Wellness education : an integrated theoretical framework for fostering transformative learning

Optimum Wellness involves the development, refinement and practice of lifestyle choices which resonate with personally meaningful frames of reference. Personal transformations are the means by which our frames of reference are refined across the lifespan. It is through critical reflection, supportive relationships and meaning making of our experiences that we construct and reconstruct our life paths. When individuals are able to be what they are destined to be or reach their higher purpose, then they are able to contribute to the world in positive and meaningful ways. Transformative education facilitates the changes in perspective that enable one to contemplate and travel a path in life that leads to self-actualisation. This thesis argues for an integrated theoretical framework for optimum Wellness Education. It establishes a learner centred approach to Wellness education in the form of an integrated instructional design framework derived from both Wellness and Transformative education constructs. Students’ approaches to learning and their study strategies in a Wellness education context serve to highlight convergences in the manner in which students can experience perspective transformation. As they learn to critically reflect, pursue relationships and adapt their frames of reference to sustain their pursuit of both learning and Wellness goals, strengthening the nexus between instrumental and transformative learning is a strategically important goal for educators. The aim of this exploratory research study was to examine those facets that serve to optimise the learning experiences of students in a Wellness course. This was accomplished through three research issues: 1) What are the relationships between Wellness, approaches to learning and academic success? 2) How are students approaching learning in an undergraduate Wellness subject? Why are students approaching their learning in the ways they do? 3) What sorts of transformations are students experiencing in their Wellness? How can transformative education be formulated in the context of an undergraduate Wellness subject? Subsequent to a thorough review of the literature pertaining to Wellness education, a mixed method embedded case study design was formulated to explore the research issues. This thesis examines the interrelationships between student, content and context in a one semester university undergraduate unit (a coherent set of learning activities which is assigned a unit code and a credit point value). The experiences of a cohort of 285 undergraduate students in a Wellness course formed the unit of study and seven individual students from a total of sixteen volunteers whose profiles could be constructed from complete data sets were selected for analysis as embedded cases. The introductory level course required participants to engage in a personal project involving a behaviour modification plan for a self-selected, single dimension of Wellness. Students were given access to the Standard Edition Testwell Survey to assess and report their Wellness as a part of their personal projects. To identify relationships among the constructs of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL), Wellness and Student Approaches to Learning (SAL) a blend of quantitative and qualitative methods to collect and analyse data was formulated. Surveys were the primary instruments for acquiring quantitative data. Sources included the Wellness data from Testwell surveys, SAL data from R-SPQ surveys, SRL data from MSLQ surveys and student self-evaluation data from an end of semester survey. Students’ final grades and GPA scores were used as indicators of academic performance. The sources of qualitative data included subject documentation, structured interview transcripts and open-ended responses to survey items. Subsequent to a pilot study in which survey reliability and validity were tested in context, amendments to processes for and instruments of data collection were made. Students who adopted meaning oriented (deep/achieving) approaches tended to assess their Wellness at a higher level, seek effective learning strategies and perform better in formal study. Posttest data in the main study revealed that there were significant positive statistical relationships between academic performance and total wellness scores (rs=.297, n=205, p<.01). Deep (rs=.343, n=137, p<.01) and achieving (rs=.286, n=123, p<.01) approaches to learning also significantly correlated with Wellness whilst surface approaches had negative correlations that were not significant. SRL strategies including metacognitive selfregulation, effort, help-seeking and critical thinking were increasingly correlated with Wellness. Qualitative findings suggest that while all students adopt similar patterns of day to day activities for example attending classes, taking notes, working on assignments the level of care with which these activities is undertaken varies considerably. The dominant motivational trigger for students in this cohort was the personal relevance and associated benefits of the material being learned and practiced. Students were inclined to set goals that had a positive impact on affect and used “sense of happiness” to evaluate their achievement status. Students who had a higher drive to succeed and/or understand tended to have or seek a wider range of strategies. Their goal orientations were generally learning rather than performance based and barriers presented a challenge which could be overcome as opposed to a blockage which prevented progress. Findings from an empirical analysis of the Testwell data suggest that a single third order Wellness construct exists. A revision of the instrument is necessary in order to juxtapose it with the chosen six dimensional Wellness model that forms the foundation construct in the course. Further, redevelopment should be sensitive to the Australian context and culture including choice of language, examples and scenarios used in item construction. This study concludes with an heuristic for use in Wellness education. Guided by principles of Transformative education theory and behaviour change theory, and informed by this representative case study the “CARING” heuristic is proposed as an instructional design tool for Wellness educators seeking to foster transformative learning. Based upon this study, recommendations were made for university educators to provide authentic and personal experiences in Wellness curricula. Emphasis must focus on involving students and teachers in a partnership for implementing Wellness programs both in the curriculum and co-curricularly. The implications of this research for practice are predicated on the willingness of academics to embrace transformative learning at a personal level and a professional one. To explore students’ profiles in detail is not practical however teaching students how to guide us in supporting them through the “pain” of learning is a skill which would benefit them and optimise the learning and teaching process. At a theoretical level, this research contributes to an ecological theory of Wellness education as transformational change. By signposting the wider contexts in which learning takes place, it seeks to encourage changing paradigms to ones which harness the energy of each successive contextual layer in which students live. Future research which amplifies the qualities of individuals and groups who are “Well” and seeks the refinement and development of instruments to measure Wellness constructs would be desirable for both theoretical and applied knowledge bases. Mixed method Wellness research derived and conducted by teams that incorporate expertise from multiple disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, education, and medicine would enable creative and multi-perspective programs of investigation to be designed and implemented. Congruences and inconsistencies in health promotion and education would provide valuable material for strengthening the nexus between transformational learning and behaviour change theories. Future development of and research on the effectiveness of the CARING heuristic would be valuable in advancing the understanding of pedagogies which advance rather than impede learning as a transformative process. Exploring pedagogical models that marry with transformative education may render solutions to the vexing challenge of teaching and learning in diverse contexts.

Synthesis of one-dimensional nanocomposites based on alumina nanofibres and their catalytic applications

Materials with one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure are important for catalysis. They are the preferred building blocks for catalytic nanoarchitecture, and can be used to fabricate designer catalysts. In this thesis, one such material, alumina nanofibre, was used as a precursor to prepare a range of nanocomposite catalysts. Utilising the specific properties of alumina nanofibres, a novel approach was developed to prepare macro-mesoporous nanocomposites, which consist of a stacked, fibrous nanocomposite with a core-shell structure. Two kinds of fibrous ZrO2/Al2O3 and TiO2/Al2O3 nanocomposites were successfully synthesised using boehmite nanofibers as a hard temperate and followed by a simple calcination. The alumina nanofibres provide the resultant nanocomposites with good thermal stability and mechanical stability. A series of one-dimensional (1D) zirconia/alumina nanocomposites were prepared by the deposition of zirconium species onto the 3D framework of boehmite nanofibres formed by dispersing boehmite nanofibres into a butanol solution, followed by calcination at 773 K. The materials were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption, Infrared Emission Spectroscopy (IES), and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results demonstrated that when the molar percentage, X, X=100*Zr/(Al+Zr), was > 30%, extremely long ZrO2/Al2O3 composite nanorods with evenly distributed ZrO2 nanocrystals formed on their surface. The stacking of such nanorods gave rise to a new kind of macroporous material without the use of any organic space filler\template or other specific drying techniques. The mechanism for the formation of these long ZrO2/Al2O3 composite nanorods is proposed in this work. A series of solid-superacid catalysts were synthesised from fibrous ZrO2/Al2O3 core and shell nanocomposites. In this series, the zirconium molar percentage was varied from 2 % to 50 %. The ZrO2/Al2O3 nanocomposites and their solid superacid counterparts were characterised by a variety of techniques including 27Al MAS-NMR, SEM, TEM, XPS, Nitrogen adsorption and Infrared Emission Spectroscopy. NMR results show that the interaction between zirconia species and alumina strongly correlates with pentacoordinated aluminium sites. This can also be detected by the change in binding energy of the 3d electrons of the zirconium. The acidity of the obtained superacids was tested by using them as catalysts for the benzolyation of toluene. It was found that a sample with a 50 % zirconium molar percentage possessed the highest surface acidity equalling that of pristine sulfated zirconia despite the reduced mass of zirconia. Preparation of hierarchically macro-mesoporous catalyst by loading nanocrystallites on the framework of alumina bundles can provide an alternative system to design advanced nanocomposite catalyst with enhanced performance. A series of macro-mesoporous TiO2/Al2O3 nanocomposites with different morphologies were synthesised. The materials were calcined at 723 K and were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption, Infrared Emission Spectroscopy (IES), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-visible). A modified approach was proposed for the synthesis of 1D (fibrous) nanocomposite with higher Ti/Al molar ratio (2:1) at lower temperature (<100oC), which makes it possible to synthesize such materials on industrial scale. The performances of a series of resultant TiO2/Al2O3 nanocomposites with different morphologies were evaluated as a photocatalyst for the phenol degradation under UV irradiation. The photocatalyst (Ti/Al =2) with fibrous morphology exhibits higher activity than that of the photocatalyst with microspherical morphology which indeed has the highest Ti to Al molar ratio (Ti/Al =3) in the series of as-synthesised hierarchical TiO2/Al2O3 nanocomposites. Furthermore, the photocatalytic performances, for the fibrous nanocomposites with Ti/Al=2, were optimized by calcination at elevated temperatures. The nanocomposite prepared by calcination at 750oC exhibits the highest catalytic activity, and its performance per TiO2 unit is very close to that of the gold standard, Degussa P 25. This work also emphasizes two advantages of the nanocomposites with fibrous morphology: (1) the resistance to sintering, and (2) good catalyst recovery.

Hydrogen-bonded two- and three-dimensional polymeric structures in the ammonium salts of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid

The structures of the ammonium salts of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, NH4+ C7H3N2O6- (I), 4-nitrobenzoic acid, NH4+ C7H4N2O4- . 2H2O (II) and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, NH4+ C7H3Cl2O2- . 0.5H2O (III), have been determined and their hydrogen-bonded structures are described. All salts form hydrogen-bonded polymeric structures, three-dimensional in (I) and two-dimensional in (II) and (III). With (I), a primary cation-anion cyclic association is formed [graph set R3/4(10)] through N-H...O hydrogen bonds, involving a carboxyl O,O' group on one side and a single carboxyl O-atom on the other. Structure extension involves both N-H...O hydrogen bonds to both carboxyl and nitro O-atom acceptors. With structure (II), the primary inter-species interactions and structure extension into layers lying parallel to (0 0 1) are through conjoined cyclic hydrogen-bonding motifs: R3/4(10) [one cation, a carboxyl (O,O') group and two water molecules] and centrosymmetric R2/4(8) [two cations and two water molecules]. The structure of (III) also has conjoined R3/4(10) and centrosymmetric R2/4(8) motifs in the layered structure but these differ in that he first involves one cation, a carboxyl (O,O') as well as a carboxyl (O) group and one water molecule, the second, two cations and two carboxyl O-groups. The layers lie parallel to (1 0 0). The structures of the salt hydrates (II) and (III) reported in this work, giving two-dimensional layered arrays through conjoined hydrogen-bonded nets provide further illustrations of a previously indicated trend among ammonium salts of carboxylic acids, but the anhydrous three-dimensional structure of (I) is inconsistent.

Evaluation of a meteorological and three-dimensional chemical transport model for gaseous and particle concentrations in an urban airshed

The Air Pollution Model and Chemical Transport Model (TAPM-CTM) framework has been tested and applied originally in Sydney to quantify particle and gaseous concentration (Cope et al, 2014). However, the model performance had not been tested in the south-eastern Queensland region (SEQR), Australia.

Reversible Water Intercalation Accompanied by Coordination and Color Changes in a Layered Metal-Organic Framework

A new two-dimensional 3d-4f mixed-metal mixed dicarboxylate (homocyclic and heterocyclic) of the formula [Gd2(H2O)2Ni(H2O)2(1,2-bdc)2(2,5-pydc)2] 3 8H2O (1; 1,2-H2bdc = 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and 2,5-H2pydc = 2,5- pyridinedicarboxylic acid) has been prepared by employing the hydrothermal method. The structure has infinite onedimensional-Gd-O-Gd- chains formed by the edge-shared GdO9 polyhedral units, resulting exclusively from the connectivity between the Gd3+ ions and the 1,2-bdc units. The chains are connected by the [Ni(H2O)2(2,5-pydc)2]2- metalloligand, forming the two-dimensional layer arrangements. The stacking of the layers creates hydrophilic and hydrophobic spaces in the interlamellar region. A one-dimensional water ladder structure, formed by the extraframework water molecules, occupies the hydrophilic region while the benzene ring of 1,2-bdc occupies the hydrophobic region. To the best of our knowledge, the present compound represents the first example of a 3d-4f mixed-metal carboxylate in which two different aromatic dicarboxylate anions act as the linkers. The stabilization energies of the water clusters have been evaluated using density functional theory calculations. The water molecules in 1 are fully reversible accompanied by a change in color (greenish blue to brown) and coordination around Ni2+ ions (octahedral to distorted tetrahedral).

Fluorite and Mixed-Metal Kagome-Related Topologies in Metal-Organic Framework Compounds: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties

Two new three-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) [Mn-2(mu(3)-OH)(H2O)(2)(BTC)]-2 H2O, I, and [NaMn(BTC)], II (BTC=1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate = trimellitate) were synthesized and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In I, the Mn-4 cluster, [Mn-4(mu(5)-OH)(2)(H2O)(4)O-12], is connected with eight trimellitate anions and each trimellitate anion connects to four different Mn-4 clusters, resulting in a fluorite-like structure. In II, the Mn2O8 dimer is connected with two Na+ ions through carboxylate oxygen to form mixed-metal distorted Kagome-related two-dimensional -M-O-M- layers, which are pillared by the trimellitate anions forming the three-dimensional structure. The extra-framework water molecules in I are reversibly adsorbed and are also corroborated by powder XRD studies. The formation of octameric water clusters involving free and coordinated water molecules appears to be new. Interesting magnetic behavior has been observed for both compounds. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies indicate a broadening of the signal below the ordering temperature and appear to support the findings of the magnetic studies.

A new open-framework zinc arsenate [C4N3H16](2)[Zn-5(AsO4)(4)(HAsO4)(2)]

A three-dimensional zinc arsenate with an interrupted zeolitic framework (-IIO), [C4N3H16](2)[Zn-5(AsO4)(4)(HAsO4)(2)], I has been synthesized solvothermally. The structure is built up from ZnO4, AsO4 and HAsO4 tetrahedral units connected alternatively through their vertices forming the 3-D structure possessing one-dimensional channels bound by 10 T-atoms (T = Zn, As), The framework density of the structure is 10.4 T-atoms which indicates considerable openness in its structure. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two- and Three-Dimensional Open-Framework Uranium Arsenates: Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization

Hydrothermal reactions between uranium salts and arsenic pentoxide in the presence of two different amines yielded six new uranium arsenate phases exhibiting open-framework structures, ethylenediamine (en): [C2N2H9]-[(UO2)(ASO(4))] I; [C2N2H10][(UO2)F(HASO(4))]2 center dot 4H(2)O, II; [C2N2H9][U2F5(HASO(4))(2)], III; [C2N2H9][UF2(ASO(4))], IV; diethylenetriamine (DETA), [C4N3H16][U2F3(ASO(4))(2)(HAsO4)] V; and [C4N3H16][U2F6(AsO4)(HAsO4)], VI. The structures were determined using single crystal studies, which revealed two- (I, II, V) and three-dimensional (III, IV, VI) structures for the uranium arsenates. The uranium atom, in these compounds, exhibits considerable variations in the coordination (6 to 9) that appears to have some correlation with the synthetic conditions. The water molecules in [C2N2H10][(UO2)F(HAsO4)](2 center dot)4H(2)O, II, could be reversibly removed, and the dehydrated phase, [C2N2H10][(UO2)F(HAsO4)](2), IIa, was also characterized using single crystal studies. The observation of many mineralogical structures in the present compounds suggests that the hydrothermal method could successfully replicate the geothermal conditions. As part of this study, we have observed autunite, Ca[(UO2)(PO4)](2)(H2O)(11), metavauxite, [Fe(H2O)(6)][Al(OH)(H2O)(PO4)](2), finarite, PbCU(SO4)(OH)(2), and tancoite, LiNa2H[Al(PO4)(2)(OH)], structures. The repeated observation of the secondary building unit, SBU-4, in many of the uranium arsenate structures suggests that these are viable building units. Optical studies on the uranium arsenate compound, [C4N3H16][U2F6(AsO4)(HASO(4))), VI, containing uranium in the +4 oxidation state indicates a blue emission through an upconversion process. The compound also exhibits antiferromagnetic behavior.

One-dimensional zig-zag type coordination polymers of Ni(II) and Cu(II) containing 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate and 1,3-diaminopropane: Structural, spectral and thermal studies

Two coordination polymers [Ni(ipt)(dap)(2)](n) (1) and [Cu(ipt)(dap)H2O](n) center dot nH(2)O (2) with an overall one-dimensional arrangement and having isophthalate (ipt) as bridging moieties and chelating 1,3-diaminopropane (dap) as structure modulating units have been prepared and characterized by crystallographic, spectroscopic and thermo-analytical studies. Both have an overall one-dimensional zig-zag nature but with a distorted octahedral NiN4O2 chromophore for 1 and a distorted square pyramidal CuN2O3 chromophore for 2. Even though the ipt units are acting as bridging units through mono-dentatively coordinating carboxylate functions in both polymers, compound 1 has the carboxylate oxygen linkages at the trans positions, while in 2 the oxygen linkages occur at the cis positions leading to a different type of zig-zag arrangement. Relevant spectral and bonding parameters also could be evaluated for the compounds using UV-Vis and EPR spectra. Thermal stability and possible structural modifications on thermal treatment of the compounds were also investigated and the relevant thermodynamic and kinetic parameters evaluated from the thermal data. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, structure, transformation studies and catalytic properties of open-framework cadmium thiosulfate compounds

Five new thiosulfate based inorganic-organic hybrid open-framework compounds have been synthesized employing mild reaction conditions. Of the five compounds, [Na-2(H2O)(8)][Cd(C10H8N2)( S2O3)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O, I and [Cd-2(C10H8N2)(2)(HS2O3)(2)(S2O3)(2)][(C10H9N2)(2)(C10H8N2)(2)]center dot 8H(2)O, II have one-dimensional (1D) structures and [Cd(C10H8N2)(H2O)(2)(S2O3)]center dot 2H(2)O, III, [Cd-2(C10H8N2)(3)(S2O3)(2)], IV and [Cd-2(C10H8N2)(2.5)(S2O3)(2)], V have three- dimensional (3D) structures. The 1D structures are somewhat related, formed by the bonding between tetrahedral Cd centers (CdN2S2) and 4,4'-bipyridine (bpy) units. The inter-chain spaces are occupied by the hanging thiosulfate units in both the cases along with Na(H2O)(6) chains in I and free bpy units in II. The three 3D structures have one-dimensional cadmium thiosulfate chains linked by bpy units. Interpenetration has been observed in all the 3D structures. The 3D structures appear to be related and can be derived from fgs net. Transformation studies on the 1D compound, [Na-2(H2O)(8)][Cd(C10H8N2)(S2O3)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O, I, indicated a facile formation of [Cd(C10H8N2)(H2O)(2)(S2O3)]center dot 2H(2)O, III. Prolonged heating of I gave rise to a 3D cadmium sulfate phase, [Cd-2(C10H8N2)(2)(H2O)(3)(SO4)(2)]center dot 2H(2)O, VI. Compound VI has one-dimensional cadmium sulfate chains formed by six-membered rings connected by bpy units to form a 3D structure, which appears to resemble the topological arrangement of III. Transformation studies of III indicates the formation of IV and V, and at a higher temperature a new 3D cadmium sulfate, [Cd(C10H8N2)(SO4)], VII. Compound VII has a 4 x 4 grid cadmium sulfate layers pillared by bpy units. All the compounds were characterized by PXRD, TGA, IR and UV-visible studies. Preliminary studies on the possible use of the 3D compounds (III-VII) in heterogeneous cyanosilylation of imines appear to be promising.

A building-up process in open-framework metal carboxylates that involves a progressive increase in dimensionality

Extensive research work has been carried out in the last few years on the synthesis and characterization of several families of open-framework materials, including aluminosilicates,[1] phosphates,[2] and carboxylates.[3] These studies have shown the occurrence of a variety of three dimensional (3D) architectures containing channels and other features.

On the two-dimensional thermoelectric power in quantum wells of non-parabolic materials under magnetic quantization

We present a simplified theoretical formulation of the thermoelectric power (TP) under magnetic quantization in quantum wells (QWs) of nonlinear optical materials on the basis of a newly formulated magneto-dispersion law. We consider the anisotropies in the effective electron masses and the spin-orbit constants within the framework of k.p formalism by incorporating the influence of the crystal field splitting. The corresponding results for III-V materials form a special case of our generalized analysis under certain limiting conditions. The TP in QWs of Bismuth, II-VI, IV-VI and stressed materials has been studied by formulating appropriate electron magneto-dispersion laws. We also address the fact that the TP exhibits composite oscillations with a varying quantizing magnetic field in QWs of n-Cd3As2, n-CdGeAs2, n-InSb, p-CdS, stressed InSb, PbTe and Bismuth. This reflects the combined signatures of magnetic and spatial quantizations of the carriers in such structures. The TP also decreases with increasing electron statistics and under the condition of non-degeneracy, all the results as derived in this paper get transformed into the well-known classical equation of TP and thus confirming the compatibility test. We have also suggested an experimental method of determining the elastic constants in such systems with arbitrary carrier energy spectra from the known value of the TP. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Soft chemical synthesis of new layered and three-dimensional oxide hydrates, hxVxW1-xO3×yH2O, related to WO3×2 H2O and WO3. times.1/3 H2O

Two new vanadium-tungsten oxide hydrates of the formulas, H0.125V0.125W0.875O3.1.5H2O (I) and Ho.33V0.33W0.67O3.1/3H2O (II), have been synthesized by acid-leaching of LiVWO6 with aqueous HNO3/HCl. While phase I obtained by treatment of LiVWO6 with dilute HNO3/HCl possesses an orthorhombic structure (a = 7.77(3), b = 13.87(6), c = 7.44(3) angstrom) related to WO3.2H2O, phase II, prepared by refluxing LiVWO6 with concentrated HNO3, is isostructural with WO3.1/3H2O. Dehydration of II around 330-degrees-C yields a hexagonal phase (III, a = 7.25(4), c = 7.74(3) angstrom) isotypic with hexagonal WO3. Both land III exhibit redox and acid-base intercalation reactivity characteristic of layered and tunnel structures.

New open-framework phosphate and phosphite compounds of gallium

Five new open-framework compounds of gallium have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods and their structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The compounds, C8N4H26]Ga6F4(PO4)(6)], I, C5N3H11]Ga3F2(PO4)(3)]center dot H2O, II, C6N3H19]Ga-4(C2O4)(PO4)(4)(H2PO4)]center dot 2H(2)O, III, Ga2F3(HPO4)(PO4)]center dot 2H(3)O, IV, and C3N2H5](2)Ga-4(H2O)(3)(HPO3)(7)], V, possess three-dimensional structures. All the compounds are formed by the connectivity between the Ga polyhedra and phosphite/phosphate units. The observation of SBU-6 (I and II) and spiro-5 (IV) secondary building units (SBUs) are noteworthy. The flexibility of the formation of gallium phosphate frameworks has been established by the isolation of two related structures (I and II) from the same SBU units but different organic amines. Some of the present structures have close resemblance to the gallium phosphate phases known earlier. The compounds have been characterized by CHN analysis, powder XRD, IR, and TGA. (C) 2011 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.