O modelo de aten����o a sa��de bucal no M��dio e Baixo Xingu: parcerias, processos e perspectivas

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as a����es desenvolvidas na constru����o do modelo de aten����o em sa��de no Distrito Especial Ind��gena - Xingu (DSEI-Xingu), mais especificamente, na ��rea de sa��de bucal, com a efetiva parceria entre a Universidade Federal do Estado de S��o Paulo (UNIFESP), Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeir��o Preto - Universidade de S��o Paulo (FORP-USP) e a Colgate��, que permitiu a constru����o social da pr��xis em sa��de no M��dio e Baixo Xingu. Ao longo da hist��ria, o DSEI "Espa��o Social" �� onde as comunidades se constituem e, por meio do processo social de produ����o, cria acessos diferenciados aos bens de consumo, al��m de formar a base para a organiza����o dos servi��os de aten����o �� sa��de dos povos ind��genas. Para o DSEI-Xingu, s��o pontos b��sicos o estabelecimento de parcerias institucionais e a participa����o efetiva dos povos ind��genas na gest��o da sa��de em seu territ��rio. Estruturado no planejamento baseado em problemas sentidos pela popula����o, utiliza-se da constru����o coletiva de redes explicativas, apontando solu����es em v��rios planos com abordagem intersetorial. �� atrav��s da observa����o dos indicadores de sa��de que se torna percept��vel a assimila����o das comunidades ind��genas com o recente modelo de aten����o b��sica �� sa��de bucal, uma vez que constantemente est�� sendo adaptado �� cultura, �� tradi����o e ��s singularidades desses povos ind��genas.

Intertidal life: field observations on the clingfish Gobiesox barbatulus in southeastern Brazil

The clingfish Gobiesox barbatulus shows nocturnal feeding activity, spending most part of the day stationary and adhered to the inferior part of stones. To feed, this species uses the sit-and-wait and particulate feeding tactics. It shows a carnivorous feeding habit mostly consuming small benthic crustaceans. It can move in two ways: (1) "stone-by-stone", sliding its ventral sucker disc across each stone and (2) "surf", when it takes advantage of the energy of the ebbing tide to quickly cross a distance up to four times its body length. Its reproductive season occurs between the end of spring and the beginning of summer, during which time it lays about 2,000 adhesive eggs of 1 mm each in a single layer under stones. It has more than one egg-laying session per reproductive season, therefore showing several different developmental stages. It performs fanning, mouthing and guarding of the eggs as forms of parental care. Data shown here also indicates that G. barbatulus has some shelter fidelity, being probably territorial.

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Enhanced understanding of the transmission dynamics and population genetics for Plasmodium vivax is crucial in predicting the emergence and spread of novel parasite phenotypes with major public health implications, such as new relapsing patterns, drug resistance and increased virulence. Suitable molecular markers are required for these population genetic studies. Here, we focus on two groups of molecular markers that are commonly used to analyse natural populations of P. vivax. We use markers under selective pressure, for instance, antigen-coding polymorphic genes, and markers that are not under strong natural selection, such as most minisatellite and microsatellite loci. First, we review data obtained using genes encoding for P. vivax antigens: circumsporozoite protein, merozoite surface proteins 1 and 3α, apical membrane antigen 1 and Duffy binding antigen. We next address neutral or nearly neutral molecular markers, especially microsatellite loci, providing a complete list of markers that have already been used in P. vivax populations studies. We also analyse the microsatellite loci identified in the P. vivax genome project. Finally, we discuss some practical uses for P. vivax genotyping, for example, detecting multiple-clone infections and tracking the geographic origin of isolates.

Lessons from the Terra Preta de ��ndios of the Amazon region for the utilisation of charcoal for soil amendment

The potential of charcoal and of partially combusted organic waste to mimic the soil organic matter of the Terras Pretas de ��ndios (Amazonian Dark Earths) from the Amazon Region is discussed. These materials serve as soil conditioners and as sequesterers of carbon in recalcitrant and in reactive forms. Studies carried out by Brazilian and by international groups have contributed to the emergence of an awareness of the compositions and of the uses of these materials. In this contribution we report on chemical studies that are leading to the development of a scientific and technological awareness, and of innovations that will have value in finding novel uses in applications to soil of chars from organic wastes such as those from the biofuel industry, and from metallurgical and various coal plant residues.

Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in the subequatorial Amazon: a time series approach

The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of the daily variation in concentrations of fine particulate matter (diameter less than 2.5��m - PM2.5) resulting from the burning of biomass on the daily number of hospitalizations of children and elderly people for respiratory diseases, in Alta Floresta and Tangar�� da Serra in the Brazilian Amazon in 2005. This is an ecological time series study that uses data on daily number of hospitalizations of children and the elderly for respiratory diseases, and estimated concentration of PM2.5. In Alta Floresta, the percentage increases in the relative risk (%RR) of hospitalization for respiratory diseases in children were significant for the whole year and for the dry season with 3-4 day lags. In the dry season these measurements reach 6% (95%CI: 1.4-10.8). The associations were sig-nificant for moving averages of 3-5 days. The %RR for the elderly was significant for the current day of the drought, with a 6.8% increase (95%CI: 0.5-13.5) for each additional 10��g/m3 of PM2.5. No as-sociations were verified for Tangara da Serra. The PM2.5 from the burning of biomass increased hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in children and the elderly.

A corros��o do a��o inoxid��vel austen��tico 304 em biodiesel

As distribuidoras de combust��veis utilizam containers de a��o inoxid��vel para o armazenamento de biocombust��veis, entretanto, na literatura, h�� poucos relatos sobre os aspectos corrosivos desse a��o em biodiesel. O objetivo desse trabalho �� estudar o comportamento corrosivo do a��o inoxid��vel austen��tico 304 na presen��a de biodiesel, n��o lavado e lavado com solu����es aquosas de ��cido c��trico, ox��lico, ac��tico e asc��rbico 0,01 mol L-1e comparar com os resultados obtidos para o cobre (ASTM D130). Empregaram-se t��cnicas como: espectrometria de absor����o at��mica (EAA) e microscopia ��ptica (MO). Os resultados de EAA mostraram uma baixa taxa de corros��o para o a��o inoxid��vel, os elementos de liga estudados foram Cr, Ni e Fe, a maior taxa observada foi para o cromo, 1,78 ppm/dia em biodiesel n��o lavado ou lavado. As MO do a��o 304, quando comparados com as do cobre, comprovaram a baixa taxa de corros��o para o sistema a��o 304/biodiesel, entretanto comprovaram que, tanto o a��o 304, quanto o cobre, sofrem corros��o em amostras de biodiesel.

Utiliza����o de m��todos ac��sticos em estudos de din��mica costeira: exemplo na desembocadura lagunar de canan��ia

Em fun����o de suas condi����es de interface entre ��guas doces e salinas, desembocaduras estuarinas e lagunares constituem sistemas geomorfol��gicos altamente complexos e din��micos. Como conseq����ncia da variabilidade espacial e temporal dos fluxos de mar��, o leito responde com uma grande variabilidade nas caracter��sticas morfol��gicas e sedimentares. Neste sentido, �� poss��vel relacionar diretamente a circula����o de fundo e o transporte sedimentar com as fei����es submersas geradas. Perfis de ecossondagem, sonar de varredura lateral e s��smica de alta resolu����o, executados na desembocadura lagunar de Canan��ia, revelaram a exist��ncia de uma din��mica de fundo extremamente complexa, caracterizada por marcas onduladas e ondas de areia de alturas m��tricas. As maiores ondas de areia, localizadas em uma depress��o na desembocadura lagunar, apresentam invers��o de polaridade em sua assimetria, com a presen��a de ondas sim��tricas de grande tamanho no ponto de invers��o. Este padr��o morfol��gico n��o apresenta varia����o temporal em escala anual, sugerindo a persist��ncia de um padr��o de fluxos sobre o leito. Esta din��mica revela, tamb��m, a const��ncia de fluxos convergentes que aparentemente independem das condi����es de mar�� enchente ou vazante. Os resultados permitiram o estabelecimento de um primeiro modelo qualitativo de circula����o de fundo na ��rea, com aplica����es potenciais na navega����o e estudos de prote����o da costa.

Desafios para um novo pacto sanit��rio: biotecnologia e risco

Este artigo discute a incorpora����o e o uso da biotecnologia na Sa��de P��blica, no contexto da sociedade de risco. Tendo por refer��ncia autores da teoria social contempor��nea, analisam-se as implica����es das pr��ticas biotecnol��gicas. O artigo est�� dividido em tr��s partes. Na primeira, s��o apresentados alguns exemplos de manipula����o biol��gica desenvolvidos no ��mbito da sa��de e as consequ��ncias da utiliza����o dessas t��cnicas na din��mica ecol��gica das popula����es envolvidas. A partir desses exemplos, discute-se o que vem a ser esses seres biologicamente modificados, h��bridos, e como ocorre sua incorpora����o nas pr��ticas sociais, especialmente as de Sa��de P��blica. A segunda parte apresenta o referencial te��rico utilizado para an��lise, que situa a sociedade contempor��nea na etapa reflexiva da moderniza����o e que tem na sociedade de risco uma de suas configura����es. A ��ltima parte do artigo problematiza os usos da biotecnologia em sa��de, mais especificamente em Sa��de P��blica, abordando os aspectos de risco dessa aplica����o, propondo o necess��rio debate sobre um outro pacto sanit��rio.

Validade cient��fica de conhecimento epidemiol��gico gerado com base no estudo Sa��de Bucal Brasil 2003

Problematiza-se a afirma����o de que n��o s��o v��lidas as estimativas sobre as condi����es de sa��de bucal da popula����o brasileira geradas pelo SB Brasil 2003. Criticam-se os elementos que pretendem sustentar esse ponto de vista com base apenas em conceitos estat��sticos, sem prova emp��rica. Identificam-se redu����es decorrentes da abordagem epistemoc��ntrica que recusa peremptoriamente outras formas de conhecimento e n��o reconhece o car��ter multidisciplinar da epidemiologia. Reconstituem-se informa����es sobre a realiza����o do levantamento e seu impacto na produ����o de conhecimento. Faz-se uma analogia entre ci��ncia e arte, argumentando-se que, nas imagens obtidas por ambas, os saberes gerados a partir do objeto cognosc��vel assumem fei����es variadas e, portanto, o reconhecimento de sua validade requer amplo dom��nio do objeto e opera����es com adequados crit��rios de valor. Conclui-se pela cientificidade, validade e relev��ncia da produ����o acad��mica desenvolvida a partir da base de dados do levantamento SB Brasil 2003.

Ressignifica����o existencial do pret��rito e longevidade humana

Existem, atualmente, mais de 300 hip��teses relativas �� caracteriza����o, fun����o e mecanismos do envelhecimento, possivelmente devido ao aumento de idosos no mundo. Embora se avente uma fun����o social �� velhice humana, as transforma����es da sociedade impuseram uma cultura de descarte, incluindo pessoas como os idosos. Tal exclus��o, que se associa �� tristeza, depress��o e morte desse grupo, �� contradit��ria ao aumento do tempo de vida dos idosos constatado atualmente. O presente trabalho tentou determinar os aspectos ambientais envolvidos na longevidade usando uma t��cnica de metodologia qualitativa denominada grounded theory (ou teoria fundamentada nos dados) em dados fornecidos por ex-ferrovi��rios longevos. Constatou-se que as representa����es dos ex-ferrovi��rios confluem para a categoria central: desola����o pelo aniquilamento da vida e do ambiente, no presente, devido �� continuada neglig��ncia do Estado e da Sociedade na promo����o e preserva����o das coisas boas para a vida que havia no passado. Observou-se ainda que, paralelamente �� hipervaloriza����o gen��rica das coisas do passado, h�� constata����o recente de que suas exist��ncias fizeram parte da epopeia que promoveu o desenvolvimento econ��mico e social do interior paulista e possibilitou uma ressignifica����o existencial do passado, sugerindo ser um potente mecanismo de defesa que culmina em longevidade. Tal achado se insere na hip��tese de que a fun����o da longevidade seria a de preservar um contingente social com conhecimentos de um modo de vida que deu certo por ser socialmente vantajoso

Uso de ��lcool e drogas e contextos sociais da viol��ncia

Contextos de viol��ncia e de consumo de ��lcool e drogas s��o nesse texto tratados a partir dos conceitos de sociedade de risco e reflexividade social, s��o expostas e discutidas pesquisas emp��ricas que relacionaram as duas situa����es, destacando-se a necessidade de n��o se estabelecer determina����es entre esses contextos. Conclui-se que h�� necessidade de aprofundar a discuss��o da redu����o de riscos sociais tanto em rela����o ao consumo como em rela����o �� viol��ncia

Detection of metallo-'beta'-lactamases-encoding genes in environmental isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas jandaei

Aims: To determine the prevalence and expression of metallo-beta-lactamases (MBL)-encoding genes in Aeromonas species recovered from natural water reservoirs in southeastern Brazil. Methods and Results: Eighty-seven Aeromonas isolates belonging to Aeromonas hydrophila (n = 41) and Aer. jandaei (n = 46) species were tested for MBL production by the combined disk test using imipenem and meropenem disks as substrates and EDTA or thioglycolic acid as inhibitors. The presence of MBL genes was investigated by PCR and sequencing using new consensus primer pairs designed in this study. The cphA gene was found in 97.6% and 100% of Aer. hydrophila and Aer. jandaei isolates, respectively, whereas the acquired MBL genes bla(IMP), bla(VIM) and bla(SPM-1) were not detected. On the other hand, production of MBL activity was detectable in 87.8% and 10.9% of the cphA-positive Aer. hydrophila and Aer. jandaei isolates respectively. Conclusions: Our results indicate that cphA seems to be intrinsic in the environmental isolates of Aer. hydrophila and Aer. jandaei in southeastern Brazil, although, based on the combined disk test, not all of them are apparently able to express the enzymatic activity. Significance and Impact of the Study: These data confirm the presence of MBL-producing Aeromonas species in natural water reservoirs. Risk of water-borne diseases owing to domestic and industrial uses of freshwater should be re-examined from the increase of bacterial resistance point of view

Modulatory effect of Byrsonima basiloba extracts on the mutagenicity of certain direct and indirect-acting mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium assays

Byrsonima basiloba A. Juss. species is a native arboreal type from the Brazilian ""cerrado"" (tropical American savanna), and the local population uses it to treat diseases, such as diarrhea and gastric ulcer. It belongs to the Malpighiaceae family, and it is commonly known as ""murici."" Considering the popular use of B. basiloba derivatives and the lack of pharmacological potential studies regarding this vegetal species, the mutagenic and antimutagenic effect of methanol (MeOH) and chloroform extracts were evaluated by the Ames test, using strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102 of Salmonella typhimurium. No mutagenic activity was observed in any of the extracts. To evaluate the antimutagenic potential, direct and indirect mutagenic agents were used: 4 nitro-o-phenylenediamine, sodium azide, mitomycin C, aflatoxin B(1), benzo[a] pyrene, and hydrogen peroxide. Both the extracts evaluated showed antimutagenic activity, but the highest value of inhibition level (89%) was obtained with the MeOH extract and strain TA100 in the presence of aflatoxin B(1). Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of n-alkanes, lupeol, ursolic and oleanolic acid, (+)-catechin, quercetin- 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, gallic acid, methyl gallate, amentoflavone, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-(2 ''-O-galloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-(2 ''-O-galloyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside.

Architecture for machining process and production monitoring based in open computer numerical control

This paper proposes an architecture for machining process and production monitoring to be applied in machine tools with open Computer numerical control (CNC). A brief description of the advantages of using open CNC for machining process and production monitoring is presented with an emphasis on the CNC architecture using a personal computer (PC)-based human-machine interface. The proposed architecture uses the CNC data and sensors to gather information about the machining process and production. It allows the development of different levels of monitoring systems with mininium investment, minimum need for sensor installation, and low intrusiveness to the process. Successful examples of the utilization of this architecture in a laboratory environment are briefly described. As a Conclusion, it is shown that a wide range of monitoring solutions can be implemented in production processes using the proposed architecture.

O uso de praguicidas nas psiculturas e pesqueiros situados na bacia do rio Mogi-Gua��u

The use of pesticides has been the main strategy to prevent ectoparasites that threaten aquaculture productivity. The non regulated use of such chemicals may lead to damage in aquatic ecosystems that receive the ponds effluents, compromising environmental and consumers' health. With the aim of evaluate the use of pesticides in aquacultural practices developed in Mogi-Guacu catchment, fish farm and fee fishing owners were interviewed. Eighty-nine enterprises were visited, and was verified that about 40% uses pesticide during management practices in recent years. The diflubenzuron, methyl parathion, trichlorfon and triflumuron were the pesticides most used. In addition to the interviews, samples were taken in 3 enterprises localized in Socorro, SP (Peixe River sub-catchment) which had a pesticide usage history. It was not detected residues of the pesticides diflubenzuron, methyl parathion and dichlorvos in any water, sediments nor fishes samples from tow distinct seasons (lower and high fishing seasons). On fact, non-detected pesticides residues corroborate with the fish farmers statement to deny recently pesticide usage during management practices. Nevertheless, the lack of chemotherapeutics usage criteria and the potential hazardous due to these practices were discussed.