The design and development of heat extraction technologies for the utilisation of compost thermal energy

A composting Heat Extraction Unit (HEU) was designed to utilise waste heat from decaying organic matter for a variety of heating application The aim was to construct an insulated small scale, sealed, organic matter filled container. In this vessel a process fluid within embedded pipes would absorb thermal energy from the hot compost and transport it to an external heat exchanger. Experiments were conducted on the constituent parts and the final design comprised of a 2046 litre container insulated with polyurethane foam and kingspan with two arrays of qualpex piping embedded in the compost to extract heat. The thermal energy was used in horticultural trials by heating polytunnels using a radiator system during a winter/spring period. The compost derived energy was compared with conventional and renewable energy in the form of an electric fan heater and solar panel. The compost derived energy was able to raise polytunnel temperatures to 2-3°C above the control, with the solar panel contributing no thermal energy during the winter trial and the electric heater the most efficient maintaining temperature at its preset temperature of 10°C. Plants that were cultivated as performance indicators showed no significant difference in growth rates between the heat sources. A follow on experiment conducted using special growing mats for distributing compost thermal energy directly under the plants (Radish, Cabbage, Spinach and Lettuce) displayed more successful growth patterns than those in the control. The compost HEU was also used for more traditional space heating and hot water heating applications. A test space was successfully heated over two trials with varying insulation levels. Maximum internal temperature increases of 7°C and 13°C were recorded for building U-values of 1.6 and 0.53 W/m2K respectively using the HEU. The HEU successfully heated a 60 litre hot water cylinder for 32 days with maximum water temperature increases of 36.5°C recorded. Total energy recovered from the 435 Kg of compost within the HEU during the polytunnel growth trial was 76 kWh which is 3 kWh/day for the 25 days when the HEU was activated. With a mean coefficient of performance level of 6.8 calculated for the HEU the technology is energy efficient. Therefore the compost HEU developed here could be a useful renewable energy technology particularly for small scale rural dwellers and growers with access to significant quantities of organic matter

Computer integrated testing for the transport refrigeration systems industry.

This is a study of a state of the art implementation of a new computer integrated testing (CIT) facility within a company that designs and manufactures transport refrigeration systems. The aim was to use state of the art hardware, software and planning procedures in the design and implementation of three CIT systems. Typical CIT system components include data acquisition (DAQ) equipment, application and analysis software, communication devices, computer-based instrumentation and computer technology. It is shown that the introduction of computer technology into the area of testing can have a major effect on such issues as efficiency, flexibility, data accuracy, test quality, data integrity and much more. Findings reaffirm how the overall area of computer integration continues to benefit any organisation, but with more recent advances in computer technology, communication methods and software capabilities, less expensive more sophisticated test solutions are now possible. This allows more organisations to benefit from the many advantages associated with CIT. Examples of computer integration test set-ups and the benefits associated with computer integration have been discussed.

Electrokinetic flow and transport in porous media : experimental methods, numerical analysis, and applications

Electrokinetic transport, electrochromatography, electroosmotic flow, electrophoresis, concentration polarization, fixed beds, monoliths, dynamic NMR microscopy, quantitative confocal laser scanning microscopy, mathematical modelling, numerical analysis

Flow and transport in electrochromatography

Analyte retention, analyte transport, axial dispersion, adsorption, charge-selectivity, concentration polarization, confocal laser scanning microscopy, donnan-exclusion, electrical double layer; electrochromatography; electrohydrodynamics, electrokinetic instability, electroosmosis; electroosmotic flow; electroosmotic mobility, electroosmotic perfusion, electrophoresis, hierarchical porous media, hydrodynamic flow, induced-charge electroosmosis, ion-permselectivity, ion-permselective transport, monolith, nonequilibrium electrical double layer, nonequilibrium electrokinetic effects, nonlinear electroosmosis, plate height, plate number, porous media, pore-scale dispersion, refractive index matching, space charge effects, sphere packing, quantitative imaging, wall effect, zeta-potential

Sojabohnenprotein P34 : Aufreinigung, Verdauung und epithelialer Transport im enteralen Zellkulturmodell

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2008

Einfluss des Hitzeschockproteins Hsc70 und des Raf Kinase Inhibitor Proteins RKIP auf den zellulären Transport und die Aktivität des [my]-Opioidrezeptors

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Naturwiss., Diss., 2008

Comparison of Contemporary Protocols for High-speed Data Transport via 10 Gbps WAN Connections

This work is dedicated to comparison of open source as well as proprietary transport protocols for highspeed data transmission via IP networks. The contemporary common TCP needs significant improvement since it was developed as general-purpose transport protocol and firstly introduced four decades ago. In nowadays networks, TCP fits not all communication needs that society has. Caused of it another transport protocols have been developed and successfully used for e.g. Big Data movement. In scope of this research the following protocols have been investigated for its efficiency on 10Gbps links: UDT, RBUDP, MTP and RWTP. The protocols were tested under different impairments such as Round Trip Time up to 400 ms and packet losses up to 2%. Investigated parameters are the data rate under different conditions of the network, the CPU load by sender andreceiver during the experiments, size of feedback data, CPU usage per Gbps and the amount of feedback data per GiByte of effectively transmitted data. The best performance and fair resources consumption was observed by RWTP. From the opensource projects, the best behavior is showed by RBUDP.

Analysis study of the axial transport and heat transfer of a flighted rotary drum operated at optimum loading

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2015

Estudo da influência da locação de uma edificação rural na carga térmica solar recebida pelas paredes

O presente trabalho se propõe a verificar de que modo a orientação de uma edificação rural influe na carga térmica radiante (radiação solar) interceptada pela mesma. Duas situações freqüentemente encontradas na prática são examinadas: a orientação Norte-Sul e a Leste-Oeste. Para determinar a carga térmica radiante, de importância nos problemas deventilação e refrigeração, é adotado um modelo de construção a título de exemplo, sendo que as relações aqui propostas são aplicáveis a qualquer modelo de construção desejado. Os resultados mostraram quea carga térmica radiante da exposição Leste-Oeste chega a ser 74% da carga na exposição Norte-Sul.

Imaturos de mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) de áreas urbana e rural no norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil

The results of larval collections of mosquitoes from artificial containers and natural breeding at urban and rural areas carried out at Sertaneja, northern State Paraná, Brazil, from February to April, 1995, are presented. Among the 4534 immature forms collected, belonging to 21 species or species-groups, the species with higher density were Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894), Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 and Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901.

Composição e diversidade de Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) atraídos por armadilha de luz em área rural no norte do Paraná, Brasil

No Estado do Paraná, as áreas mais devastadas são aquelas com potencial agrícola e as ações de inferência no meio raramente são precedidas do estudo faunístico que permitam avaliar a diversidade e abundância dos animais das áreas atingidas. Este trabalho objetivou catalogar a escarabeoideofauna atraída por armadilha de luz na área rural do município de Tamarana, Paraná e contribuir com o conhecimento ecológico de espécies deste grupo. As coletas foram realizadas em duas propriedades, utilizando armadilha de luz modelo Luiz de Queiroz modificada. Estas tiveram periodicidade quinzenal de março de 2002 a abril de 2001. Foram capturados 2.447 espécimens, distribuídos em 10 famílias, 24 gêneros e 67 espécies. As três espécies mais abundantes também foram as mais freqüentes: Aphodius lividus (Olivier, 1789), Melolonthidae sp. 1 e Ataenius sp. 5. A maior abundância de A. lividus ocorreu no outono, durante o mês de abril, enquanto que Melolonthidae sp. 1 e Ataeucus sp. 5 foram mais abundantes em outubro e novembro. A maioria das espécies foram representadas por poucos indivíduos (H'=1,74) e as espécies apareceram de maneira uniforme (J'=0,95; S=0,20). Ocorreu um maior número de famílias que estavam representadas por poucos indivíduos. Houve predominância das famílias que apresentam hábitos alimentares detritívoros - Aphodiidae, Scarabaeidae, Hybosoridae e fitófagos - Melolonthidae, Dynastidae e Rutelidae. Para os grupos de hábito detritívoro, foram coletados 25 espécies, num total de 1.422 espécimes.

Cytochemical characterization of gill and hepatopancreatic cells of the crab Ucides cordatus (Crustacea, Brachyura) validated by cell metal transport

Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) is a hypo-hyper-regulating mangrove crab possessing gills for respiratory and osmoregulatory processes, separated in anterior and posterior sections. They also have hepatopancreas, which is responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients and detoxification of toxic metals. Each of these organs has specific cells that are important for in vitro studies in cell biology, ion and toxic metals transport. In order to study and characterize cells from gills and hepatopancreas, both were separated using a Sucrose Gradient (SG) from 10 to 40% and cells in each gradient were characterized using the vital mitochondrial dye DASPEI (2-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N- ethylpyridinium iodide) and Trichrome Mallory's stain. Both in 20 and 40% SG for gill cells and 30% SG for hepatopancreatic cells, a greater number of cells were colored with DASPEI, indicating a larger number of mitochondria in these cells. It is concluded that the gill cells present in 20% and 40% SG are Thin cells, responsible for respiratory processes and Ionocytes responsible for ion transport, respectively. For hepatopancreatic cells, the 30% SG is composed of Fibrillar cells that possess larger number of membrane ion and nutrient transporters. Moreover, the transport of toxic metal cadmium (Cd) by isolated hepatopancreatic cells was performed as a way of following cell physiological integrity after cell separation and to study differences in transport among the cells. All hepatopancreatic cells were able to transport Cd. These findings are the first step for further work on isolated cells of these important exchange epithelia of crabs, using a simple separation method and to further develop successful in vitro cell culture in crabs.

Energy policies for rural electrification: a social multi-criteria evaluation approach

In this article, a real-world case- study is presented with two general objectives: to give a clear and simple illustrative example of application of social multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) in the field of rural renewable energy policies, and to help in understanding to what extent and under which circumstances solar energy is suitable for electrifying isolated farmhouses. In this sense, this study might offer public decision- makers some insight on the conditions that favour the diffusion of renewable energy, in order to help them to design more effective energy policies for rural communities.

Aparcería y gestión de la gran propiedad rural en la Cataluña contemporánea

La capacidad de las formas de tenencia, y más concretamente de la aparcería, para estimular el crecimiento agrario ha dado origen a un amplio debate, iniciado por los economistas clásicos del siglo XVIII y mantenido hasta nuestros días. Hasta la década de 1970 dominaron las opiniones poco favorables a la aparcería; sin embargo, a partir de esta fecha, han aparecido bastantes trabajos empíricos y teóricos cuestionando dichas tesis. Se trata mayoritariamente de trabajos vinculados a enfoques neoinstitucionalistas, distantes del pensamiento neoclásico más ortodoxo, que parten de la inexistencia de un mercado perfectamente competitivo con el que supuestamente se alcanzaría una asignación razonable de recursos, y que concluyen que la aparcería podía alcanzar notables niveles de eficiencia, aunque fuera una eficiencia del second best. Estas conclusiones coinciden en parte con algunas investigaciones sobre la agricultura española y catalana contemporánea, cuyos resultados contradicen la imagen dominante de una agricultura poco proclive al cambio y con escasa capacidad de crecimiento. En este artículo se pretende exponer el funcionamiento de la aparcería en Cataluña y cuestionar que dicha forma de tenencia sea un factor explicativo relevante del moderado crecimiento de la agricultura catalana.