Thermogenesis in men and women induced by fructose vs glucose added to a meal.

Energy expenditure (EE) was measured by indirect calorimetry in 20 subjects (10 men and 10 women) for 30 min before and 6 h after the ingestion of a mixed meal containing 20% protein, 33% fat, and either 75 g glucose or 75 g fructose as carbohydrate source (47%). Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and the rate of carbohydrate oxidation were significantly greater with fructose (12.4 +/- 0.6% and 54.8 +/- 2.1 g/6 h, respectively) than with glucose (10.7 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.01, and 48.3 +/- 2.4 g/6 h, p less than 0.01, respectively). The DIT of male (12.1 +/- 1% and 13.9 +/- 0.8% with glucose and fructose, respectively) was greater than that of female subjects (9.2 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.05, and 11.0 +/- 0.7%, p less than 0.05, respectively). In contrast to the glucose meal, negligible changes in plasma levels of glucose and insulin were observed with the fructose meal but plasma levels of lactate increased more with fructose than with glucose (peak values: 3.3 +/- 0.6 vs 1.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/L, respectively). When fructose provides the only carbohydrate source of a mixed meal, it induces a larger increase in carbohydrate oxidation and thermogenesis than when glucose is the carbohydrate source.

Gaia photometry for white dwarfs

Context. White dwarfs can be used to study the structure and evolution of the Galaxy by analysing their luminosity function and initial mass function. Among them, the very cool white dwarfs provide the information for the early ages of each population. Because white dwarfs are intrinsically faint only the nearby (~ 20 pc) sample is reasonably complete. The Gaia space mission will drastically increase the sample of known white dwarfs through its 5-6 years survey of the whole sky up to magnitude V = 20-25. Aims. We provide a characterisation of Gaia photometry for white dwarfs to better prepare for the analysis of the scientific output of the mission. Transformations between some of the most common photometric systems and Gaia passbands are derived. We also give estimates of the number of white dwarfs of the different galactic populations that will be observed. Methods. Using synthetic spectral energy distributions and the most recent Gaia transmission curves, we computed colours of three different types of white dwarfs (pure hydrogen, pure helium, and mixed composition with H/He = 0.1). With these colours we derived transformations to other common photometric systems (Johnson-Cousins, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and 2MASS). We also present numbers of white dwarfs predicted to be observed by Gaia. Results. We provide relationships and colourcolour diagrams among different photometric systems to allow the prediction and/or study of the Gaia white dwarf colours. We also include estimates of the number of sources expected in every galactic population and with a maximum parallax error. Gaia will increase the sample of known white dwarfs tenfold to about 200 000. Gaia will be able to observe thousands of very cool white dwarfs for the first time, which will greatly improve our understanding of these stars and early phases of star formation in our Galaxy.

Minor protease inhibitor mutations at baseline do not increase the risk for a virological failure in HIV-1 subtype B infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Minor protease inhibitor (PI) mutations often exist as polymorphisms in HIV-1 sequences from treatment-naïve patients. Previous studies showed that their presence impairs the antiretroviral treatment (ART) response. Evaluating these findings in a larger cohort is essential. METHODS: To study the impact of minor PI mutations on time to viral suppression and time to virological failure, we included patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study infected with HIV-1 subtype B who started first-line ART with a PI and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Cox regression models were performed to compare the outcomes among patients with 0 and ≥ 1 minor PI mutation. Models were adjusted for baseline HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell count, sex, transmission category, age, ethnicity, year of ART start, the presence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations, and stratified for the administered PIs. RESULTS: We included 1199 patients of whom 944 (78.7%) received a boosted PI. Minor PI mutations associated with the administered PI were common: 41.7%, 16.1%, 4.7% and 1.9% had 1, 2, 3 or ≥ 4 mutations, respectively. The time to viral suppression was similar between patients with 0 (reference) and ≥ 1 minor PI mutation (multivariable hazard ratio (HR): 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-1.3], P = .196). The time to virological failure was also similar (multivariable HR:.9 [95% CI:.5-1.6], P = .765). In addition, the impact of each single minor PI mutation was analyzed separately: none was significantly associated with the treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of minor PI mutations at baseline has no effect on the therapy outcome in HIV infected individuals.

Betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeiden mikrosuodattaminen teräskeraamisella kalvolla

Betaiini on ammoniumyhdiste, jota käytetään esimerkiksi eläinten rehussa, kosmetiikassa ja lääkkeissä. Danisco Animal Nutrition Finnfeeds Finland Oy:n Naantalin tehdas on maailman johtava betaiinin tuottaja ja raaka-aineena tehtaalla käytetään melassierotuksesta saatavaa betaiinimelassia. Kiteisen betaiinin puhdistusprosessin yhteydessä syntyybetaiinipitoisia sivujakeita, jotka sisältävät huomattavan määrän betaiinia, minkä takia niiden jatkokäsittely on tärkeää. Betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeet ovat erittäin vaikeasti suodattuvia orgaanisia liuoksia, joiden koostumuksia ei täysin tunneta. Tämän työn tarkoituksena oli puhdistaa betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeita mikrosuodattamalla niitä teräskeraamisella kalvolla. Työn kokeellisessa osassa suoritettiin suodatusparametrien eli pH:n, lämpötilan, TMP:n ja betaiiniliuoksen kuiva-ainepitoisuuden optimointi sekä konsentrointikokeita. Mikrosuodatus suoritettiin Graver Technologiesin Scepter-putkimoduulilla, joka toimi ohivirtausperiaatteella ja jonka huokoskoko oli 0,1 ¿m. Scepter-moduuli koostui ruostumattomasta teräksestä sintratuista putkimoduuleista, joissa erottavana kerroksena toimi TiO2. Esikokeiden perusteella todettiin ettei pH:lla ollut suurta vaikutusta suodatukseen. Permeaattivuo kasvoi selvästi lämpötilan ja TMP:nkasvaessa. Vuo taas huononi ja permeaatin sameus lisääntyi selvästi 35 % korkeammissa kuiva-ainepitoisuuksissa. Konsentrointikokeet suoritettiin betaiiniliuoksen refraktrometrisessa kuiva-ainepitoisuudessa, BetRk, 35 %, 80 °C lämpötilassa ja betaiiniliuoksen omassa pH:ssa (pH 8-9,5). Esikokeiden tulosten perusteella konsentrointikokeet suoritettiin TMP:ssa 0,6; 0,8 ja 1,0 bar. Betaiinin tuotannonsivujakeiden konsentrointikokeissa saannoksi saatiin 95 %. Suodatustuloksista havaittiin, että betaiinin tuotannon sivujakeen erä vaikutti voimakkaasti suodatuksen toimivuuteen. Konsentrointikokeissa suodatukset suoritettiin sekäuusilla mikrosuodatusmoduuleilla että vanhalla moduulilla, joka oli jo kulunut.Kulumisen ei kuitenkaan havaittu huonontavan suodatustehokkuutta. Konsentrointikokeiden perusteella voidaan laitteiston pesuväliksi arvioida noin viikko ja pesu tulisi suorittaa sekä emäksisellä että happamalla pesuaineella.

Enhanced cytotoxicity and decreased CD8 dependence of human cancer-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes after vaccination with low peptide dose.

In mice, vaccination with high peptide doses generates higher frequencies of specific CD8+ T cells, but with lower avidity compared to vaccination with lower peptide doses. To investigate the impact of peptide dose on CD8+ T cell responses in humans, melanoma patients were vaccinated with 0.1 or 0.5 mg Melan-A/MART-1 peptide, mixed with CpG 7909 and Incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Neither the kinetics nor the amplitude of the Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cell responses differed between the two vaccination groups. Also, CD8+ T cell differentiation and cytokine production ex vivo were similar in the two groups. Interestingly, after low peptide dose vaccination, Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells showed enhanced degranulation upon peptide stimulation, as assessed by CD107a upregulation and perforin release ex vivo. In accordance, CD8+ T cell clones derived from low peptide dose-vaccinated patients showed significantly increased degranulation and stronger cytotoxicity. In parallel, Melan-A-specific CD8+ T cells and clones from low peptide dose-vaccinated patients expressed lower CD8 levels, despite similar or even stronger binding to tetramers. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell clones from low peptide dose-vaccinated patients bound CD8 binding-deficient tetramers more efficiently, suggesting that they may express higher affinity TCRs. We conclude that low peptide dose vaccination generated CD8+ T cell responses with stronger cytotoxicity and lower CD8 dependence.

Conservação refrigerada de lima ácida 'Tahiti': uso de 1-metilciclopropeno, ácido giberélico e cera

A conservação refrigerada da lima ácida 'Tahiti' sob baixa temperatura permite o aumento no período de comercialização dos frutos, entretanto, a perda da coloração verde da casca é o principal entrave que impede este prolongamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação do 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), associado ao uso de cera e ácido giberélico (GA), sobre a conservação refrigerada de lima ácida 'Tahiti'. Foram aplicados os tratamentos: T1:Controle; T2: 1-MCP (1 mg. L-1) durante 12 horas a 20ºC; T3: Cera (0,1 mL por fruto); T4: Ácido giberélico - GA (10 mg. L-1); T5: 1-MCP + Cera; T6: 1-MCP + GA; T7: Cera + GA; T8: 1-MCP + Cera + GA; T9: T2 + re-aplicação de 1-MCP após 30 dias de armazenamento. Os frutos foram armazenados durante 30 e 60 dias a 10C e 90% UR. A cera foi suficiente para retardar a perda de coloração verde da casca até 30 dias de conservação a 10ºC. O 1-MCP também mantém a coloração verde até 30 dias de conservação refrigerada, enquanto que a sua reaplicação após este período não apresenta efeito para a manutenção da coloração verde da casca. No presente trabalho não foi pronunciado o efeito do ácido giberélico. Após 60 dias de armazenamento os frutos não se apresentavam comercializáveis.

Influência do intervalo entre a colheita e a aplicação do 1-metilciclopropeno no controle do amadurecimento de mamão

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência do intervalo entre a colheita e a aplicação do 1-MCP na sua eficiência como retardador do amadurecimento de mamões 'Golden'. Os frutos foram colhidos em pomares comerciais da região de Linhares-ES, no estádio 2 de maturação, armazenados a 11±1ºC e submetidos à aplicação de 1-MCP (100nL.L-1) após 0; 1; 2 e 3 dias da colheita. Frutos tratados e não-tratados permaneceram durante 6 dias a 11±1ºC e, em seguida, foram armazenados a 22±1,5ºC e 80-90%UR, até completo amadurecimento. O 1-MCP retardou a perda de firmeza e a mudança da cor da casca dos frutos. Os frutos sem 1-MCP atingiram firmeza ideal para consumo entre o 2º e o 4º dia a 22ºC. Os frutos que receberam 1-MCP no 2º ou no 3º dia após a colheita, atingiram ponto de consumo entre o 8º e o 10º dia a 22ºC. Aqueles tratados no 1º dia após a colheita atingiram firmeza de consumo no 12º dia a 22ºC, e aqueles que receberam 1-MCP no dia da colheita, não amoleceram. A coloração da casca teve comportamento similar ao da firmeza, porém em menor intensidade. Houve pequeno aumento no teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos em função do amadurecimento. Quanto menor o intervalo entre a colheita e a aplicação do 1-MCP maior sua eficiência como retardador do amadurecimento de mamões 'Golden'. Essa informação é fundamental na definição da tecnologia de aplicação desse regulador vegetal.

Resposta da aplicação do 1-MCP em frutos de mamoeiro 'Golden' em diferentes estádios de maturação

O estudo de fatores que influenciam no processo de amadurecimento é fundamental para o planejamento do processo de comercialização, principalmente em frutos com padrão de respiração climatérico e perecível, como é o caso do mamão. Nesse trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação do 1-MCP (1-metilciclopropeno) sobre o amadurecimento de frutos de mamoeiro nos estádios 0; 1 e 2 de maturação. O 1-MCP diminui a produção de etileno (≈79%) e a taxa respiratória (≈45%), principalmente em frutos no estádio 0 de maturação. O uso deste inibidor da ação do etileno retardou a perda de coloração verde da casca dos frutos, principalmente em frutos nos estádios 0 e 1 de maturação. Houve redução na perda de firmeza do fruto e do mesocarpo nos estádios 1 e 2. Entretanto, em frutos no estádio 0 de maturação, a firmeza do mesocarpo manteve-se alta, o que pode comprometer a aceitação destes frutos pelo consumidor. O teor de sólidos solúveis não foi influenciado pela aplicação do 1-MCP. O efeito do 1-MCP na redução da atividade das enzimas PME e PG foi maior em frutos nos estádios 0 e 1 de maturação em comparação a frutos no estádio 2 de maturação. A atividade da PME demonstrou crescente aumento ao longo do período de armazenamento, porém a atividade da PG permaneceu baixa ao longo dos cinco primeiros dias, com aumento posterior. Os resultados mostraram que a PME exerce influência significativa na perda de firmeza da polpa nos primeiros dias, com atuação posterior da PG. O 1-MCP mostrou-se eficiente em retardar o processo de amadurecimento de frutos de mamoeiro, tornando-se mais eficiente quando associado a estádios de maturação iniciais.

N=1 SQCD-like theories with N_f massive flavors from AdS/CFT and beta functions

We study new supergravity solutions related to large-N c N=1 supersymmetric gauge field theories with a large number N f of massive flavors. We use a recently proposed framework based on configurations with N c color D5 branes and a distribution of N f flavor D5 branes, governed by a function N f S(r). Although the system admits many solutions, under plausible physical assumptions the relevant solution is uniquely determined for each value of x ≡ N f /N c . In the IR region, the solution smoothly approaches the deformed Maldacena-Núñez solution. In the UV region it approaches a linear dilaton solution. For x < 2 the gauge coupling β g function computed holographically is negative definite, in the UV approaching the NSVZ β function with anomalous dimension γ 0 = −1/2 (approaching − 3/(32π 2)(2N c  − N f )g 3)), and with β g  → −∞ in the IR. For x = 2, β g has a UV fixed point at strong coupling, suggesting the existence of an IR fixed point at a lower value of the coupling. We argue that the solutions with x > 2 describe a"Seiberg dual" picture where N f  − 2N c flips sign.

Qualidade de maçãs 'Royal gala' submetidas ao dano mecânico por impacto e aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno em dois sistemas comerciais de armazenamento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do dano mecânico por impacto e da aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a qualidade de maçãs 'Royal Gala' mantidas em armazenamento refrigerado (AR) e em atmosfera controlada (AC). Os tratamentos avaliados foram dano mecânico (sem e com dano por impacto) combinado com a aplicação de 1-MCP (0 e 625 nL L-1). Os frutos foram armazenados durante quatro meses em armazenamento refrigerado (AR; 0 ºC ± 1 ºC e 92 ± 2 % de UR) (experimento 1) e durante oito meses em atmosfera controlada (AC; 1,2 kPa de O2 + 2,0 kPa de CO2; 0 ºC ± 0,1 ºC e 96 ± 2 % de UR) (experimento 2). Em AR, os frutos tratados com 1-MCP apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa, além de maior área escurecida no local danificado, na saída da câmara. Nesta condição de armazenamento, após sete dias em condição ambiente, os frutos tratados com 1-MCP apresentaram acidez titulável mais elevada, maior escurecimento da epiderme e menor profundidade de escurecimento da polpa no local danificado. Em AC, a aplicação do 1-MCP proporcionou, após a saída da câmara, frutos com menor teor de sólidos solúveis e maior escurecimento da epiderme no local danificado, sendo que, após sete dias em condição ambiente, os frutos apresentaram maior profundidade de escurecimento do tecido da polpa no local danificado. O dano por impacto ocasionou escurecimento da polpa de maçãs 'Royal Gala'. O 1-MCP não inibiu os efeitos do dano, mas preservou a qualidade dos frutos, especialmente em AR.

Gaia photometry for white dwarfs

Context. White dwarfs can be used to study the structure and evolution of the Galaxy by analysing their luminosity function and initial mass function. Among them, the very cool white dwarfs provide the information for the early ages of each population. Because white dwarfs are intrinsically faint only the nearby (~ 20 pc) sample is reasonably complete. The Gaia space mission will drastically increase the sample of known white dwarfs through its 5-6 years survey of the whole sky up to magnitude V = 20-25. Aims. We provide a characterisation of Gaia photometry for white dwarfs to better prepare for the analysis of the scientific output of the mission. Transformations between some of the most common photometric systems and Gaia passbands are derived. We also give estimates of the number of white dwarfs of the different galactic populations that will be observed. Methods. Using synthetic spectral energy distributions and the most recent Gaia transmission curves, we computed colours of three different types of white dwarfs (pure hydrogen, pure helium, and mixed composition with H/He = 0.1). With these colours we derived transformations to other common photometric systems (Johnson-Cousins, Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and 2MASS). We also present numbers of white dwarfs predicted to be observed by Gaia. Results. We provide relationships and colour-colour diagrams among different photometric systems to allow the prediction and/or study of the Gaia white dwarf colours. We also include estimates of the number of sources expected in every galactic population and with a maximum parallax error. Gaia will increase the sample of known white dwarfs tenfold to about 200 000. Gaia will be able to observe thousands of very cool white dwarfs for the first time, which will greatly improve our understanding of these stars and early phases of star formation in our Galaxy.

1.48 and 1.84 µm thulium emissions in monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 single crystals

By exciting at 788 nm, we have characterized the near infrared emissions of trivalent thulium ions in monoclinic KGd(WO4)2 single crystals at 1.48 and 1.84 mm as a function of dopant concentration from 0.1% to 10% and temperature from 10 K to room temperature. We used the reciprocity method to calculate the maximum emission cross-section of 3.0310220 cm2 at 1.838 mm for the polarization parallel to the Nm principal optical direction. These results agrees well with the experimental data. Experimental decay times of the 3H4!3F4 and 3F4!3H6 transitions have been measured as a function of thulium concentration.

Characterization of hepatic fatty acids in mice with reduced liver fat by ultra-short echo time (1)H-MRS at 14.1 T in vivo.

Alterations in the hepatic lipid content (HLC) and fatty acid composition are associated with disruptions in whole body metabolism, both in humans and in rodent models, and can be non-invasively assessed by (1)H-MRS in vivo. We used (1)H-MRS to characterize the hepatic fatty-acyl chains of healthy mice and to follow changes caused by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Using STEAM at 14.1 T with an ultra-short TE of 2.8 ms, confounding effects from T2 relaxation and J-coupling were avoided, allowing for accurate estimations of the contribution of unsaturated (UFA), saturated (SFA), mono-unsaturated (MUFA) and poly-unsaturated (PUFA) fatty-acyl chains, number of double bonds, PU bonds and mean chain length. Compared with in vivo (1) H-MRS, high resolution NMR performed in vitro in hepatic lipid extracts reported longer fatty-acyl chains (18 versus 15 carbons) with a lower contribution from UFA (61 ± 1% versus 80 ± 5%) but a higher number of PU bonds per UFA (1.39 ± 0.03 versus 0.58 ± 0.08), driven by the presence of membrane species in the extracts. STZ injection caused a decrease of HLC (from 1.7 ± 0.3% to 0.7 ± 0.1%), an increase in the contribution of SFA (from 21 ± 2% to 45 ± 6%) and a reduction of the mean length (from 15 to 13 carbons) of cytosolic fatty-acyl chains. In addition, SFAs were also likely to have increased in membrane lipids of STZ-induced diabetic mice, along with a decrease of the mean chain length. These studies show the applicability of (1)H-MRS in vivo to monitor changes in the composition of the hepatic fatty-acyl chains in mice even when they exhibit reduced HLC, pointing to the value of this methodology to evaluate lipid-lowering interventions in the scope of metabolic disorders.

A novel set of DIP-STR markers for improved analysis of challenging DNA mixtures.

Currently available molecular biology tools allow forensic scientists to characterize DNA evidence found at crime scenes for a large variety of samples, including those of limited quantity and quality, and achieve high levels of individualization. Yet, standard forensic markers provide limited or no results when applied to mixed DNA samples where the contributors are present in very different proportions (unbalanced DNA mixtures). This becomes an issue mostly for the analysis of trace samples collected on the victim or from touched objects. To this end, we recently proposed an innovative type of genetic marker, named DIP-STR that relies on pairing deletion/insertion polymorphisms (DIP) with standard short tandem repeats (STR). This novel compound marker allows detection of the minor DNA contributor in a DNA mixture of any gender and cellular origin with unprecedented resolution (beyond a DNA ratio of 1:1000). To provide a novel analytical tool useful in practice to common forensic laboratories, this article describes the first set of 10 DIP-STR markers selected according to forensic technical standards. The novel DIP-STR regions are short (between 146 and 271 bp), include only highly polymorphic tri-, tetra- and pentanucleotide tandem repeats and are located on different chromosomes or chromosomal arms to provide statistically independent results. This novel set of DIP-STR can target the amplification of 0.03-0.1 ng of DNA when mixed with a 1000-fold excess of major DNA. DIP-STR relative allele frequencies are estimated based on a survey of 103 Swiss individuals. Finally, this study provides an estimate of the occurrence of informative alleles and a calculation of the corresponding random match probability of the detected minor DIP-STR genotype assessed across 10,506 pairwise conceptual mixtures.

High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) : a pathogenic role in preeclampsia

Introduction : la Physiopathologie maternelle de la prééclampsie s'associe typiquement à un état inflammatoire systémique modéré. La protéine "high mobility group box 1" (HMGB-1) est une protéine nucléaire ubiquitaire. En cas de stress cellulaire, elle est relâchée dans le milieu extrace llua li re et peut ainsi exercer son activité pro-inflammatoire. En cas de prééclampsie, le liquide amniotique et le cytoplasme des cellules trophoblastiques contiennent des quantités anormalement élevées de HMGB-1, mais il n'est toujours pas universellement admis que ces concentrations se retrouvent dans le sang maternel. Méthodes : nous avons recruté 32 femmes au troisième trimestre de grossesse, 16 avec et 16 sans prééclampsie. Nous avons également observé 16 femmes non enceintes et en bonne santé, appariées selon l'âge avec les femmes enceintes. Nous avons mesuré la concentration sérique de HMGB-1 chez les femmes enceintes avant, puis 24-48 heures après leur accouchement, en utilisant un kit ELISA commercial. Le même dosage a été réalisé chez les femmes non enceintes, mais à une seule reprise, au moment de leur inclusion dans l'étude. Résultats : le jour de leur inclusion dans l'étude, la concentration médiane [intervalle interquartile] de HMGB-1 chez les femmes enceintes prééclamptiques était de 2.1 ng/ml [1.1 - 3.2], de 1.1 [1.0-1.2] chez les grossesses saines (p < 0.05 vs groupe prééclamptiques) et de 0.6 [0.5 - 0.8] chez les patientes non enceintes (p < 0.01 vs deux autres groupes). Pour les deux groupes de femmes enceintes, les concentrations mesurées en post-partum ne variaient pas significativement de celles mesurées avant l'accouchement. Conclusion : avec ou sans prééclampsie, le troisième triemstre de la grossesse est associé à une élévation des taux circulants de HMGB-1. Cette augmentation est exagérée en cas de prééclampsie. L'origine de ces concentrations élevées reste à déterminer, mais elle semble impliquer d'autres organes que le placenta lui-même.