Un tango de neutres sur fond de guerre : les relations économiques entre la Suisse et l'Argentine (1938-945)

Cet article porte sur les relations économiques entre deux pays restés neutres durant la guerre. Fondé sur des documents d'archives encore inexploités, il vise à comprendre comment la Suisse et l'Argentine sont parvenues à maintenir, et même à renforcer, leurs échanges malgré les obstacles liés au conflit. La guerre offre à la Suisse l'opportunité de gagner des parts importantes du marché argentin pour les produits phares de son industrie d'exportation. Au-delà des circonstances de la guerre, ce sont aussi les stratégies volontaristes mises en oeuvre par les milieux dirigeants helvétiques qui permettent ce résultat. Parmi ces stratégies, un crédit de 40 millions de francs suisses octroyés par les milieux financiers au Gouvernement argentin est au coeur de l'analyse.

[Archives de la Parole]. , [Parable of the prodigal son] : récit en télougou / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; Voix parlée, homme

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. Province de Madras [i.e. Chennai]]

Radioimmuno positron emission tomography with monoclonal antibodies: a new approach to quantifying in vivo tumour concentration and biodistribution for radioimmunotherapy.

Radioimmunodetection of tumours with monoclonal antibodies is becoming an established procedure. Positron emission tomography (PET) shows better resolution than normal gamma camera single photon emission tomography and can provide more precise quantitative data. Thus, in the present study, these powerful methods have been combined to perform radioimmuno PET (RI-PET). Monoclonal antibodies directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) an IgG, its F(ab')2 and a mouse-human chimeric IgG derived from it were labelled with 124I, a positron-emitting radionuclide with a convenient physical half-life of four days. Mice, xenografted with a CEA-producing human colon carcinoma, were injected with the 124I-MAb and the tumours were visualized using PET. The concentrations of 124I in tumour and normal tissue were determined by both PET and direct radioactivity counting of the dissected animals, with very good agreement. To allow PET quantification, a procedure was established to account for the presence of radioactivity during the absorption correction measurement (transmission scan). Comparison of PET and tissue counting indicates that this novel combination of radioimmunolocalization and PET (RI-PET) will provide, in addition to more precise diagnosis, more accurate radiation dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy.

De l'exceptio doli à l'interdiction de l'abus de droit : étude de droit romain et de droit suisse

INTRODUCTION La loi peut-elle conduire à l'injustice ? Depuis l'antiquité, les rapports entre la loi et la justice constituent un thème fondamental de la pensée occidentale. En témoigne notamment la récurrence, à travers les siècles, du débat entre jusnaturalistes -qui postulent l'existence et la prééminence d'un droit naturel, toujours conforme à l'équité - et positivistes - pour lesquels la question du caractère juste ou injuste d'une loi valablement édictée n'est d'aucune pertinence. Cette préoccupation n'atteint toutefois pas aux seules réflexions spéculatives des théoriciens du droit. La plupart des législateurs ont cherché à fonder leurs normes sur l'équité, et à les conformer ainsi à l'idée de justice qui prévalait lors de leur adoption. La question peut se poser toutefois de l'existence possible d'une «loi juste dans l'abstrait, antérieurement à toute concrétisation. N'est-ce pas au contraire le sort de toute norme que d'échapper à son auteur et de voir son sens précisé, complété, voire modifié au travers des multiples cas qu'elle est appelée à régler? Aristote avait déjà mis en évidence l'imperfection inhérente à toute norme générale. Aucun législateur ne peut en effet envisager la multiplicité des hypothèses dans lesquelles les particuliers invoqueront la norme par lui édictée. Il arrive dès lors que le juge soit confronté à une prétention qui paraît régulièrement fondée en droit, mais dont la mise en oeuvre en l'espèce aboutit à une injustice. Pour cette raison, la plupart des systèmes juridiques ont développé des moyens destinés à éviter que l'application du droit conduise à un résultat injuste que ri avait pas envisagé l'auteur de la norme. Cette étude se propose tout d'abord d'examiner la solution du droit romain. Celui-ci a en effet développé, à travers l'exceptio doli, une institution qui permet au magistrat de paralyser les effets d'une prétention, pourtant parfaitement fondée en droit civil. Après un examen du contexte de son apparition (titre I), il s'agira d'en étudier - en tentant de les classifier - les nombreux cas d'application (titre II), avant de proposer une définition générale de l'institution (titre III). Seront ensuite décrites les principales étapes de l'évolution de l'exceptio doli, à partir de la fin de l'Empire romain d'Occident, jusqu'au XXe siècle de notre ère (titre IV). Codifié au début du XXe siècle, le droit privé suisse a certes concrétisé, par nombre de dispositions particulières, les divers cas d'application de l'exceptio doli ; il connaît cependant une institution - l'interdiction de l'abus de droit (art. 2 al. 2 CC) - dont la fonction paraît très analogue à celle de l'antique exception de dol (titre V). Il conviendra d'examiner les hypothèses d'abus de droit qui correspondent aux cas d'application de l'exceptio doli (titre VI) et celles qui doivent leur origine à d'autres institutions (titre VII). On aura ainsi mis en évidence l'étendue du lien de filiation entre l'antique exceptio doli et l'interdiction de l'abus de droit en droit suisse, deux institutions vouées à la concrétisation de l'idée de justice lors de la mise en oeuvre des normes.

Avaliação do Potencial de Jatropha Curcas L. para Produção de Biodiesel (Santiago - Cabo Verde)

Este estudo teve como principal objectivo contribuir para a avaliação do potencial da espécie Jatropha curcas L. (purgueira) para a produção de biodiesel na ilha de Santiago – Cabo Verde. Foi efectuada uma caracterização de várias populações de plantas espontâneas ou cultivadas em diferentes regiões ecológicas da ilha de Santiago, bem como de 13 ecótipos existentes no banco de germoplasma do INIDA. Essa caracterização incidiu sobre um conjunto de caracteres morfológicos, produção de frutos e sementes, teor em óleo nas sementes e sua composição em ácidos gordos. As produções de frutos e semente foram muito baixas, com excepção da amostra Chã de Vaca, apresentando as populações espontâneas da ilha produções superiores às do banco. O teor em óleo das sementes variou entre 15,6% e 35%, o que foi inferior ao obtido em anteriores estudos. Verificou-se existir uma correlação entre o peso da semente e o teor em óleo apenas para as populações sub espontâneas/cultivadas. A composição em ácidos gordos não apresentou grandes diferenças face a anteriores trabalhos salientando-se os apreciáveis teores de ácido linolénico e linoleico. As amostras da Loura, Chã de Vacas e 17 do banco de germoplasma têm um perfil em ácidos gordos com maior teor de ácido oleico.

Les organisations Freies Deutschland en France et en Suisse : nouveaux partenaires allemands à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ?

Cet article analyse le processus qui mène à la légalisation des organisations Freies Deutschland en France et en Suisse. Celles-ci ont été fondées en automne 1943, à la suite du National Komitee « Freies Deutschland », leur organisation mère créée par des prisonniers de guerre de la Wehrmacht et des réfugiés politiques allemands. Le but de ces organisations est d'abattre le régime nazi et de rassembler les exilés et militaires allemands qui partagent ses buts. L'article analyse également comment les gouvernements français et suisse ont reçu ces organisations et dans quelle mesure ils leur ont permis d'exister et de développer leurs activités dans les deux pays. Leurs réactions face à ces organisations sont en grande partie déterminées par leur propre politique dans les domaines dans lesquels Freies Deutschland se propose également d'intervenir.

Medicao do impacto da irrigacao gota a gota no ambiente - Salinidade

Para dar continuidade ao estudo de avaliação do impacto do sistema de rega gota a gota no meio ambiente, foram colhidas 43 amostras de solos e 24 de águas, nas parcelas dos agricultores beneficiários dos projectos financiados pela ACDI/VOCA (Agricultural Cooperative Development International et Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance) na ilha de Santiago, e analisadas no Laboratório de Análise de Solos, Águas e Plantas (LASAP) do INIDA. Foram apr0esentados os resultados de análise do pH e da condutividade eléctrica (ECW), enquanto que os do azoto (N), do fósforo (P), do potássio (K), do magnésio (Mg) e do cálcio (Ca) serão apresentados posteriormente. Segundo esses resultados e, baseado na tabela de classificação de salini0dade do solo (INIDA, 1997), 65% dos solos analisados, situadas em Librão, Cidade Velha, Cabeça d'Horta, Pico Leão, Água de Gato, Chã de Vaca, Principal, São Francisco, Laje/Órgãos, Pó de Saco, Flamengos, Calhetona, Praia Formosa, são considerados sem efeito salino ou muito pouco salino; enquanto 24% das amostras localizadas em Praia Baixo, Castelinho e Cumba Baixo são solos considerados pouco a moderadamente salinos. Por outro lado encontramos que 11% dos solos analisados (situados em Baía e Achada Baleia) são classificados de fortemente a muito fortemente salinos. O alto teor de sais encontrado, nestes solos, poderá advir do efeito da intrusão salina e da maresia, adjuvada da aplicação de fertilizantes, assim como da má qualidade da água utilizada na rega. Recomenda-se, análises de solos periódicas, assim como a elaboração de um programa de fertilização racional. Comparando os resultados das análises do solo realizadas em 2002, encontramos que em 2004 houve um aumento substancial nos valores da condutividade eléctrica do solo. O pH do solo apresentou-se sem grandes variações (7,6 a 7,9), estando dentro dos valores encontrados para a maioria dos solos em Cabo Verde (Neutro a ligeiramente alcalino). 88 % das amostras de água dos furos, dos poços e das nascentes são classificados de boa qualidade (29%) e permissível (59%) para a rega, e não representam grandes riscos na salinização dos solos. O furo FT-44, na zona de Baía, carece de um cuidado especial na exploração e utilização da água para a rega. Pois, um controle dos pontos de água é fundamental para evitar a sobre-exploração e consequentemente a salinização dos mesmos. Alertamos, ainda, aos responsáveis dos serviços de água, da necessidade urgente de reavaliar a exploração do furo (FT-26) em Achada Baleia e o poço (P – 55-587) em Cassunda – Cumba, pelo facto de apresentarem valores elevados de condutividade eléctrica (3760 a 5550 S/cm), considerados de má qualidade para a rega.

Evaluación del recurso camarón Cryphiops caemantarius en los ríos Ocoña, Majes-Camaná y Tambo, octubre 1997

Presenta los resultados de las prospecciones ejecutadas en octubre de 1997, para estimar parámetros poblacionales, con especial referencia a los stocks de adultos y subadultos del recurso camarón de rió en los ríos Ocoña, Majes-Camaná y Tambo.

Indirect hydrogen monitoring by chemi-ionisation following an associative ionisation pathway after metastable helium atoms production by electron impact ionisation: Protonation and deuteration of carrier gas

Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical tool very useful to investigate the composition of gaseous mixtures. However, hydrogen (H2) detection after a GC separation is only possible with a Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD), a Helium Ionisation Detector (HID) or expensive Atomic Emission Detector (AED). Recently, indirect H2 detection by GC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) was demonstrated but the mechanism of carrier gas protonation remained unclear. With electron impact as ionisation source of MS and helium (He) as GC carrier gas, H2 is not ionised according the expected Penning ionisation neither according to the Associative ionisation. Rearrangement ionisation (RI) was found to be the main channel for H2 and D2 ionisation under GC-MS conditions used in most of laboratories using GC-MS, leading to the formation of [He−H]+ and [He−D]+ ions.

Analyses of six homologous proteins of Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25 encoded by large GC-rich genes (lgr): a model of evolution and concatenation of leucine-rich repeats.

BACKGROUND: Along the chromosome of the obligate intracellular bacteria Protochlamydia amoebophila UWE25, we recently described a genomic island Pam100G. It contains a tra unit likely involved in conjugative DNA transfer and lgrE, a 5.6-kb gene similar to five others of P. amoebophila: lgrA to lgrD, lgrF. We describe here the structure, regulation and evolution of these proteins termed LGRs since encoded by "Large G+C-Rich" genes. RESULTS: No homologs to the whole protein sequence of LGRs were found in other organisms. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that serial duplications producing the six LGRs occurred relatively recently and nucleotide usage analyses show that lgrB, lgrE and lgrF were relocated on the chromosome. The C-terminal part of LGRs is homologous to Leucine-Rich Repeats domains (LRRs). Defined by a cumulative alignment score, the 5 to 18 concatenated octacosapeptidic (28-meric) LRRs of LGRs present all a predicted alpha-helix conformation. Their closest homologs are the 28-residue RI-like LRRs of mammalian NODs and the 24-meres of some Ralstonia and Legionella proteins. Interestingly, lgrE, which is present on Pam100G like the tra operon, exhibits Pfam domains related to DNA metabolism. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the LRRs, enable us to propose a parsimonious evolutionary scenario of these domains driven by adjacent concatenations of LRRs. Our model established on bacterial LRRs can be challenged in eucaryotic proteins carrying less conserved LRRs, such as NOD proteins and Toll-like receptors.

Primary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the salivary glands: a multicenter Rare Cancer Network study.

Purpose: Involvement of salivary glands with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is rare. This retrospective study was performed to assess the clinical profile, treatment outcome, and prognostic factors of MALT lymphoma of the salivary glands.Methods and Materials: Thirteen member centers of the Rare Cancer Network from 10 countries participated, providing data on 63 patients. The median age was 58 years; 47 patients were female and 16 were male. The parotid glands were involved in 49 cases, submandibular in 15, and minor glands in 3. Multiple glands were involved in 9 patients. Staging was as follows: IE in 34, IIE in 12, IIIE in 2, and IV in 15 patients.Results: Surgery (S) alone was performed in 9, radiotherapy (RI) alone in 8, and chemotherapy (CT) alone in 4 patients. Forty-one patients received combined modality treatment (S + RT in 23, S + CT in 8, RT + CT in 4, and all three modalities in 6 patients). No active treatment was given in one case. After initial treatment there was no tumor in 57 patients and residual tumor in 5. Tumor progression was observed in 23 (36.5%) (local in 1, other salivary glands in 10, lymph nodes in 11, and elsewhere in 6). Five patients died of disease progression and the other 5 of other causes. The 5-year disease-free survival, disease-specific survival, and overall survival were 54.4%, 93.2%, and 81.7%, respectively. Factors influencing disease-free survival were use of RI, stage, and residual tumor (p < 0.01). Factors influencing disease-specific survival were stage, recurrence, and residual tumor (p < 0.01).Conclusions: To our knowledge, this report represents the largest series of MALT lymphomas of the salivary glands published to date. This disease may involve all salivary glands either initially or subsequently in 30% of patients. Recurrences may occur in up to 35% of patients at 5 years; however, survival is not affected. Radiotherapy is the only treatment modality that improves disease-free survival. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc.

Antibody-Mediated Trapping of Helminth Larvae Requires CD11b and Fcγ Receptor I.

Infections with intestinal helminths severely impact on human and veterinary health, particularly through the damage that these large parasites inflict when migrating through host tissues. Host immunity often targets the motility of tissue-migrating helminth larvae, which ideally should be mimicked by anti-helminth vaccines. However, the mechanisms of larval trapping are still poorly defined. We have recently reported an important role for Abs in the rapid trapping of tissue-migrating larvae of the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Trapping was mediated by macrophages (MΦ) and involved complement, activating FcRs, and Arginase-1 (Arg1) activity. However, the receptors and Ab isotypes responsible for MΦ adherence and Arg1 induction remained unclear. Using an in vitro coculture assay of H. polygyrus bakeri larvae and bone marrow-derived MΦ, we now identify CD11b as the major complement receptor mediating MΦ adherence to the larval surface. However, larval immobilization was largely independent of CD11b and instead required the activating IgG receptor FcγRI (CD64) both in vitro and during challenge H. polygyrus bakeri infection in vivo. FcγRI signaling also contributed to the upregulation of MΦ Arg1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Finally, IgG2a/c was the major IgG subtype from early immune serum bound by FcγRI on the MΦ surface, and purified IgG2c could trigger larval immobilization and Arg1 expression in MΦ in vitro. Our findings reveal a novel role for IgG2a/c-FcγRI-driven MΦ activation in the efficient trapping of tissue-migrating helminth larvae and thus provide important mechanistic insights vital for anti-helminth vaccine development.

Measurement of absolute cell volume, osmotic membrane water permeability, and refractive index of transmembrane water and solute flux by digital holographic microscopy.

ABSTRACT. A dual-wavelength digital holographic microscope to measure absolute volume of living cells is proposed. The optical setup allows us to reconstruct two quantitative phase contrast images at two different wavelengths from a single hologram acquisition. When adding the absorbing dye fast green FCF as a dispersive agent to the extracellular medium, cellular thickness can be univocally determined in the full field of view. In addition to the absolute cell volume, the method can be applied to derive important biophysical parameters of living cells including osmotic membrane water permeability coefficient and the integral intracellular refractive index (RI). Further, the RI of transmembrane flux can be determined giving an indication about the nature of transported solutes. The proposed method is applied to cultured human embryonic kidney cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, human red blood cells, mouse cortical astrocytes, and neurons.