The views of rich Europeans are more likely to be reflected by political parties than those of poorer citizens

How does income inequality affect political representation? Jan Rosset, Nathalie Giger and Julian Bernauer examine whether politicians represent the views of poorer and richer citizens equally. They find that in 43 out of the 49 elections included in their analysis, the preferences of low-income citizens are located further away from the policy positions of the closest political party than those with mid-range incomes. This suggests that income inequality may spill-over into political inequalities, although it is less clear whether this effect is likely to get better or worse as a result of the Eurozone crisis.

Information literacy - historical and conceptual bases: constructing meanings

Recent years have witnessed the increasing interest in studies focused on information literacy, which is reflected mainly in the number of publications on the subject and goes beyond the fields of Librarianship and Information Science. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to offer an outlook, historical and conceptual, of international researches on information literacy, trying to show some of the different ramifications which the discussion on the subject has exhibited in past few years in countries where its process of legitimation is already well established, in order to illuminate possible areas of research and action for the librarian professional. This research indicates that if the initial studies on this topic tended to be devoted to conceptualize it, discussing its relevance and determine the skills and knowledge related to information literacy, in the last decade can be noticed a proliferation of researches aimed at describing initiatives or proposing models in areas beyond the usual field such as Medical Sciences, Law, Politics or Computers, among others. The first results of this research refer to a philosophical and educational perspective of information literacy, which suggests the need for deeper understanding and characterization of information literacy in four dimensions: technical, aesthetic, ethical and political, serving both to competence as to information.

A pilot study on subject-based comprehensive steroid profiling: novel biomarkers to detect testosterone misuse in sports.

Context:  Until now, the testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio is the main marker for detection of testosterone (T) misuse in athletes. As this marker can be influenced by a number of confounding factors, additional steroid profile parameters indicating T misuse can provide substantiating evidence of doping with endogenous steroids. The evaluation of a steroid profile is currently based upon population statistics. Since large inter-individual variations exist, a paradigm shift towards subject-based references is ongoing in doping analysis. Objective:  Proposition of new biomarkers for the detection of testosterone in sports using extensive steroid profiling and an adaptive model based upon Bayesian inference. Subjects:  6 healthy male volunteers were administered with testosterone undecanoate. Population statistics were performed upon steroid profiles from 2014 male Caucasian athletes participating in official sport competition. Design:  An extended search for new biomarkers in a comprehensive steroid profile combined with Bayesian inference techniques as used in the Athlete Biological Passport resulted in a selection of additional biomarkers that may improve detection of testosterone misuse in sports. Results:  Apart from T/E, 4 other steroid ratios (6α-OH-androstenedione/16α-OH-dehydroepiandrostenedione, 4-OH-androstenedione/16α-OH-androstenedione, 7α-OH-testosterone/7β-OH-dehydroepiandrostenedione and dihydrotestosterone/5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol) were identified as sensitive urinary biomarkers for T misuse. These new biomarkers were rated according to relative response, parameter stability, detection time and discriminative power. Conclusion:  Newly selected biomarkers were found suitable for individual referencing within the concept of the Athlete's Biological Passport. The parameters showed improved detection time and discriminative power compared to the T/E ratio. Such biomarkers can support the evidence of doping with small oral doses of testosterone.

Embodying feminist research: learning from action research, political practices, diffractions and collective knowledge.

In the past three decades, feminists and critical theorists have discussed and argued the importance of deconstructing and problematizing social science research methodology in order to question normalized hierarchies concerning the production of knowledge and the status of truth claims. Nevertheless, often, these ideas have basically remained theoretical propositions not embodied in research practices. In fact there is very little published discussion about the difficulties and limits of their practical application. In this paper we introduce some interconnected reflections starting from two different but related experiences of embodying 'feminist activist research'. Our aim is to emphasise the importance of attending to process, making mistakes and learning during fieldwork, as well as experimenting with personalized forms of analysis, such as the construction of narratives and the story-telling process.

Embodying feminist research: learning from action research, political practices, diffractions and collective knowledge.

In the past three decades, feminists and critical theorists have discussed and argued the importance of deconstructing and problematizing social science research methodology in order to question normalized hierarchies concerning the production of knowledge and the status of truth claims. Nevertheless, often, these ideas have basically remained theoretical propositions not embodied in research practices. In fact there is very little published discussion about the difficulties and limits of their practical application. In this paper we introduce some interconnected reflections starting from two different but related experiences of embodying 'feminist activist research'. Our aim is to emphasise the importance of attending to process, making mistakes and learning during fieldwork, as well as experimenting with personalized forms of analysis, such as the construction of narratives and the story-telling process.

La délinquance des étrangers : criminalité, récidive et les facteurs influençant le retour en prison

Résumé : La délinquance des étrangers se situe depuis quelques années au milieu de beaucoup de débats politiques. En même temps, la récidive constitue l'un des sujets d'étude classiques de la criminologie. Cette recherche combine ces deux phénomènes en s'intéressant aux causes de la délinquance et de l'éventuelle récidive d'un échantillon d'étrangers incarcérés en Suisse. Le cadre théorique repose sur une revue approfondie de la littérature scientifique sur la délinquance des étrangers ainsi que sur les facteurs influençant la récidive. Ces revues ont conduit à l'élaboration d'une série d'hypothèses qui ont été testées dans la partie empirique du travail. Cette dernière comprend l'étude des 500 dossiers des étrangers libérés des Etablissements pénitentiaires de la Plaine de l'Orbe (EPO, canton de Vaud, Suisse) entre 1995 et 1999, ainsi que le suivi de ces personnes, avec l'aide des données fournies par l'Office fédéral de la statistique, afin d'établir si elles avaient récidivé durant les cinq années postérieures à leur libération. Elle comprend également l'analyse de 125 entretiens conduits auprès des détenus des EPO entre 2005 et 2006 dont le but était d'établir, entre autres, leur perception subjective sur les causes de la délinquance et de la récidive. Les résultats indiquent un taux de récidive d'environ 30%. En outre, ils corroborent l'influence sur la récidive des facteurs identifiés par les recherches précédentes bien que, vu les particularités de l'échantillon étudié, certains de ces facteurs -tel que l'âge à la première condamnation ou l'âge à la sortie de prison-, présentent des divergences. En outre, l'analyse des entretiens a permis l'élaboration d'une nouvelle classification des causes de la récidive. Finalement, la recherche permet une connaissance plus approfondie des causes de l'implication dans la délinquance de la population de référence. The delinquency of the foreigners: criminality, recidivism and the factors that influence to the return to prison Abstract : The foreigners' delinquency is today in the middle of political debates. Moreover, recidivism is one of the classical subjects studied in criminology. The present research combines these two phenomena by studying the causes of foreigners' delinquency and recidivism. With the purpose of doing this research, a theoretical framework on the criminality of foreigners has been established through an extensive review of research literature on this subject as well as on the factors influencing recidivism. These reviews have allowed the establishment of a series of hypotheses that have been tested in the empirical part of the study. This empirical research includes the study of 500 cases of all foreigners released from the Penitentiary Establishment of the Plaine de l'Orbe (EPO, in the Vaud region) between 1995 and 1999. This population was then followed-up by means of data provided by the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics in order to know whether they had recidivated during the five years following their release. The empirical study also includes the analysis of interviews conducted with 125 inmates of EPO between 2005 and 2006 to determine what are, in the opinion of the inmates interviewed, the causes of recidivism and the causes of crime. The results show a recidivism rate of approximately 30%. Furthermore, the factors which, according to research analyzed, influence recidivism, have also been related to the recidivism of our sample. However, due to the fact that the sample studied consists of foreigners, some factors, such as age of the first conviction or age of release of prison, show some differences with respect to the literature. Finally, the information obtained from the interviews has allowed the establishment of a new classification on the causes of recidivism, and to get a deeper knowledge of the causes of crime involvement of the population studied.

The early IL-4 response to Leishmania major and the resulting Th2 cell maturation steering progressive disease in BALB/c mice are subject to the control of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells.

Susceptibility and development of Th2 cells in BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major result from early IL-4 production by Vbeta4Valpha8 CD4+ T cells in response to the Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1 Ag. A role for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in the control of this early IL-4 production was investigated by depleting in vivo this regulatory T cell population. Depletion induced an increase in the early burst of IL-4 mRNA in the draining lymph nodes of BALB/c mice, and exacerbated the course of disease with higher levels of IL-4 mRNA and protein in their lymph nodes. We further showed that transfer of 10(7) BALB/c spleen cells that were depleted of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells rendered SCID mice susceptible to infection and allowed Th2 differentiation while SCID mice reconstituted with 10(7) control BALB/c spleen cells were resistant to infection with L. major and developed a Th1 response. Treatment with a mAb against IL-4 upon infection with L. major in SCID mice reconstituted with CD25-depleted spleen cells prevented the development of Th2 polarization and rendered them resistant to infection. These results demonstrate that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells play a role in regulating the early IL-4 mRNA and the subsequent development of a Th2 response in this model of infection.

The Poetics and Politics of the American Gothic : Gender and Slavery in Nineteenth-Century American Literature

Taking as its point of departure recent insights about the performative¦nature of genre, The Poetics and Politics of the American Gothic¦challenges the critical tendency to accept at face value that gothic¦literature is mainly about fear. Instead, Agnieszka Soltysik Monnet¦argues that the American Gothic, and gothic literature in general,¦is also about judgment: how to judge and what happens when¦judgment is confronted with situations that defy its limits.¦Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, Gilman, and James all shared a concern¦with the political and ideological debates of their time, but tended¦to approach these debates indirectly. Thus, Monnet suggests, while¦slavery and race are not the explicit subject matter of antebellum¦works by Poe and Hawthorne, they nevertheless permeate it through¦suggestive analogies and tacit references. Similarly, Melville, Gilman,¦and James use the gothic to explore the categories of gender and¦sexuality that were being renegotiated during the latter half of the¦century. Focusing on The Fall of the House of Usher, The Marble¦Faun, Pierre, The Turn of the Screw, and The Yellow Wallpaper,¦Monnet brings to bear minor texts by the same authors that further¦enrich her innovative readings of these canonical works. At the same¦time, her study persuasively argues that the Gothic's endurance¦and ubiquity are in large part related to its being uniquely adapted¦to rehearse questions about judgment and justice that continue to¦fascinate and disturb.