Framework for morphometric classification of cells in imaging flow cytometry

Imaging flow cytometry is an emerging technology that combines the statistical power of flow cytometry with spatial and quantitative morphology of digital microscopy. It allows high-throughput imaging of cells with good spatial resolution, while they are in flow. This paper proposes a general framework for the processing/classification of cells imaged using imaging flow cytometer. Each cell is localized by finding an accurate cell contour. Then, features reflecting cell size, circularity and complexity are extracted for the classification using SVM. Unlike the conventional iterative, semi-automatic segmentation algorithms such as active contour, we propose a noniterative, fully automatic graph-based cell localization. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, we have successfully classified unstained label-free leukaemia cell-lines MOLT, K562 and HL60 from video streams captured using custom fabricated cost-effective microfluidics-based imaging flow cytometer. The proposed system is a significant development in the direction of building a cost-effective cell analysis platform that would facilitate affordable mass screening camps looking cellular morphology for disease diagnosis. Lay description In this article, we propose a novel framework for processing the raw data generated using microfluidics based imaging flow cytometers. Microfluidics microscopy or microfluidics based imaging flow cytometry (mIFC) is a recent microscopy paradigm, that combines the statistical power of flow cytometry with spatial and quantitative morphology of digital microscopy, which allows us imaging cells while they are in flow. In comparison to the conventional slide-based imaging systems, mIFC is a nascent technology enabling high throughput imaging of cells and is yet to take the form of a clinical diagnostic tool. The proposed framework process the raw data generated by the mIFC systems. The framework incorporates several steps: beginning from pre-processing of the raw video frames to enhance the contents of the cell, localising the cell by a novel, fully automatic, non-iterative graph based algorithm, extraction of different quantitative morphological parameters and subsequent classification of cells. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework, we have successfully classified unstained label-free leukaemia cell-lines MOLT, K562 and HL60 from video streams captured using cost-effective microfluidics based imaging flow cytometer. The cell lines of HL60, K562 and MOLT were obtained from ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) and are separately cultured in the lab. Thus, each culture contains cells from its own category alone and thereby provides the ground truth. Each cell is localised by finding a closed cell contour by defining a directed, weighted graph from the Canny edge images of the cell such that the closed contour lies along the shortest weighted path surrounding the centroid of the cell from a starting point on a good curve segment to an immediate endpoint. Once the cell is localised, morphological features reflecting size, shape and complexity of the cells are extracted and used to develop a support vector machine based classification system. We could classify the cell-lines with good accuracy and the results were quite consistent across different cross validation experiments. We hope that imaging flow cytometers equipped with the proposed framework for image processing would enable cost-effective, automated and reliable disease screening in over-loaded facilities, which cannot afford to hire skilled personnel in large numbers. Such platforms would potentially facilitate screening camps in low income group countries; thereby transforming the current health care paradigms by enabling rapid, automated diagnosis for diseases like cancer.

Prototype Selection on Large and Streaming Data

Since streaming data keeps coming continuously as an ordered sequence, massive amounts of data is created. A big challenge in handling data streams is the limitation of time and space. Prototype selection on streaming data requires the prototypes to be updated in an incremental manner as new data comes in. We propose an incremental algorithm for prototype selection. This algorithm can also be used to handle very large datasets. Results have been presented on a number of large datasets and our method is compared to an existing algorithm for streaming data. Our algorithm saves time and the prototypes selected gives good classification accuracy.

A Stochastic Approximation Algorithm for Quantile Estimation

In this paper, we present two new stochastic approximation algorithms for the problem of quantile estimation. The algorithms uses the characterization of the quantile provided in terms of an optimization problem in 1]. The algorithms take the shape of a stochastic gradient descent which minimizes the optimization problem. Asymptotic convergence of the algorithms to the true quantile is proven using the ODE method. The theoretical results are also supplemented through empirical evidence. The algorithms are shown to provide significant improvement in terms of memory requirement and accuracy.

Empirical Analysis of Sampling Based Estimators for Evaluating RBMs

The Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) can be used either as classifiers or as generative models. The quality of the generative RBM is measured through the average log-likelihood on test data. Due to the high computational complexity of evaluating the partition function, exact calculation of test log-likelihood is very difficult. In recent years some estimation methods are suggested for approximate computation of test log-likelihood. In this paper we present an empirical comparison of the main estimation methods, namely, the AIS algorithm for estimating the partition function, the CSL method for directly estimating the log-likelihood, and the RAISE algorithm that combines these two ideas.

Oscillatory instability of Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convection in two-layer liquid systems

The oscillatory behaviour of the Rayleigh-Marangoni-Bénard convective instability (R-M-B instability) regarding two combinations of two-layer fluid systems has been investigated theoretically and numerically. For the two-layer system of Silicone oil (10cSt) over Fluorinert (FC70), both linear instability analysis and 2D numerical simulation show that the instability of the system depends strongly on the depth ratio Hr = H1/H2 of the two-layer liquid. The oscillatory regime at the onset of R-M-B convection enlarges with reducing Γ = Ra/Ma values. In the two-layer system of Silicone oil (2cSt) over water, it loses its stability and onsets to steady convection at first, then the steady convection bifurcates to oscillatory convection with increasing Rayleigh number Ra. This behaviour was found through numerical simulation above the onset of steady convection in the case of r = 2.9, ε=(Ra-Ruc)/Rac = 1.0, and Hr = 0.5. Our findings are different from the previous study of the Rayleigh-Benard instability and show the strong effects of the thermocapillary force at the interface on the time-dependent oscillations at or after the onset of convection. We propose a secondary oscillatory instability mechanism to explain the experimental observation of Degen et al. [Phys. Rev. E, 57 (1998), 6647-6659].

Dynamic mode I perturbation solution for a moving crack unsteadily

Rice et al. (Jounal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids 42, 813-843) analyze the propagation of a planar crack with a nominally straight front in a model elastic solid with a single displacement component. Using the form of Willis er al. (Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 43, 319-341), of dynamic mode I weight functions for a moving crack, we address that problem solved by Rice ei al. in the 3D context of elastodynamic theory. Oscillatory crack tip motion results from constructive-destructive interference of stress intensity waves. Those waves, including system of the dilatational, shear and Rayleigh waves, interact on each other and with moving edge of crack, can lead to continuing fluctuations of the crack front and propagation velocity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Evaluación del rendimiento de sorgos híbridos comerciales para grano

La importancia que posee el presente trabajo, estriba en que suministra un valioso aporte al agriculturado nacional, como fuente de información acerca de los híbridos que más rinden y se adaptan mejor a nuestro clima. Las variedades comerciales objeto del estudio fueron 30, de las cuales 28 son híbridos, una es un sorgo mejorado y otra un sorgo criollo o testigo local. Estas variedades se sembraron de acuerdo al diseño experimental "Bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones", parcelas con tres surcos cada una, de cinco metros de largo por un metro de separación entre surco. La siembra se efectuó a chorrillo seguido. Los resultados de este ensayo se concretan a lo siguiente: Los rendimientos de las variedades mostraron diferencias altamente significativas comparadas a nivel de 5 por ciento. El mayor rendimiento de grano se obtuvo con el híbrido Dekald D-50-A con 5.075 kilogramos de grano por hectárea, en la prueba de Duncan resulta significativamente diferente a las demás. El siguiente rendimiento corresponde desde el híbrido Dekald D-D-50 con 4.521 kilogramos por hectárea, que no resulta significativo con los subsiguientes 13 híbridos hasta el Dekalb F-63 con 2.982 kilogramos por hectárea. Luego el Dekalb B-R-60 con 3.967 kilogramos por hectárea rendimiento que no resulta significativo con los 20 híbridos que le siguen hasta el Payneo que rindió 2.588 kilogramos por hectárea. El cuarto y último rendimiento es a partir del NK-300 cuyo rendimiento de 3.319 kilogramos de grano por hectárea no manifiesta diferencia significativa con ninguno de los siguientes rendimientos. (ver cuadro N° 3). En base a la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan, resultan los cuatro rendimientos citados, de los cuales los tres primeros grupos abarcan un total de 22 variedades cuyos rendimientos se consideran buenos. Es importante hacer notar que los rendimientos descritos corresponden a una sola cosecha, no se verificó la segunda porque se manifestó una irregularidad en la cosecha ocasionada por la inundación y plaga de pájaros.

低速物体的非线性水波理论综述

<正> 一、问题的提出 虽然造船工程师们对低速船波的产生问题可能没有很大的兴趣,可是这一问题有其基本的重要性。在速度很低的情形,船波很小,因此,在船舶设计中可以不考虑低速波阻。当速度趋近于零时,通常在有限速度下预言波阻的方法与公式不再适用。也就是这些方法的数学解在低速时不是一致有效。因此,我们必须回答这样的问题:在多么低的速度时,这些标准方法不再适用?

大气飘尘冲击式分级采样器

本文分析了冲击式分级采样器的工作原理,对采样器中各种几率给予了严格的定义,阐明了这些几率概念之间的差别和相互联系,提出了多级采样器的研究简化为单级采样器研究的方法.提供了考虑粘性效应及用二种阻力公式(斯托克斯公式和标准阻力公式)的数值计算的P(Θ,Ω~

Programas de investimento do governo federal : guia informal

Apresenta a distribuição dos programas de investimento do Governo Federal, organizada por ministério e por secretaria, de acordo com informações colhidas em sites institucionais e normas técnicas fornecidas pelos mesmos. Oferece informações sobre os procedimentos adequados para a obtenção desses recursos e indica os caminhos para parlamentares, prefeitos e outros agentes políticos encaminharem seus pleitos. Traz informações detalhadas dos programas do Governo Federal, tanto para facilitar o acesso aos seus recursos, como também para gerar melhores condições de fiscalização.

由衰减常数确定振动弛豫速率

<正> 分子的振动弛豫过程,在高速气体动力学、化学动力学及超声的许多过程中,特别是在分子激光器中,起着重要的作用。已积累了丰富的弛豫实验数据。但是,弛豫实验中只能测得某宏观物理量的变化,如在激波管或激光荧光实验中,观察特定波长的光辐射随时间的变化,可监视相应振型的弛豫过程。这种变化除开始的短暂时期外,呈Ⅰ—