of sugarcane silage. A completely randomized design was used with three treatments and four repetitions per treatment. Fresh chopped sugarcane was exposed to aeration for 0, 4 or 8 hours, and ensiled soon After exposure, the material was ensiled in 12 laboratory silos (plastic buckets). Silos were opened 85 after ensiling, when organic acids contents and chemical composition of silages were determined. Deviation of linearity (p < 0.05) was observed for aeration time on dry matter. A positive linear effect was observed (p < 0.05) on ADF, NDF and soluble carbohydrates content, but negative for ammoniacal nitrogen content and in vitro digestibility of dry matter. For organic acids content, deviation of linearity was observed on acetic acid, with the lowest content (1.5% of DM) observed after 8 hours of aeration, and a negative linear effect was observed for lactic and butyric acids, as well as for pH values. There were no effects on ethanol concentration, which remained very high (22% of DM), regardless of aeration time. Aerobic stability of silage worsened with the increase in aeration time.

Unprecedented oxidation of a biologically active aroylhydrazone chelator catalysed by iron(III): serendipitous identification of diacylhydrazine ligands with high iron chelation efficacy

Ligands of the 2-pyridylcarbaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone class show high iron (Fe) sequestering efficacy and have potential as agents for the treatment of Fe overload disease. We have investigated the mechanisms responsible for their high activity. X-ray crystallography studies show that the tridentate chelate 2-pyridylcarbaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone undergoes an unexpected oxidation to isonicotinoyl(picolinoyl)hydrazine when complexed with Fe-III. In contrast, in the absence of Fel the parent hydrazone is not oxidized in aerobic aqueous solution. To examine whether the diacylhydrazine could be responsible for the biological effects of 2-pyridylcarbaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone, their Fe chelation efficacy was compared. In contrast to its parent hydrazone, the diacylhydrazine showed little Fe chelation activity. Potentiometric titrations suggested that this might be because the diacylhydrazine was charged at physiological pH, hindering its access across membranes to intracellular Fe pools. In contrast, the Fe complex of this diacylhydrazine was charge neutral, which may allow facile movement through membranes. These data allow a model of Fe chelation for this compound to be proposed: the parent aroylhydrazone diffuses through cell membranes to bind Fe and is subsequently oxidized to the diacylhydrazine complex which then diffuses from the cell. Other diacylhydrazine analogues that were charge neutral at physiological pH demonstrated high Fe chelation efficacy. Thus, for this class of ligands, the charge of the chelator appears to be an important factor for determining their ability to access intracellular Fe. The results of this study are significant for understanding the biological activity of 2-pyridylcarbaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone and for the design of novel diacylhydrazine chelators for clinical use.

Hemin reconstitutes proton extrusion in an H+-ATPase-negative mutant of Lactococcus lactis

H+-ATPase is considered essential for growth of Lactococcus lactis. However, media containing hemin restored the aerobic growth of an H+-ATPase-negative mutant, suggesting that hemin complements proton extrusion. We show that inverted membrane vesicles prepared from hemin-grown L. lactis cells are capable of coupling NADH oxidation to proton translocation.

Accumulation of manganese in Neisseria gonorrhoeae correlates with resistance to oxidative killing by superoxide anion and is independent of superoxide dismutase activity

As a facultative aerobe with a high iron requirement and a highly active aerobic respiratory chain, Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires defence systems to respond to toxic oxygen species such as superoxide. It has been shown that supplementation of media with 100 muM Mn(II) considerably enhanced the resistance of this bacterium to oxidative killing by superoxide. This protection was not associated with the superoxide dismutase enzymes of N. gonorrhoeae. In contrast to previous studies, which suggested that some strains of N. gonorrhoeae might not contain a superoxide dismutase, we identified a sodB gene by genome analysis and confirmed its presence in all strains examined by Southern blotting, but found no evidence for sodA or sodC. A sodB mutant showed very similar susceptibility to superoxide killing to that of wild-type cells, indicating that the Fe-dependent SOD B did not have a major role in resistance to oxidative killing under the conditions tested. The absence of a sodA gene indicated that the Mn-dependent protection against oxidative killing was independent of Mn-dependent SOD A. As a sodB mutant also showed Mn-dependent resistance to oxidative killing, then it is concluded that this resistance is independent of superoxide dismutase enzymes. Resistance to oxidative killing was correlated with accumulation of Mn(II) by the bacterium. We hypothesize that this bacterium uses Mn(II) as a chemical quenching agent in a similar way to the already established process in Lactobacillus plantarum. A search for putative Mn(II) uptake systems identified an ABC cassette-type system (MntABC) with a periplasmic-binding protein (MntC). An mntC mutant was shown to have lowered accumulation of Mn(II) and was also highly susceptible to oxidative killing, even in the presence of added Mn(II). Taken together, these data show that N. gonorrhoeae possesses a Mn(II) uptake system that is critical for resistance to oxidative stress.