The Child protection act of 1966: hearings, Eighty-ninth Congress, second session on S. 3298, a bill to amend the Federal hazardous substances labeling act to ban hazardous toys and articles intended for children, and other articles so hazardous as to be dangerous in the household regardless of labeling, and to apply to unpackaged articles intended for household use, and for other purposes, August 24 and 26, 1966.

Committee Serial No. 89-79. Considers S. 3298, to ban sale of toys and other articles so hazardous as to be unsuitable for play or use, even with labeling under the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act.

Compilation of selected public health laws: including particularly the Public health service act, the Clean air act, the Solid waste disposal act, the Mental retardation facilities and community mental health centers construction act, and the Narcotic addict rehabilitation act, the Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act, the Federal hazardous substances act, and the fair packaging and labeling act.

Prepared for the use of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

An ultrastructural study of the relationship between the mite Floracarus perrepae Knihinicki & Boczek (Acariformes : Eriophyidae) and the fern Lygodium microphyllum (Lygodiaceae)

The ultrastructure of the mite Floracarus perrepae was investigated in relation to its host, Lygodium microphyllum, the Old World climbing fern. Floracarus perrepae has been suggested as a means of biological control for the fern, which is an aggressive weed in tropical areas. Feeding by the mite induces a change in the size of epidermal cells, and cell division is stimulated by mite feeding, causing the leaf margin to curl over into a roll with two to three windings. The enlarged epidermal layer greatly increases its cytoplasmic contents, which become a nutritive tissue for the mite and its progeny. Damage by the mite ultimately debilitates the fern. The structure and depth of stylet penetration by the mite, and the thickness of the epidermal cell wall of L. microphyllum, do not appear to account for the mite's differential ability to induce leaf rolling in its co-adapted host from south-east Queensland but not in the invasive genotype of the fern in Florida. F

Ultrastructural identification of uncoated caveolin-independent early endocytic vehicles

Using quantitative light microscopy and a modified immunoelectron microscopic technique, we have characterized the entry pathway of the cholera toxin binding subunit (CTB) in primary embryonic fibroblasts. CTB trafficking to the Golgi complex was identical in caveolin-1 null (Cav1 -/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and wild-type (WT) MEFs. CTB entry in the Cav1 -/- MEFs was predominantly clathrin and dynamin independent but relatively cholesterol dependent. Immunoelectron microscopy was used to quantify budded and surface-connected caveoloe and to identify noncaveolar endocytic vehicles. In WT MEFs a small fraction of the total Cav1-positive structures were shown to bud from the plasma membrane (2 % per minute), and budding increased upon okadaic acid or lactosyl ceramide treatment. However, the major carriers involved in initial entry of CTB were identified as uncoated tubular or ring-shaped structures. These carriers contained GPI-anchored proteins and fluid phase markers and represented the major vehicles mediating CTB uptake in both WT and caveolae-null cells.

The dendritic architecture of the cholinergic plexus in the rabbit retina: Selective labeling by glycine accumulation in the presence of sarcosine

The cholinergic amacrine cells in the rabbit retina slowly accumulate glycine to very high levels when the tissue is incubated with excess sarcosine (methylglycine), even though these cells do not normally contain elevated levels of glycine and do not express high-affinity glycine transporters. Because the sarcosine also depletes the endogenous glycine in the glycine-containing amacrine cells and bipolar cells, the cholinergic amacrine cells can be selectively labeled by glycine immunocytochemistry under these conditions. Incubation experiments indicated that the effect of sarcosine on the cholinergic amacrine cells is indirect: sarcosine raises the extracellular concentration of glycine by blocking its re-uptake by the glycinergic amacrine cells, and the excess glycine is probably taken-up by an unidentified low-affinity transporter on the cholinergic amacrine cells. Neurobiotin injection of the On-Off direction-selective (DS) ganglion cells in sarcosine-incubated rabbit retina was combined with glycine immunocytochemistry to examine the dendritic relationships between the DS ganglion cells and the cholinergic amacrine cells. These double-labeled preparations showed that the dendrites of the DS ganglion cells closely follow the fasciculated dendrites of the cholinergic amacrine cells. Each ganglion cell dendrite located within the cholinergic strata is associated with a cholinergic fascicle and, conversely, there are few cholinergic fascicles that do not contain at least one dendrite from an On-Off DS cell. It is not known how the dendritic co-fasciculation develops, but the cholinergic dendritic plexus may provide the initial scaffold, because the dendrites of the On-Off DS cells commonly run along the outside of the cholinergic fascicles. J. Comp. Neurol. 421:1-13, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Abnormally increased effective connectivity between parahippocampal gyrus and ventromedial prefrontal regions during emotion labeling in bipolar disorder

Emotional liability and mood dysregulation characterize bipolar disorder (BD), yet no study has examined effective connectivity between parahippocampal gyrus and prefrontal cortical regions in ventromedial and dorsal/lateral neural systems subserving mood regulation in BD. Participants comprised 46 individuals (age range: 18-56 years): 21 with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BD, type I currently remitted; and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (HC). Participants performed an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm, viewing mild and intense happy and neutral faces. We employed dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to identify significant alterations in effective connectivity between BD and HC. Bayes model selection was used to determine the best model. The right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and right subgenual cingulate gyrus (sgCG) were included as representative regions of the ventromedial neural system. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region was included as representative of the dorsal/lateral neural system. Right PHG-sgCG effective connectivity was significantly greater in BD than HC, reflecting more rapid, forward PHG-sgCG signaling in BD than HC. There was no between-group difference in sgCG-DLPFC effective connectivity. In BD, abnormally increased right PHG-sgCG effective connectivity and reduced right PHG activity to emotional stimuli suggest a dysfunctional ventromedial neural system implicated in early stimulus appraisal, encoding and automatic regulation of emotion that may represent a pathophysiological functional neural mechanism for mood dysregulation in BD.

Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the islets of langerhans of lean and obese hyperglycaemic mice with age

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Physical and ultrastructural basis of blue leaf iridescence in four Malaysian understory plants

Iridescent blue leaf coloration in four Malaysian rain forest understory plants, Diplazium tomentosum Bl. (Athyriaceae), Lindsaea lucida Bl. (Lindsaeaceae), Begonia pavonina Ridl. (Begoniaceae), and Phyllagathis rotundifolia Bl. (Melastomataceae) is caused by a physical effect, constructive interference of reflected blue light. The ultrastructural basis for this in D. tomentosum and L. lucida is multiple layers of cellulose microfibrils in the uppermost cell walls of the adaxial epidermis. The helicoidal arrangement of these fibrils is analogous to that which produces a similar color in arthropods. In B. pavonina and P. rotundifolia the blue-green coloration is caused by parallel lamellae in specialized plastids adjacent to the abaxial wall of the adaxial epidermis. The selective advantage of this color production, if any, is unknown.

Physical and ultrastructural basis of blue leaf iridescence in two neotropical ferns.

Iridescent blue leaf coloration in two neotropical ferns, Danaea nodosa (L.) Sm. (Marattiaceae) and Trichomanes elegans L. C. Rich. (Hymenophyllaceae), is caused by thin film constructive interference. The ultrastructural basis for the film in D. nodosa is multiple layers of cellulose microfibrils in the adaxial cell walls of the adaxial epidermis. The apparent helicoidal arrangement of the fibrils is analogous to similar color production in arthropods. In T. elegans the blue-green coloration is caused by the remarkably uniform thickness and arrangement of grana in specialized chloroplasts adjacent to the adaxial wall of the adaxial epidermis. The selective advantage of this color production, if any, is unknown but apparently different from that previously studied in Selaginella.