Compensatory embryonic response to allele-specific inactivation of the murine X-linked gene Hcfc1.

Early in female mammalian embryonic development, cells randomly inactivate one of the two X chromosomes to achieve overall equal inactivation of parental X-linked alleles. Hcfc1 is a highly conserved X-linked mouse gene that encodes HCF-1 - a transcriptional co-regulator implicated in cell proliferation in tissue culture cells. By generating a Cre-recombinase inducible Hcfc1 knock-out (Hcfc1(lox)) allele in mice, we have probed the role of HCF-1 in actively proliferating embryonic cells and in cell-cycle re-entry of resting differentiated adult cells using a liver regeneration model. HCF-1 function is required for both extraembryonic and embryonic development. In heterozygous Hcfc1(lox/+) female embryos, however, embryonic epiblast-specific Cre-induced Hcfc1 deletion (creating an Hcfc1(epiKO) allele) around E5.5 is well tolerated; it leads to a mixture of HCF-1-positive and -negative epiblast cells owing to random X-chromosome inactivation of the wild-type or Hcfc1(epiKO) mutant allele. At E6.5 and E7.5, both HCF-1-positive and -negative epiblast cells proliferate, but gradually by E8.5, HCF-1-negative cells disappear owing to cell-cycle exit and apoptosis. Although generating a temporary developmental retardation, the loss of HCF-1-negative cells is tolerated, leading to viable heterozygous offspring with 100% skewed inactivation of the X-linked Hcfc1(epiKO) allele. In resting adult liver cells, the requirement for HCF-1 in cell proliferation was more evident as hepatocytes lacking HCF-1 fail to re-enter the cell cycle and thus to proliferate during liver regeneration. The survival of the heterozygous Hcfc1(epiKO/+) female embryos, even with half the cells genetically compromised, illustrates the developmental plasticity of the post-implantation mouse embryo - in this instance, permitting survival of females heterozygous for an X-linked embryonic lethal allele.

De contentionibus, propter Lapponiam motis

Invocatio: I.N.D.O.M.

A FACTORIAL DESIGN APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF CHROMIUM TOXICITY ON THE GLUTATHIONE LEVELS OF Brachiaria brizantha AND Brachiaria ruziziensis SEEDLINGS

Chromium toxicity affects redox reactions within plant cells, generating detrimental reactive oxygen species. Glutathione is an antioxidant peptide and also a substrate for the production of phytochelatins, which are chelating peptides reported to mitigate Cr3+ toxicity in plants. In this study, Brachiaria brizantha (B. brizantha) and Brachiaria ruziziensis (B. ruziziensis) seedlings were evaluated for physiological responses and glutathione production following the addition of zero or 5 mg L-1 Cr3+ to the nutrient solution. Glutathione levels were determined by colorimetric analysis at 412 nm using 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) as a chromophore reagent and recovery with glutathione reductase (with evaluations at days 10 and 20 of continuous growth). The assessments were carried out in a completely randomized design with 2 authentic replications, and arranged in a 23 factorial. Cr3+ caused an average increase of 0.76 mg g-1 in the initial glutathione content. However, by day 20 there was an average reduction of 3.63 mg g-1. Chromium-affected physiological detrimental responses, albeit detected in both species, were less-pronounced in B. ruziziensis, along with a much higher level of glutathione. This study indicates that B. ruziziensis has a greater tolerance for chromium toxicity than B. brizantha, and that glutathione is likely to be involved in the mitigation of chromium stress in B. ruziziensis.

Laulu Vuokselle

Soitinnus: piano.

Magnetic Resonance Experiments with Atomic Hydrogen

In this thesis three experiments with atomic hydrogen (H) at low temperatures T<1 K are presented. Experiments were carried out with two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) H gas, and with H atoms trapped in solid H2 matrix. The main focus of this work is on interatomic interactions, which have certain specific features in these three systems considered. A common feature is the very high density of atomic hydrogen, the systems are close to quantum degeneracy. Short range interactions in collisions between atoms are important in gaseous H. The system of H in H₂ differ dramatically because atoms remain fixed in the H₂ lattice and properties are governed by long-range interactions with the solid matrix and with H atoms. The main tools in our studies were the methods of magnetic resonance, with electron spin resonance (ESR) at 128 GHz being used as the principal detection method. For the first time in experiments with H in high magnetic fields and at low temperatures we combined ESR and NMR to perform electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) as well as coherent two-photon spectroscopy. This allowed to distinguish between different types of interactions in the magnetic resonance spectra. Experiments with 2D H gas utilized the thermal compression method in homogeneous magnetic field, developed in our laboratory. In this work methods were developed for direct studies of 3D H at high density, and for creating high density samples of H in H₂. We measured magnetic resonance line shifts due to collisions in the 2D and 3D H gases. First we observed that the cold collision shift in 2D H gas composed of atoms in a single hyperfine state is much smaller than predicted by the mean-field theory. This motivated us to carry out similar experiments with 3D H. In 3D H the cold collision shift was found to be an order of magnitude smaller for atoms in a single hyperfine state than that for a mixture of atoms in two different hyperfine states. The collisional shifts were found to be in fair agreement with the theory, which takes into account symmetrization of the wave functions of the colliding atoms. The origin of the small shift in the 2D H composed of single hyperfine state atoms is not yet understood. The measurement of the shift in 3D H provides experimental determination for the difference of the scattering lengths of ground state atoms. The experiment with H atoms captured in H2 matrix at temperatures below 1 K originated from our work with H gas. We found out that samples of H in H2 were formed during recombination of gas phase H, enabling sample preparation at temperatures below 0.5 K. Alternatively, we created the samples by electron impact dissociation of H₂ molecules in situ in the solid. By the latter method we reached highest densities of H atoms reported so far, 3.5(5)x10¹⁹ cm^-3. The H atoms were found to be stable for weeks at temperatures below 0.5 K. The observation of dipolar interaction effects provides a verification for the density measurement. Our results point to two different sites for H atoms in H2 lattice. The steady-state nuclear polarizations of the atoms were found to be non-thermal. The possibility for further increase of the impurity H density is considered. At higher densities and lower temperatures it might be possible to observe phenomena related to quantum degeneracy in solid.

Potentiometric quantification and speciation of oxygenated groups in humic substances using BEST7 software

In this study the BEST7 software was employed to quantify different classes of functional groups and to model the proton titration behavior of humic substances. To illustrate the process, the Suwannee River fulvic acid of the IHSS (International Humic Substances Society) was used. Five categories - two classes of phenolic groups (phenol and cathecol), two classes of carboxylic groups (benzoic and phtalic) and the combination between them (salicylic) - of oxygenated groups were considered as being responsible for the potentiometric behavior of the sample and were quantitatively determined. The most and the least abundant groups were cathecol (3.300 ± 0.010 mmol g-1) and phenol (1.225 ± 0.070 mmol g-1), respectively. The estimated equilibrium constants were also determined and were in good agreement with the literature values for phenol and cathecol groups and for benzoic, phtalic and salicylic acids. Distribution diagrams of the species were generated with the software SPE and SPEPLOT.

Analysis on firm innovation boundaries

Innovation has been widely recognized as an important driver of firm competitiveness, and the firm’s internal research and development (R&D) activities are often considered to have a critical role in innovation activities. Internal R&D is, however, not the source of innovation as firms may tap into knowledge necessary for innovation also through various types of sourcing agreements or by collaborating with other organizations. The objective of this study is to analyze the way firms go about organizing efficiently their innovation boundaries. Within this context, the analysis is focused, firstly, on the relation between innovation boundaries and firm innovation performance and, secondly, on the factors explaining innovation boundary organization. The innovation literature recognizes that the sources of innovation depend on the nature of technology but does not offer a sufficient tool for analyzing innovation boundary options and their efficiency. Thus, this study suggests incorporating insights from transaction cost economics (TCE) complemented with dynamic governance costs and benefits into the analysis. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part introduces the background of the study, research objectives, an overview of the empirical studies, and the general conclusions of the study. The second part is formed of five publications. The overall results firstly indicate that although the relation between firm innovation boundary options is partly industry sector-specific, the firm level search strategies and knowledge transfer capabilities are important for innovation performance independently of the sector. Secondly, the results show that the attributes suggested by TCE alone do not offer a sufficient explanation of innovation boundary selection, especially under conditions of high levels of (radical) uncertainty. Based on the results, the dynamic governance cost and benefit framework complements the static TCE when firm innovation boundaries are scrutinized.

Sistema de reprodução em populações de Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers

O sistema de reprodução de duas populações de Eschweilera ovata foi quantificado por análise de isoenzimas em estrutura de progênies usando os modelos misto de reprodução e cruzamentos correlacionados. Desvios do modelo misto de reprodução foram evidenciados entre as freqüências alélicas dos óvulos e do pólen e pela heterogeneidade nas freqüências alélicas do pólen que fecundou as diferentes árvores. A taxa de cruzamento multilocos foi alta em ambas populações Camarugipe (t m =0,999±0,004) e Itaparica (t m=0,985±0,023). A alta variação na taxa de cruzamento individual (t variando de 0,320 a 1,000) indicou que a espécie não é auto-incompatível. Diferenças positivas e significativamente diferentes de zero foram detectadas entre a taxa de cruzamento multiloco e uniloco, indicando cruzamentos endogâmicos em ambas populações Camarugipe (t m-t s =0,066±0,014) e Itaparica (t m-t s =0,073±0,016) e possível estruturação genética espacial. Valores altos de cruzamentos biparentais foram detectados nas populações (Camarugipe, r p=0,577±0,088; Itaparica r p =0,423±0,070), demonstrando que as progênies são constituídas principalmente por misturas de meios-irmãos e irmãos-completos. O coeficiente de coancestria nas progênies de ambas as populações (Camarugipe, tetaxy=0,211; Itaparica tetaxy =0,191) foi superior ao esperado em progênies de meios irmãos (0,125). Os resultados foram discutidos sob a ótica de amostragens para melhoramento, conservação genética e coleta de sementes para recuperação ambiental.

L'Univers

1868/06/09 (Numéro 412).

Efeito de níveis de água, coberturas do solo e condições ambientais na temperatura do solo e no cultivo de morangueiro em ambiente protegido e a céu aberto

A temperatura do solo é um importante parâmetro no cultivo do morangueiro, pois interfere no desenvolvimento vegetativo, na sanidade e na produção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de água, coberturas de canteiro em campo aberto e em ambiente protegido, na temperatura máxima do solo no cultivo do morangueiro. Foram realizados dois experimentos: um em cultivo protegido e outro a campo aberto, em Atibaia - SP, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (coberturas do solo e níveis de irrigação), em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. As coberturas de solo utilizadas foram filmes de polietileno preto e transparente. A irrigação localizada foi aplicada por gotejo sempre que o potencial de água no solo atingisse -0,010 (N1), -0,035 (N2) e -0,070 (N3) MPa, em tensiômetros instalados a 10 cm de profundidade. A temperatura do solo foi avaliada por termógrafos, sendo os sensores instalados a 5 cm de profundidade. Houve influência do ambiente de cultivo, da cobertura do solo e dos níveis de irrigação na temperatura máxima do solo. A temperatura do solo sob diferentes coberturas dependeu não somente das características físicas do plástico, como também da forma de instalação no canteiro. A temperatura máxima do solo aumentou com a diminuição do potencial da água no solo, no momento da irrigação.

Influência do manejo da irrigação no meloeiro rendilhado cultivado em ambiente protegido

Visando a avaliar a cultura do melão rendilhado em função do manejo da irrigação, foi realizado um experimento em casa de vegetação com a cultivar Bônus nº 2, na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ/USP. Foram avaliados dois sistemas de manejo (tensiômetro e lisímetro de tensão controlada), e dois níveis de fertilidade (presença e ausência de fertilizantes). O lisímetro de tensão controlada é um dispositivo que utiliza cápsula porosa, capaz de fornecer água automaticamente, acoplado a um tubo de Mariotte, que permite realizar leituras de volume de água consumido pela planta. Para os tratamentos com lisímetro de tensão controlada, a porosidade livre de água média (PLA) foi de 15%; já para os irrigados com base nos tensiômetros, a PLA permaneceu em média 35%, favorecendo boa relação ar-água durante todo o experimento. Com relação à variação temporal do potencial matricial do solo (média das três profundidades), os tratamentos com tensiômetro apresentaram valores médios de tensões com desvios de 9,10%, enquanto, para os tratamentos com lisímetro de tensão controlada, os desvios foram de 1,33%. Com manejo da irrigação por tensiômetros, sem adição de fertilizantes, a massa média dos frutos (1.070,4 g) quase duplicou em relação ao padrão mínimo comercial (550 g). Adicionando a fertirrigação nesse manejo, o incremento passou a ser de 4,5 vezes (2.493,8 g). O meloeiro apresentou baixo rendimento em condição de porosidade livre de água inferior a 20%.

Production of natural aroma by yeast in wastewater of cassava starch industry

ABSTRACT2-Phenylethanol (PE) is an aromatic alcohol with a characteristic odor of roses, widely used in food industry to modify certain aroma compositions in formulations with fruit, jam, pudding, and chewing gums, and also in cosmetic and fragrance industry. This compound occurs naturally in low concentrations in some essential oils from flowers and plants. An alternative to plants extraction are biotechnological processes. This study evaluated 2-phenylethanol’s production in cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in cassava wastewater originated from starch industry. The substrate was supplemented with glucose and L-phenylalanine in order to obtain higher 2-phenylethanol concentrations and better efficiency in glucose/2-phenylethanol conversion. It was performed using Rotatable Center Composite Design and response surface analysis. Cultures were performed under aerobic conditions in a batch system in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 mL of medium in shaker at 150 rpm and 24 ± 1 ºC. The highest PE values ​​were obtained with supplementation of 20.0 g.L-1 of glucose and 5.5 g.L-1 of L-phenylalanine, which has been experimentally validated, obtaining a PE production of 1.33 g.L-1 and PE/glucose yield factor of 0.070 g.g-1, equivalent to 74.3 and 89.7% ​​of desirability values according to the validated model.

O impacto econômico do trauma em um hospital universitário

OBJETIVOS: Determinar o impacto financeiro do trauma em um hospital universitário em Curitiba. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes vítimas de trauma, internados no Hospital Universitário Cajuru, divididos de acordo com o mecanismo de trauma. Foram analisados o número de dias de internamento e o custo assistencial total de cada paciente declarados na ficha de Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (AIH). A partir daí, calculou-se o custo médio, a média de dias de internamento e o custo médio paciente/dia. RESULTADOS: O custo médio de 349 pacientes estudados foi de US$ 568,22; das vítimas por ferimento por arma de fogo (FAF), US$ 692,50; das vítimas de ferimento de arma branca (FAB), US$ 676,9; das vítimas de agressão, US$ 412,3; das vítimas de queda, US$ 503,05 e das vítimas de acidente de trânsito, US$ 600,30. A média de dias de internamento da amostra total foi de 6,2; das vítimas de FAF, 7,7; das vítimas de FAB, 5,3; das vítimas de agressão, 6,7; das vítimas de queda, 7 e das vítimas de acidente de trânsito 6. O custo médio paciente/dia da amostra total foi de US$ 91,65; das vítimas de FAF, US$ 89,99; das vítimas de FAB, US$ 127,66; das vítimas de agressão, US$ 61,54; das vítimas de queda, US$ 71,86 e das vítimas de acidente de trânsito, US$ 100,05. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo, como tantos outros, mostra que o trauma é uma doença negligenciada, importante para a saúde publica por seu grande impacto social e econômico e passível de redução através de medidas de prevenção.

Pohjois-Savon keskiosan palvelukohteiden opastussuunnitelma

Palvelukohteilla tarkoitetaan tienkäyttäjille palveluja tarjoavia palveluyrityksiä ja -toimintoja. Pohjois-Savon keskiosaan eli Juankosken,Kaavin, Kuopion, Maaningan, Nilsiän, Rautalammin, Rautavaaran, Siilinjärven, Suonenjoen, Tervon, Tuusniemen ja Vesannon kuntien alueelle laaditussa palvelukohteiden opastussuunnitelmassa on kartoitettu kaikki viitoituskelpoiset palvelukohteet sekä inventoitu kohteiden nykyinen viitoitus, täsmennetty yleisiä viitoitusperiaatteita alueellisiin olosuhteisiin paremmin sopiviksi ja laadittu kartoille alueellisten periaatteiden mukaiset opastusmerkkisuunnitelmat. Suunnitelmassa esitetään, millaisin opastusmerkein ja kuinka kaukaa yksittäisenpalvelukohteen opastus voidaan toteuttaa. Suunnittelualueella on 375 palvelukohdetta, joiden viitoitusmahdollisuudet on käyty läpi. Nykyisellään näistä on opastettu opastustauluilla 130 kohdetta. Suunnitelmassa opastustauluilla opastettaviksi on esitetty 138 kohdetta sekä palvelukohteiden osoiteviitalla ja mahdollisilla ennakkomerkeillä 114 kohdetta. Yleisin opastuskohde on mökkimajoitus. Alueen kautta kulkee Sininen Tie -matkailutie, jonka tunnusta voidaan hyödyntää yksittäisten kohteiden opastuksessa. Opasteiden pystyttäminen edellyttää tienpitäjän lupaa. Suunnitelmassa on kuvattu maanteiden varsille tulevien opasteiden lupamenettely. Opastusmerkkien hankinta, pystyttäminen ja ylläpito ovat opastettavan kohteen haltijan vastuulla, mutta merkkien hoito kuuluu ELYkeskusten alueellisiin hoitourakkasopimuksiin. Suunnitelmassa on ohjeistettu opasteiden hankintaa ja pystytystä. Vuonna 2007 tehtyyn laajaan opastusmerkkiuudistukseen liittyvä siirtymäaika päättyy vuoden 2013 lopussa, johon mennessä suuri osa opastusmerkeistä on tarpeen uusia. Uudistuksen myötä muuttuneet ja laajentuneet opastusmahdollisuudet kannattaa hyödyntää mahdollisimman pian.