昆明果蝇属一新种(双翅目: 果蝇科)

新种长鬃果蝇D. (D.)longisetae属伊米果蝇种团。与D.(D.)chamundiensis的区别在于第9背板上长鬃着生位置、触角芒分枝毛数及核型。图6参2

金不换鲜三七液对哺乳动物致突变和致畸安全性评价

以小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验、小鼠睾丸减数分裂染色体畸变及小鼠致畸试验为指标,研究金不换鲜三七液的安全性。结果:小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验;低、中、高3个剂量组小鼠骨髓细胞染色体畸变率分别为0.7%、0.2%和0.9%,与对照组相比无显著差异。阳性对照组染色体畸变率大大增高。小鼠睾丸减数分裂细胞染色体畸变:在该实验条件下,小鼠睾丸细胞染色体畸变率[包括性染色体单价体(X-YU),常染色体单价体(AU)]在各实验组和对照组之间无显著差异。小鼠致畸试验:小鼠口服金不换鲜三七液的累积剂量达15g/kg体重的1/10、1/5和1/2,小鼠致畸试验也无显著差异。

Use of contexts in language model interpolation and adaptation

Language models (LMs) are often constructed by building multiple individual component models that are combined using context independent interpolation weights. By tuning these weights, using either perplexity or discriminative approaches, it is possible to adapt LMs to a particular task. This paper investigates the use of context dependent weighting in both interpolation and test-time adaptation of language models. Depending on the previous word contexts, a discrete history weighting function is used to adjust the contribution from each component model. As this dramatically increases the number of parameters to estimate, robust weight estimation schemes are required. Several approaches are described in this paper. The first approach is based on MAP estimation where interpolation weights of lower order contexts are used as smoothing priors. The second approach uses training data to ensure robust estimation of LM interpolation weights. This can also serve as a smoothing prior for MAP adaptation. A normalized perplexity metric is proposed to handle the bias of the standard perplexity criterion to corpus size. A range of schemes to combine weight information obtained from training data and test data hypotheses are also proposed to improve robustness during context dependent LM adaptation. In addition, a minimum Bayes' risk (MBR) based discriminative training scheme is also proposed. An efficient weighted finite state transducer (WFST) decoding algorithm for context dependent interpolation is also presented. The proposed technique was evaluated using a state-of-the-art Mandarin Chinese broadcast speech transcription task. Character error rate (CER) reductions up to 7.3 relative were obtained as well as consistent perplexity improvements. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

天然三倍体鲫鱼突变体萍乡肉红鲫线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析

用细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因特异性引物,对萍乡肉红鲫(Carassius auratus var.pingxiangnensis)的线粒体Cytb基因进行PCR扩增和双向测序。在12个个体中均得到序列一致的Cytb基因全序列,长度为1 140 bp。其A、T、G、C含量分别为28.2%(321)、28.8%(328)、14.8%(170)和28.2%(321),A+T含量(57%)明显高于G+C含量(43%),与其他水生动物相同基因片段碱基含量相似。该基因中密码子第1位核苷酸中4种碱基组成较为均衡;第2

A global model for effective use and evaluation of e-learning in health.

Healthcare systems worldwide face a wide range of challenges, including demographic change, rising drug and medical technology costs, and persistent and widening health inequalities both within and between countries. Simultaneously, issues such as professional silos, static medical curricula, and perceptions of "information overload" have made it difficult for medical training and continued professional development (CPD) to adapt to the changing needs of healthcare professionals in increasingly patient-centered, collaborative, and/or remote delivery contexts. In response to these challenges, increasing numbers of medical education and CPD programs have adopted e-learning approaches, which have been shown to provide flexible, low-cost, user-centered, and easily updated learning. The effectiveness of e-learning varies from context to context, however, and has also been shown to make considerable demands on users' motivation and "digital literacy" and on providing institutions. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of e-learning in healthcare as part of ongoing quality improvement efforts. This article outlines the key issues for developing successful models for analyzing e-health learning.

我国华鳊属鱼类形态差异及其物种有效性的研究

为探讨华鳊属鱼类种间和种内居群间的形态差异及其物种有效性 ,采用多变量形态度量 ,结合传统分类方法 ,获得该属鱼类不同地理居群共 2 2 4尾标本的 32个测量性状和 7个可数性状数据 ,并做主成分分析。在可数性状上 ,海南华鳊各居群间无差异 ,但明显不同于其他种类 ;四川华鳊与大眼华鳊差别明显 ,与伍氏华鳊之间也存在较大程度的差异 ;大眼华鳊的乌江和珠江居群之间存在显著差异 ,而伍氏华鳊各地理居群差异不明显。在可量性状上 ,四川华鳊和大眼华鳊的乌江居群都明显区别于其他种或居群 ,而大眼华鳊的珠江居群与伍

鲤和团头鲂幼鱼卵黄蛋白原的诱导、纯化及电泳比较

采用腹腔注射人工雌激素 1 7α 乙炔基雌二醇 (1 7α ethinyloestradiol,EE2 )的方法 ,在鲤幼鱼和团头鲂幼鱼体内诱导生成卵黄蛋白原 ;并结合利用阴离子交换介质DEAE SephraroseCL 6B和液相层析技术分离纯化了诱导后的鲤幼鱼和团头鲂幼鱼血浆中的卵黄蛋白原 ;SDS PAGE电泳结果表明所分离的两种鲤科鱼类卵黄蛋白原其亚基的分子量分别为 1 70KD和1 5 0KD。

Choosing to make an effort: the role of striatum in signaling physical effort of a chosen action.

The possibility that we will have to invest effort influences our future choice behavior. Indeed deciding whether an action is actually worth taking is a key element in the expression of human apathy or inertia. There is a well developed literature on brain activity related to the anticipation of effort, but how effort affects actual choice is less well understood. Furthermore, prior work is largely restricted to mental as opposed to physical effort or has confounded temporal with effortful costs. Here we investigated choice behavior and brain activity, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, in a study where healthy participants are required to make decisions between effortful gripping, where the factors of force (high and low) and reward (high and low) were varied, and a choice of merely holding a grip device for minimal monetary reward. Behaviorally, we show that force level influences the likelihood of choosing an effortful grip. We observed greater activity in the putamen when participants opt to grip an option with low effort compared with when they opt to grip an option with high effort. The results suggest that, over and above a nonspecific role in movement anticipation and salience, the putamen plays a crucial role in computations for choice that involves effort costs.