Nanostructured copper oxides and phosphates from a new solid-state route

Nanostructured copper containing materials of CuO, Cu3(PO4)3 and Cu2P2O7 have been prepared by solid-state pyrolysis of molecular CuCl2·NC5H4OH (I), CuCl2·CNCH2C6H4OH (II), oligomeric [Cu(PPh3)Cl]4 (III), N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN·CuCl]6[PF6] (IV), N3P3[OC6H5]5[OC5H4N·Cu][PF6] (V), polymeric chitosan·(CuCl2)n (VI) and polystyrene-co-4-vinylpyridine PS-b-4-PVP·(CuCl2) (VII) precursors. The products strongly depend on the precursor used. The pyrolytic products from phosphorus-containing precursors (III), (IV) and (V) are Cu phosphates or pyrophosphates, while non-phosphorous-containing precursors (VI) and (VII), result in mainly CuO. The use of chitosan as a solid-state template/stabilizer induces the formation of CuO and Cu2O nanoparticles. Copper pyrophosphate (Cu2P2O7) deposited on Si using (IV) as the precursor exhibits single-crystal dots of average diameter 100 nm and heights equivalent to twice the unit cell b-axis (1.5–1.7 nm) and an areal density of 5.1–7.7 Gigadots/in.2. Cu2P2O7 deposited from precursor (VI) exhibits unique labyrinthine high surface area deposits. The morphology of CuO deposited on Si from pyrolysis of (VI) depends on the polymer/Cu meta ratio. Magnetic measurements performed using SQUID on CuO nanoparticle networks suggest superparamagnetic behavior. The results give insights into compositional, shape and morphological control of the as-formed nanostructures through the structure of the precursors.

A facile spin-cast route for cation exchange of multilayer perpendicularly-aligned nanorod assemblies

A facile spin cast route was developed to convert perpendicularly aligned nanorod assemblies of cadmium chalcogenides into their silver and copper analogues. The assemblies are rapidly cation exchanged without affecting either the individual rod dimensions or collective superlattice order extending over several multilayers.

Les décès par suicide et les décès dus aux accidents de la route : trois études concernant les comportements impulsifs et impulsifs/agressifs

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Synthesis of a PbTx-2 photoaffinity and fluorescent probe and an alternative synthetic route to photoaffinity probes

A natural phenomenon characterized by dense aggregations of unicellular photosynthetic marine organisms has been termed colloquially as red tides because of the vivid discoloration of the water. The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is the cause of the Florida red tide bloom. K. brevis produces the brevetoxins, a potent suite of neurotoxins responsible for substantial amounts of marine mammal and fish mortalities. When consumed by humans, the toxin causes Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP). The native function of brevetoxin within the organism has remained mysterious since its discovery. There is a need to identify factors which contribute to and regulate toxin production within K. brevis. These toxins are produced and retained within the cell implicating a significant cellular role for their presence. Localization of brevetoxin and identification of a native receptor may provide insight into its native role as well as other polyether ladder type toxins such as the ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, and yessotoxins. In higher organisms these polyether ladder molecules bind to transmembrane proteins with high affinity. We anticipated the native brevetoxin receptor would also be a transmembrane protein. Photoaffinity labeling has become increasingly popular for identifying ligand receptors. By attaching ligands to these photophors, one is able to activate the molecule after the ligand binds to its receptor to obtain a permanent linkage between the two. Subsequent purification provides the protein with the ligand directly attached. A molecule that is capable of fluorescence is a fluorophore, which upon excitation is capable of re-emitting light. Fluorescent labeling uses fluorophores by attaching them covalently to biologically active compounds. The synthesis of a brevetoxin photoaffinity probe and its application in identifying a native brevetoxin receptor will be described. The preparation of a fluorescent derivative of brevetoxin will be described and its use in localizing the toxin to an organelle within K. brevis. In addition, the general utility of a synthesized photoaffinity label with other toxins having similar functionality will be described. An alternative synthetic approach to a general photoaffinity label will also be discussed whose goal was to accelerate the preparation and improve the overall synthetic yields of a multifunctional label.

Individual differences and personality correlates of navigational performance in the virtual route learning task

Research on the mechanisms and processes underlying navigation has traditionally been limited by the practical problems of setting up and controlling navigation in a real-world setting. Thanks to advances in technology, a growing number of researchers are making use of computer-based virtual environments to draw inferences about real-world navigation. However, little research has been done on factors affecting human–computer interactions in navigation tasks. In this study female students completed a virtual route learning task and filled out a battery of questionnaires, which determined levels of computer experience, wayfinding anxiety, neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism and immersive tendencies as well as their preference for a route or survey strategy. Scores on personality traits and individual differences were then correlated with the time taken to complete the navigation task, the length of path travelled,the velocity of the virtual walk and the number of errors. Navigation performance was significantly influenced by wayfinding anxiety, psychoticism, involvement and overall immersive tendencies and was improved in those participants who adopted a survey strategy. In other words, navigation in virtual environments is effected not only by navigational strategy, but also an individual’s personality, and other factors such as their level of experience with computers. An understanding of these differences is crucial before performance in virtual environments can be generalised to real-world navigational performance.

Factors affecting airport route development activity and performance

Airports have become increasingly active in route development as a means of attracting, growing and retaining air services. However, little is known about the different levels of route development activity at airports, or the extent to which route development activity affects performance. Based on the findings of a survey of 124 airports worldwide, this study finds that larger airports are significantly more active than smaller airports. It also finds that private airports are more active than public airports, and that airports in Europe are more active than airports in other world regions, although differences according to ownership and location are not significant. Route development activity has a significant positive effect on performance. Factors associated with the airport business environment (market turbulence, competitive intensity, market growth and airport constraints) were not found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between route development activity and performance. However, two factors were found to have a significant direct effect on performance; market growth has a significant positive effect while airport constraints have a significant negative effect.

En Route Speed Reduction Concept for Absorbing Air Traffic Flow Management Delays

This paper proposes an en route speed reduction to complement current ground delay practices in air traffic flow management. Given a nominal cruise speed, there exists a bounded range of speeds that allows aircraft to fly slower with the same or lower fuel consumption than the nominal flight. Therefore, flight times are increased and delay can be partially performed in the air, at no extra fuel cost for the operator. This concept has been analyzed in an initial feasibility study, computing the maximum amount of delay that can be performed in the air in some representative flights. The impact on fuel consumption has been analyzed, and two scenarios are proposed: the flight fuel remains the same as in the nominal flight, and some extra fuel allowance is permitted in order to face uncertainties. Results show significant values of airborne delay that may be useful in many situations, with the exception of short hauls where airborne delay may be too short. If cruise altitude is changed, the amount of airborne delay increases, since changes in cruise speed modify the optimal flight altitudes. From the analyzed flights, a linear dependency is found relating the airborne delay with the amount of extra fuel allowance.

European route choice determinants

Different charging zones are found within European airspace. This allows airlines to select different routes between origin and destination that have different lengths and en-route charges. There is a trade- off between the shortest available route and other routes that might have different charges. This paper analyses the routes submitted by airlines to be operated on a given day and compares the associated costs of operating those routes with the shortest available at the time, in terms of en-route charges and fuel consumption. The flights are characterised by different variables with the idea of identifying a behaviour or pattern based on the airline or flight characteristics. Results show that in some areas of the European airspace there might be an incentive to select a longer route, leading to both a lower charge and a lower total cost. However, more variables need to be considered and other techniques used, such as factor analysis, to be able to identify the behaviour within an airline category.

Extracellular vesicle biogenesis in helminths: more than one route to the surface?

The quite recent discovery that parasites release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can transfer a range of effector molecules to host cells has made us re-think our understanding of the host-parasite interface. In this opinion article we will consider how recent proteomics and transcriptomics studies, together with ultrastructural observations, suggest that more than one mechanism of EV biogenesis can occur in helminths. We propose that distinct EV sub-types have roles in immune-modulation and repair of drug-induced damage, and put forward the case for targeting EV biogenesis pathways to achieve parasite control. In doing so we raise a number of outstanding research questions that must be addressed before this can happen.

Intercity Bus Route Evaluation for Statewide Planning, 1981

The goal of this research was to evaluate the needs of the intercity common carrier bus service in Iowa. Within the framework of the overall goal, the objectives were to: (1) Examine the detailed operating cost and revenue data of the intercity carriers in Iowa; (2) Develop a model or models to estimate demand in cities and corridors served by the bus industry; (3) Develop a cost function model for estimating a carrier's operating costs; (4) Establish the criteria to be used in assessing the need for changes in bus service; (5) Outline the procedures for estimating route operating costs and revenues and develop a matrix of community and social factors to be considered in evaluation; and (6) Present a case study to demonstrate the methodology. The results of the research are presented in the following chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Intercity Bus Research and Development; (3) Operating Characteristics of Intercity Carriers in Iowa; (4) Commuter Carriers; (5) Passenger and Revenue Forecasting Models; (6) Operating Cost Relationships; (7) Social and General Welfare Aspects of Intercity Bus Service; (8) Case Study Analysis; and (9) Additional Service Considerations and Recommendations.

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Heuristics for short route job shop scheduling problems

Abstract not available