Aids, homoseksuaalisuus ja kuoleman juhlat

Kirja-arvio

Origem do conhecimento sobre HIV/Aids: entre o pessoal e o acadêmico

Há um conhecimento acumulado sobre HIV/AIDS após duas décadas de epidemia, no entanto, estudos mostram a necessidade de mudanças na abordagem do ensino para transformação das posturas dos futuros profissionais. Neste contexto, objetivou-se identificar o conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS entre alunos do 5º ano de um curso de medicina. Encontrou-se uma auto-avaliação positiva sobre o conhecimento em relação ao HIV/AIDS atrelado à formação durante a graduação, principalmente no que diz respeito à biossegurança para o exercício profissional. Já em relação ao comportamento sexual, a formação acadêmica não teve o mesmo impacto, pois os estudantes indicam como determinante no exercício da sexualidade o conhecimento prévio, adquirido através da mídia, ensino médio, relações familiares e sociais. Os resultados apresentados mostraram que a instituição formadora deve ser responsável pela consciência crítica capaz de desenvolver a prevenção como a melhor forma de controlar a doença. Mas, este tipo de ensinamento tem que fazer sentido para o aluno enquanto futuro profissional da saúde e principalmente enquanto cidadão exposto a riscos.

Spectrometrical Monitoring of Laser Sintering Process of Ceramic Material

This thesis is done as a part of project called FuncMama that is a project between Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Oulu University (OY), Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) and Finnish industrial partners. Main goal of the project is to manufacture electric and mechanical components from mixed materials using laser sintering. Aim of this study was to create laser sintered pieces from ceramic material and monitor the sintering event by using spectrometer. Spectrometer is a device which is capable to record intensity of different wavelengths in relation with time. In this study the monitoring of laser sintering was captured with the equipment which consists of Ocean Optics spectrometer, optical fiber and optical lens (detector head). Light from the sintering process hit first to the lens system which guides the light in to the optical fibre. Optical fibre transmits the light from the sintering process to the spectrometer where wavelengths intensity level information is detected. The optical lens of the spectrometer was rigidly set and did not move along with the laser beam. Data which was collected with spectrometer from the laser sintering process was converted with Excel spreadsheet program for result’s evaluation. Laser equipment used was IPG Photonics pulse fibre laser. Laser parameters were kept mainly constant during experimental part and only sintering speed was changed. That way it was possible to find differences in the monitoring results without fear of too many parameters mixing together and affecting to the conclusions. Parts which were sintered had one layer and size of 5 x 5 mm. Material was CT2000 – tape manufactured by Heraeus which was later on post processed to powder. Monitoring of different sintering speeds was tested by using CT2000 reference powder. Moreover tests how different materials effect to the process monitoring were done by adding foreign powder Du Pont 951 which had suffered in re-grinding and which was more reactive than CT2000. By adding foreign material it simulates situation where two materials are accidently mixed together and it was studied if that can be seen with the spectrometer. It was concluded in this study that with the spectrometer it is possible to detect changes between different laser sintering speeds. When the sintering speed is lowered the intensity level of light is higher from the process. This is a result of higher temperature at the sintering spot and that can be noticed with the spectrometer. That indicates it could be possible to use spectrometer as a tool for process observation and support the idea of having system that can help setting up the process parameter window. Also important conclusion was how well the adding of foreign material could be seen with the spectrometer. When second material was added a significant intensity level raise could be noticed in that part where foreign material was mixed. That indicates it is possible to see if there are any variations in the material or if there are more materials mixed together. Spectrometric monitoring of laser sintering could be useful tool for process window observation and temperature controlling of the sintering process. For example if the process window for specific material is experimentally determined to get wanted properties and satisfying sintering speed. It is possible if the data is constantly recorded that the results can show faults in the part texture between layers. Changes between the monitoring data and the experimentally determined values can then indicate changes in the material being generated by material faults or by wrong process parameters. The results of this study show that spectrometer could be one possible tool for monitoring. But to get in that point where this all can be made possible much more researching is needed.

Prevalência e fatores correlatos de infecção pelo hiv e sífilis em prostitutas atendidas em centro de referência DST/AIDS

Um estudo retrospectivo foi conduzido com análise dos prontuários médicos de prostitutas atendidas no Centro de Referência para DST/AIDS em Vitória (ES) no período de janeiro de 1993 a dezembro de 1996. Durante este período, 180 mulheres receberam atendimento médico e psicológico nesta clínica. A média de idade foi de 25,9 anos (DP = 6,8). De um total de 180 mulheres, 140 concordaram em serem testadas para HIV, das quais 12 (8,6%) apresentaram resultado positivo. De 157 mulheres que concordaram em serem testadas para sífilis, 13 (8,3%) apresentaram o VDRL positivo. Quanto ao nível de educação, 6 mulheres (3,3%) eram analfabetas, 114 (63,3%) completaram o primeiro grau, 37 (20,6%) estudaram até o segundo grau, 7 (3,9%) estavam na universidade e 16 (8,9%) não quiseram informar. Quanto ao estado civil, 141 (78,3%) eram solteiras, 17 (9,4%) casadas, 10 (5,5%) divorciadas e 4 (2,2%) viúvas. Quanto à freqüência do uso de condom, 56 (31,3%) relataram que sempre usavam, 93 (52,0%) às vezes e 30 (16,8%) nunca usavam. Doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) prévias foram relatadas por 89 mulheres (49,4%) e 46 (25,6%) apresentavam alguma DST na ocasião da consulta. Nove mulheres (5,0%) relataram uso de drogas injetáveis. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre o grupo com sorologia para HIV negativo e o positivo quando se comparou o uso de drogas injetáveis (p=0,031) e a infecção por sífilis (p=0,014). O presente estudo mostrou que as taxas de prevalência da infecção pelo HIV em trabalhadoras do sexo são mais altas que as encontradas na população em geral. Isto aponta para a necessidade de reforçar a assistência médica e campanhas educativas, especialmente direcionadas para esta população de mulheres, abordando a importância do uso regular do preservativo e dos riscos associados ao uso de drogas injetáveis.

Gestantes vivendo com HIV/AIDS: características antropométricas e peso ao nascer dos seus recém-nascidos

OBJETIVO:Descrever características antropométricas e da gestação de mulheres com HIV/AIDS, usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e o peso de seus recém-nascidos. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo gestantes atendidas nos serviços de assistência à DST/AIDS da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde do município de São Paulo. A avaliação antropométrica foi realizada por nutricionistas treinadas e as demais informações foram obtidas em prontuários. Para a comparação entre os dados do estudo e os da população geral, foram utilizados dados secundários da mãe e da gestação oriundos das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos, disponíveis no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. As variáveis contínuas foram resumidas por meio da média e desvio padrão ou pelos percentis 25, 50 e 75, valores mínimo e máximo. As demais variáveis são apresentadas em porcentagens. As médias foram comparadas por meio dos testes t Student ou Kruskall-Wallis, a depender do cumprimento das pressuposições, com decisão baseada no valor de p. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se presença de inadequação nutricional materna se considerada a prega cutânea do tríceps (60,9%), baixo peso (18,5%) e sobrepeso ou obesidade (40%), segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC) gestacional; ausência de associação entre diagnóstico (HIV ou AIS) e peso, estatura, massa magra e gorda. Para filhos de mães com HIV/AIDS, observou-se peso médio ao nascer menor ao da população sem esta condição. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do presente estudo indicam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de curvas adaptadas que permitam a avaliação nutricional mais acurada deste grupo populacional.

AIDS-kokoelma

Kokoelma käsittelee AIDSia eli Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome -oireyhtymää. Kokoelma sisältää paperimuotoisia monografioita, kongressijulkaisuja, lehtileikkeitä ja kausijulkaisuja sekä videoita (VHS-kasetteja). Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome collection in Terkko consists domestic and foreign monographies, journals and reports of congresses.

DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients with and without AIDS in Rio de Janeiro

Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from patients with AIDS from a single hospital in Rio de Janeiro were typed using a standardized RFLP technique detecting IS6110 polymorphism. Nineteen isolates were obtained from 15 different patients. Eleven distinct IS6110 patterns were found, with 4 banding patterns shared by 2 patients. The clustering value of 53% was much higher in comparison with clustering of M. tuberculosis strains from TB patients without clinical signs for HIV infection from randomly selected health centers. We present these results as preliminary data on M. tuberculosis strain polymorphism in Brazil and on the higher risk for recent transmission amongst patients with AIDS

HHV-8 infection in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in Brazil

The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in HIV-positive Brazilian patients with (HIV+/KS+) and without Kaposi's sarcoma (HIV+/KS-) using PCR and immunofluorescence assays, to assess its association with KS disease, to evaluate the performance of these tests in detecting HHV-8 infection, and to investigate the association between anti-HHV-8 antibody titers, CD4 counts and staging of KS disease. Blood samples from 66 patients, 39 HIV+/KS+ and 27 HIV+/KS-, were analyzed for HHV-8 viremia in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by PCR and HHV-8 antigenemia for latent and lytic infection by immunofluorescence assay. Positive samples for latent nuclear HHV-8 antigen (LNA) antibodies were titrated out from 1/100 to 1/409,600 dilution. Clinical information was collected from medical records and risk behavior was assessed through an interview. HHV-8 DNA sequences were detected by PCR in 74.3% of KS+ patients and in 3.7% of KS- patients. Serological assays were similar in detecting anti-LNA antibodies and anti-lytic antigens in sera from KS+ patients (79.5%) and KS- patients (18.5%). HHV-8 was associated with KS whatever the method used, i.e., PCR (odds ratio (OR) = 7.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.16-25.61) or anti-LNA and anti-lytic antibodies (OR = 17.0, 95%CI = 4.91-59.14). Among KS+ patients, HHV-8 titration levels correlated positively with CD4 counts (rho 0.48, P = 0.02), but not with KS staging. HHV-8 is involved in the development of KS in different geographic areas worldwide, as it is in Brazil, where HHV-8 is more frequent among HIV+ patients. KS severity was associated with immunodeficiency, but no correlation was found between HHV-8 antibody titers and KS staging.

Comparison of the quantitative competitive and semiquantitative RT-PCR methods for the determination of interferon-gamma mRNA levels in AIDS-free HIV-infected individuals

IFN-gamma mRNA expression was evaluated in nonstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV-infected and seronegative individuals using quantitative competitive and semiquantitative RT-PCR and the sensitivity of these methods was compared. A significant correlation was found between quantitative competitive and semiquantitative RT-PCR in samples of both HIV-seronegative (P = 0.004) and HIV-infected individuals (P = 0.0004). PBMC from HIV-infected individuals presented a remarkable increase of IFN-gamma mRNA expression, as determined by both types of RT-PCR methods. Semiquantitative RT-PCR even without an internal standard is also acceptable for measuring cytokine mRNA expression, but less reliable if small amounts are quantified. Moreover, we found that increased IFN-gammamRNA expression is independent of CD4+ cell count in AIDS-free HIV-infected patients.

Factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients: a cross-sectional study in Southern Brazil

A cross-sectional study was conducted on HIV-infected adults being treated with antiretroviral drugs at a reference service in Southern Brazil. Participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and were tested by scales assessing sociocognitive variables. Adherence to treatment was assessed by a self-report inventory developed for the study. Clinical information was obtained from the patients' records. Significance tests were conducted using univariate logistic regressions followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. A total of 195 patients participated in the study and 56.9% of them reported > or = 95% adherence on the previous two days. In univariate analysis, the odds of adherence increased with self-efficacy (a person's conviction that he/she can successfully execute the behavior required to produce a certain desired outcome) in taking medications as prescribed (OR = 3.50, 95% CI 1.90-6.55), and decreased with perception of negative affect and physical concerns (OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.53-0.95). The odds were lower for taking antiretroviral medications >4 times a day (OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.20-0.94) and higher for patients with 8 years of schooling (OR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.12-4.66). In the multivariate analysis, self-efficacy (OR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.69-6.56) and taking medication >4 times a day (OR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.80) were independently associated with adherence. Self-efficacy was the most important predictor of adherence, followed by number of times antiretroviral medication was taken per day. Among sociodemographic and clinical variables, only the number of years of schooling was associated with adherence. Motivational interventions based on self-efficacy may be useful for increasing treatment adherence.