Enhanced Metastatic Potential in a 3D Tissue Scaffold toward a Comprehensive in Vitro Model for Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is clinically the most challenging and lethal aspect of breast cancer. While animal-based xenograft models are expensive and time-consuming, conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture systems fail to mimic in vivo signaling. In this study we have developed a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold system that better mimics the topography and mechanical properties of the breast tumor, thus recreating the tumor microenvironment in vitro to study breast cancer metastasis. Porous poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds of modulus 7.0 +/- 0.5 kPa, comparable to that of breast tumor tissue were fabricated, on which MDA-MB-231 cells proliferated forming tumoroids. A comparative gene expression analysis revealed that cells growing in the scaffolds expressed increased levels of genes implicated in the three major events of metastasis, viz., initiation, progression, and the site-specific colonization compared to cells grown in conventional 2D tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dishes. The cells cultured in scaffolds showed increased invasiveness and sphere efficiency in vitro and increased lung metastasis in vivo. A global gene expression analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of genes involved in cell cell and cell matrix interactions and tissue remodeling, cancer inflammation, and the PI3K/Akt, Wnt, NF-kappaB, and HIFI signaling pathways all of which are implicated in metastasis. Thus, culturing breast cancer cells in 3D scaffolds that mimic the in vivo tumor-like microenvironment enhances their metastatic potential. This system could serve as a comprehensive in vitro model to investigate the manifold mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis.

Combined Effect of Cryogel Matrix and Temperature-Reversible Soluble-Insoluble Polymer for the Development of in Vitro Human Liver Tissue

Hepatic cell culture on a three-dimensional (3D) matrix or as a hepatosphere appears to be a promising in vitro biomimetic system for liver tissue engineering applications. In this study, we have combined the concept of a 3D scaffold and a spheroid culture to develop an in vitro model to engineer liver tissue for drug screening. We have evaluated the potential of poly(ethylene glycol)-alginate-gelatin (PAG) cryogel matrix for in vitro culture of human liver cell lines. The synthesized cryogel matrix has a flow rate of 7 mL/min and water uptake capacity of 94% that enables easy nutrient transportation in the in vitro cell culture. Youngs modulus of 2.4 kPa and viscoelastic property determine the soft and elastic nature of synthesized cryogel. Biocompatibility of PAG cryogel was evaluated through MTT assay of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells on matrices. The proliferation and functionality of the liver cells were enhanced by culturing hepatic cells as spheroids (hepatospheres) on the PAG cryogel using temperature-reversible soluble-insoluble polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Pore size of the cryogel above 100 mu m modulated spheroid size that can prevent hypoxia condition within the spheroid culture. Both the hepatic cells have shown a significant difference (P < 0.05) in terms of cell number and functionality when cultured with PNIPAAm. After 10 days of culture using 0.05% PNIPAAm, the cell number increased by 11- and 7-fold in case of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, respectively. Similarly, after 10 days of hepatic spheroids culture on PAG cryogel, the albumin production, urea secretion, and CYP450 activity were significantly higher in case of culture with PNIPAAm. The developed tissue mass on the PAG cryogel in the presence of PNIPAAm possess polarity, which was confirmed using F-actin staining and by presence of intercellular bile canalicular lumen. The developed cryogel matrix supports liver cells proliferation and functionality and therefore can be used for in vitro and in vivo drug testing.

Spark plasma sintering of TiNi nano-powders for biological application

Nano-sized TiNi powder with an average size of 50nm was consolidated using spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 800 °C for 5min. A layer of anatase TiO 2 coating was formed on the sintered TiNi by chemical reaction with a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution at 60 °C followed by heat treatment at 400 °C to enhance the bioactivity of the metal surface. Cell culture using osteoblast cells and a biomimetic test in simulated body fluid proved the biocompatibility of the chemically treated SPS TiNi. © IOP Publishing Ltd.

Substrate Strain and Proliferation & Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

New methods of surface modification of transparent silicone substrate were developed, and a new set of cell culture devices that provide homogeneous substrate strain was designed. Using the new device, effects of cyclic substrate strain on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) were studied. It was found that cyclic strain influenced proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow MSCs in different ways.

rhegf-Loaded Plga-Alginate Microspheres Enhance The Healing Of Full-Thickness Excisional Wounds In Diabetised Wistar Rats

[EN] Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) represent a major clinical challenge in the ageing population. To address this problem, rhEGF-loaded Poly-Lactic-co-Glycolic-Acid (PLGA)-Alginate microspheres (MS) were prepared by a modified w/o/w-doubleemulsion/ solvent evaporation method. Different formulations were evaluated with the aim of optimising MSs properties by adding NaCl to the surfactant solution and/or the solvent removal phase and adding alginate as a second polymer. The characterization of the developed MS showed that alginate incorporation increased the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and NaCl besides increasing the EE also became the particle surface smooth and regular. Once the MS were optimised, the target loading of rhEGF was increased to 1% (PLGA-Alginate MS), and particles were sterilised by gamma radiation to provide the correct dosage for in vivo studies. In vitro cell culture assays demonstrated that neither the microencapsulation nor the sterilisation process affected rhEGF bioactivity or rhEGF wound contraction. Finally, the MS were evaluated in vivo for treatment of the full-thickness wound model in diabetised Wistar rats. rhEGF MS treated animals showed a statistically significant decrease of the wound area by days 7 and 11, a complete re-epithelisation by day 11 and an earlier resolution of the inflammatory process. Overall, these findings demonstrate the promising potential of rhEGF-loaded MS (PLGA-Alginate MS) to promote faster and more effective wound healing, and suggest its possible application in DFU treatment.

Antitumor activity of Py-Im polyamides

Molecules that inhibit DNA dependent processes are the most commonly used agents for the treatment of cancer. The genotoxicity associated with their mechanisms of action, unfortunately, make them extremely toxic to the patient and cancer cells alike. The work presented in this thesis outlines the development of Py-Im polyamides as non-genotoxic DNA-targeted antitumor molecules that interfere with RNA polymerase II elongation. We initially characterized the pharmacokinetic profiles of two hairpin polyamides to establish their bioavailability in the serum and tissues after a single administration. We next determined the molecular mechanism that contributes to toxicity of a hairpin polyamide in human prostate cancer cells in cell culture and we demonstrated antitumor effects of the compound against LNCaP xenografts in mice. Finally, we conducted animal toxicity experiments on 4 polyamides that vary on the gamma-turn with respect to the substitution of amino and acetamide groups at the alpha and beta positions. From this study we identified a second generation compound that retains antitumor activity with significantly reduce animal toxicity. This work sets the foundation for the development of Py-Im polyamides as DNA targeted therapeutics for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.

Experimental and theoretical studies of Notch signaling-mediated spatial pattern

Notch signaling acts in many diverse developmental spatial patterning processes. To better understand why this particular pathway is employed where it is and how downstream feedbacks interact with the signaling system to drive patterning, we have pursued three aims: (i) to quantitatively measure the Notch system's signal input/output (I/O) relationship in cell culture, (ii) to use the quantitative I/O relationship to computationally predict patterning outcomes of downstream feedbacks, and (iii) to reconstitute a Notch-mediated lateral induction feedback (in which Notch signaling upregulates the expression of Delta) in cell culture. The quantitative Notch I/O relationship revealed that in addition to the trans-activation between Notch and Delta on neighboring cells there is also a strong, mutual cis-inactivation between Notch and Delta on the same cell. This feature tends to amplify small differences between cells. Incorporating our improved understanding of the signaling system into simulations of different types of downstream feedbacks and boundary conditions lent us several insights into their function. The Notch system converts a shallow gradient of Delta expression into a sharp band of Notch signaling without any sort of feedback at all, in a system motivated by the Drosophila wing vein. It also improves the robustness of lateral inhibition patterning, where signal downregulates ligand expression, by removing the requirement for explicit cooperativity in the feedback and permitting an exceptionally simple mechanism for the pattern. When coupled to a downstream lateral induction feedback, the Notch system supports the propagation of a signaling front across a tissue to convert a large area from one state to another with only a local source of initial stimulation. It is also capable of converting a slowly-varying gradient in parameters into a sharp delineation between high- and low-ligand populations of cells, a pattern reminiscent of smooth muscle specification around artery walls. Finally, by implementing a version of the lateral induction feedback architecture modified with the addition of an autoregulatory positive feedback loop, we were able to generate cells that produce enough cis ligand when stimulated by trans ligand to themselves transmit signal to neighboring cells, which is the hallmark of lateral induction.

Proteolytic processing of the nonstructural proteins of dengue 2 virus

The genomes of many positive stranded RNA viruses and of all retroviruses are translated as large polyproteins which are proteolytically processed by cellular and viral proteases. Viral proteases are structurally related to two families of cellular proteases, the pepsin-like and trypsin-like proteases. This thesis describes the proteolytic processing of several nonstructural proteins of dengue 2 virus, a representative member of the Flaviviridae, and describes methods for transcribing full-length genomic RNA of dengue 2 virus. Chapter 1 describes the in vitro processing of the nonstructural proteins NS2A, NS2B and NS3. Chapter 2 describes a system that allows identification of residues within the protease that are directly or indirectly involved with substrate recognition. Chapter 3 describes methods to produce genome length dengue 2 RNA from cDNA templates.

The nonstructural protein NS3 is structurally related to viral trypsinlike proteases from the alpha-, picorna-, poty-, and pestiviruses. The hypothesis that the flavivirus nonstructural protein NS3 is a viral proteinase that generates the termini of several nonstructural proteins was tested using an efficient in vitro expression system and antisera specific for the nonstructural proteins NS2B and NS3. A series of cDNA constructs was transcribed using T7 RNA polymerase and the RNA translated in reticulocyte lysates. Proteolytic processing occurred in vitro to generate NS2B and NS3. The amino termini of NS2B and NS3 produced in vitro were found to be the same as the termini of NS2B and NS3 isolated from infected cells. Deletion analysis of cDNA constructs localized the protease domain necessary and sufficient for correct cleavage to the first 184 amino acids of NS3. Kinetic analysis of processing events in vitro and experiments to examine the sensitivity of processing to dilution suggested that an intramolecular cleavage between NS2A and NS2B preceded an intramolecular cleavage between NS2B and NS3. The data from these expression experiments confirm that NS3 is the viral proteinase responsible for cleavage events generating the amino termini of NS2B and NS3 and presumably for cleavages generating the termini of NS4A and NS5 as well.

Biochemical and genetic experiments using viral proteinases have defined the sequence requirements for cleavage site recognition, but have not identified residues within proteinases that interact with substrates. A biochemical assay was developed that could identify residues which were important for substrate recognition. Chimeric proteases between yellow fever and dengue 2 were constructed that allowed mapping of regions involved in substrate recognition, and site directed mutagenesis was used to modulate processing efficiency.

Expression in vitro revealed that the dengue protease domain efficiently processes the yellow fever polyprotein between NS2A and NS2B and between NS2B and NS3, but that the reciprocal construct is inactive. The dengue protease processes yellow fever cleavage sites more efficiently than dengue cleavage sites, suggesting that suboptimal cleavage efficiency may be used to increase levels of processing intermediates in vivo. By mutagenizing the putative substrate binding pocket it was possible to change the substrate specificity of the yellow fever protease; changing a minimum of three amino acids in the yellow fever protease enabled it to recognize dengue cleavage sites. This system allows identification of residues which are directly or indirectly involved with enzyme-substrate interaction, does not require a crystal structure, and can define the substrate preferences of individual members of a viral proteinase family.

Full-length cDNA clones, from which infectious RNA can be transcribed, have been developed for a number of positive strand RNA viruses, including the flavivirus type virus, yellow fever. The technology necessary to transcribe genomic RNA of dengue 2 virus was developed in order to better understand the molecular biology of the dengue subgroup. A 5' structural region clone was engineered to transcribe authentic dengue RNA that contains an additional 1 or 2 residues at the 5' end. A 3' nonstructural region clone was engineered to allow production of run off transcripts, and to allow directional ligation with the 5' structural region clone. In vitro ligation and transcription produces full-length genomic RNA which is noninfectious when transfected into mammalian tissue culture cells. Alternative methods for constructing cDNA clones and recovering live dengue virus are discussed.

Development of a Cationic Mucic Acid Polymer-Based Nanoparticle siRNA Delivery System

Cancer chemotherapy has advanced from highly toxic drugs to more targeted treatments in the last 70 years. Chapter 1 opens with an introduction to targeted therapy for cancer. The benefits of using a nanoparticle to deliver therapeutics are discussed. We move on to siRNA in particular, and why it would be advantageous as a therapy. Specific to siRNA delivery are some challenges, such as nuclease degradation, quick clearance from circulation, needing to enter cells, and getting to the cytosol. We propose the development of a nanoparticle delivery system to tackle these challenges so that siRNA can be effective.

Chapter 2 of this thesis discusses the synthesis and analysis of a cationic mucic acid polymer (cMAP) which condenses siRNA to form a nanoparticle. Various methods to add polyethylene glycol (PEG) for stabilizing the nanoparticle in physiologic solutions, including using a boronic acid binding to diols on mucic acid, forming a copolymer of cMAP with PEG, and creating a triblock with mPEG on both ends of cMAP. The goal of these various pegylation strategies was to increase the circulation time of the siRNA nanoparticle in the bloodstream to allow more of the nanoparticle to reach tumor tissue by the enhanced permeation and retention effect. We found that the triblock mPEG-cMAP-PEGm polymer condensed siRNA to form very stable 30-40 nm particles that circulated for the longest time – almost 10% of the formulation remained in the bloodstream of mice 1 h after intravenous injection.

Chapter 3 explores the use of an antibody as a targeting agent for nanoparticles. Some antibodies of the IgG1 subtype are able to recruit natural killer cells that effect antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) to kill the targeted cell to which the antibody is bound. There is evidence that the ADCC effect remains in antibody-drug conjugates, so we wanted to know whether the ADCC effect is preserved when the antibody is bound to a nanoparticle, which is a much larger and complex entity. We utilized antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor with similar binding and pharmacokinetics, cetuximab and panitumumab, which differ in that cetuximab is an IgG1 and panitumumab is an IgG2 (which does not cause ADCC). Although a natural killer cell culture model showed that gold nanoparticles with a full antibody targeting agent can elicit target cell lysis, we found that this effect was not preserved in vivo. Whether this is due to the antibody not being accessible to immune cells or whether the natural killer cells are inactivated in a tumor xenograft remains unknown. It is possible that using a full antibody still has value if there are immune functions which are altered in a complex in vivo environment that are intact in an in vitro system, so the value of using a full antibody as a targeting agent versus using an antibody fragment or a protein such as transferrin is still open to further exploration.

In chapter 4, nanoparticle targeting and endosomal escape are further discussed with respect to the cMAP nanoparticle system. A diboronic acid entity, which gives an order of magnitude greater binding (than boronic acid) to cMAP due to the vicinal diols in mucic acid, was synthesized, attached to 5kD or 10kD PEG, and conjugated to either transferrin or cetuximab. A histidine was incorporated into the triblock polymer between cMAP and the PEG blocks to allow for siRNA endosomal escape. Nanoparticle size remained 30-40 nm with a slightly negative ca. -3 mV zeta potential with the triblock polymer containing histidine and when targeting agents were added. Greater mRNA knockdown was seen with the endosomal escape mechanism than without. The nanoparticle formulations were able to knock down the targeted mRNA in vitro. Mixed effects suggesting function were seen in vivo.

Chapter 5 summarizes the project and provides an outlook on siRNA delivery as well as targeted combination therapies for the future of personalized medicine in cancer treatment.

Interacciones entre las células madre pluripotentes del carcinoma embrionario y las células mioides peritubulares del testículo

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Estudo da atividade anti-inflamatória e toxicológica em extratos de corais do gênero Tubastraea

O ambiente marinho é um dos ecossistemas mais diversos e complexos em termos de biodiversidade. As condições químicas, físicas e biológicas desse ambiente favorecem a produção de uma variedade de substâncias pela biota, transformando os produtos naturais marinhos em um dos recursos promissores na pesquisa por novos compostos bioativos. O gênero Tubastraea (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae) inclui corais ahermatípicos que produzem compostos secundários bioativos em situações de competição. No estado do Rio de Janeiro são encontradas duas espécies invasoras desse gênero, Tubastraea coccinea e Tubastraea tagusensis. A primeira é amplamente distribuída nas águas tropicais do Atlântico e do Pacífico, e a segunda é nativa do leste do pacífico, ambas invasoras no Atlântico Sul. Este trabalho objetiva avaliar as atividades anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e toxicológica de extratos metanólicos de T. coccinea e T. tagusensis. As colônias de Tubastraea foram coletadas na Baía de Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro - Brasil e extraídas com metanol. A caracterização química foi realizada através da espectroscopia ultravioleta, visível e de infravermelho. Ação anti-inflamatória foi avaliada pelo modelo in vivo de edema em pata de camundongo induzido por carragenina. Atividade sequestrante de radicais livres foi avaliada pelo método do DPPH. Na avaliação toxicológica utilizamos o ensaio Salmonella/microssoma, na presença e ausência de ativação metabólica exógena, o teste in vitro de micronúcleo com células de macrófagos de rato e o teste de mortalidade com o microcrustáceo Artemia salina. Foi possível a distinção dos grupos químicos presentes nos extratos, com os resultados encontrados sendo corroborados com os presentes na literatura. Os extratos de ambas as espécies apresentaram inibição significativa no edema da pata nas doses testadas, em relação ao veículo. Ambos os extratos demonstraram capacidade pela captura do radical DPPH. Atividades citotóxica e mutagênica na ausência de metabolização exógena não foram observadas para as linhagens TA97, TA98 e TA102 nas duas espécies; para a TA100 o extrato de T. coccinea induziu citotoxidade na concentração de 50 g/placa. Os dois extratos induziram citotoxicidade na presença de metabolização exógena para a cepa TA98, tendo sido detectada também indução de mutagenicidade nesta linhagem para T. coccinea. Os extratos não foram capazes de induzir a formação de micronúcleos e não foram tóxicos para o microcrustáceo A. salina. A resposta inibitória do edema após 2 h da indução indica que os compostos presentes nos extratos atuam na segunda fase da inflamação, possivelmente pela inibição da produção de prostaglandinas. Os resultados sugerem que os extratos das espécies T. coccinea e T. tagusensis apresentam substâncias com potencial uso farmacológico, como agente anti-inflamatório e antioxidante.

Proteomic Analysis of the Ubiquitin Landscape in the Drosophila Embryonic Nervous System and the Adult Photoreceptor Cells

Background Ubiquitination is known to regulate physiological neuronal functions as well as to be involved in a number of neuronal diseases. Several ubiquitin proteomic approaches have been developed during the last decade but, as they have been mostly applied to non-neuronal cell culture, very little is yet known about neuronal ubiquitination pathways in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Using an in vivo biotinylation strategy we have isolated and identified the ubiquitinated proteome in neurons both for the developing embryonic brain and for the adult eye of Drosophila melanogaster. Bioinformatic comparison of both datasets indicates a significant difference on the ubiquitin substrates, which logically correlates with the processes that are most active at each of the developmental stages. Detection within the isolated material of two ubiquitin E3 ligases, Parkin and Ube3a, indicates their ubiquitinating activity on the studied tissues. Further identification of the proteins that do accumulate upon interference with the proteasomal degradative pathway provides an indication of the proteins that are targeted for clearance in neurons. Last, we report the proof-of-principle validation of two lysine residues required for nSyb ubiquitination. Conclusions/Significance These data cast light on the differential and common ubiquitination pathways between the embryonic and adult neurons, and hence will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which neuronal function is regulated. The in vivo biotinylation methodology described here complements other approaches for ubiquitome study and offers unique advantages, and is poised to provide further insight into disease mechanisms related to the ubiquitin proteasome system.

Avaliação da resposta imune de neonatos não infectados pelo HIV-1 nascidos de gestantes soropositivas

A síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (AIDS), causada pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), é uma das mais destrutivas epidemias do mundo, e a infecção pelo HIV em mulheres jovens vem aumentando rapidamente nos dias atuais. Esse fato tem um impacto importante na transmissão vertical do vírus. Apesar da grande maioria dos casos de aids pediátrica em todo mundo resultar da transmissão vertical, aproximadamente dois terços das crianças expostas ao HIV durante a vida fetal não são infectadas pelo vírus. Muitos trabalhos sugerem que durante a gestação doenças infecciosas maternas podem ter consequências complexas para o desenvolvimento do feto, e poucos trabalhos têm explorado o impacto da exposição ao HIV sobre a responsividade imunológica de crianças não infectadas a diferentes estímulos, particularmente na era das drogas antirretrovirais. Portanto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar eventos imunes em neonatos não-infectados expostos ao HIV-1 nascidos de gestantes que controlam (G1) ou não (G2) a carga viral plasmática, usando neonatos não expostos como controle. Para tanto, sangue do cordão umbilical de cada neonato foi coletado, plasma e células mononucleares foram separados e a linfoproliferação e o perfil de citocinas foram avaliados. Os resultados demonstraram que a linfoproliferação in vitro induzido por ativadores policlonais foi maior nos neonatos do G2. Entretanto, nenhuma cultura de célula respondeu a um conjunto de peptídeos sintéticos do envelope do HIV-1. A dosagem de citocinas no plasma e nos sobrenadantes das culturas ativadas policlonalmente demonstrou que, enquanto a IL-4 e IL-10 foram as citocinas dominantes produzidas nos grupos G1 e controle, a secreção de IFN-γ, IL-1, Il-6, IL-17 e TNF-α foi significativamente superior nos neonatos G2. Níveis sistêmicos de IL-10 observados dentre os neonatos G1 foram maiores naqueles nascidos de mães tratadas com drogas inibidoras da transcriptase reversa do vírus. Por outro lado, níveis superiores de citocinas inflamatórias foram observados dentre estes nascidos de gestantes tratadas com terapia antirretroviral de alta eficácia. Em resumo, nossos resultados indicam uma responsividade imune alterada em neonatos expostos in utero ao HIV-1 e reforça o papel do tratamento materno anti-viral com drogas menos potentes em atenuar tais distúrbios.

Avaliação do comportamento físico e microbiológico da incorporação de diacetato de clorexidina a resinas acrílicas a base de PMMA

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as propriedades físicas e microbiológicas de resinas acrílicas a base de polimetilmetacrilato após a incorporação de sal de diacetato de clorexidina (CDA) às mesmas. Para tal, foram confeccionados corpos de prova (CDPs) com as resinas VIPI COR e Duralay, sem e com incorporação de 0,5%; 1,0% e 2,0% de CDA, totalizando 8 grupos. A cromatografia líquida foi utilizada para mensurar a liberação de CDA pelas resinas acrílicas, e ainda, mensurar sua lixiviação de monômeros residuais.Para isso, os CDPs foram armazenados individualmente em placas para cultura celular de 24 poços contendo 1 ml de água destilada estéril em cada poço. Após tempo de armazenagem de 2 horas, 7 dias, 14 dias, 21 dias e 28 dias, a 37oC, a solução foi retirada e a liberação de clorexidina ou monômeros residuais foi avaliada utilizando-se HPLC associado a espectrometria ultravioleta. A atividade antifúngica para C. albicans foi avaliada utilizando teste de difusão em ágar, no qual os CDPs foram colocados em placas de BHI previamente inoculadas com C. albicans, com medição do halo de inibição após 48 horas de incubação a 37C. A análise do grau de conversão das resinas se deu através da técnica de espectroscopia de infravermelho transformada de Fourier FTIR utilizando-se uma amostra de resina não polimerizada de cada grupo e realizados 4 scans de absorbância. Para a mensuração da sorção de água por parte das resinas contendo CDA, foram confeccionados 10 corpos de prova para cada grupo, que foram posicionados em suporte dentro de dessecador a 37C para remoção de umidade intrínseca (m1) e depois imersos em 100 ml de água deionizada por 7 dias a 37C, tendo a água trocada diariamente. Após este intervalo, os corpos foram secos para obter a nova massa da resina (m2). As massas obtidas foram incluídas em fórmula matemática para obtenção do grau de sorção. Após obtenção dos resultados, quando comparou-se o halo inibição entre os grupos testados e de mesma marca, apenas as análises entre grupo CDA 2% x grupo CDA 1% e entre CDA 1% x CDA 0,5% não apresentaram diferenças significantes. Quanto a liberação de CDA, a análise de variância demonstrou que dois dos três fatores avaliados (concentração do fármaco e tempo de armazenagem) alteram de maneira significativa a taxa de liberação da clorexidina (p<0,0001), entretanto a marca do material pareceu não influenciar de maneira significativa na liberação do fármaco. Quanto ao grau de conversão, os valores obtidos não foram significantes e apresentou-se menor apenas nos grupos com CDA 2% . Para ambas a sorção de água aumentou conforme a incorporação do sal cresceu e houve aumento significativo nas concentrações de 1.0% e 2.0%. Podemos concluir que a incorporação da clorexidina às resinas a base de PMMA: é capaz de inibir o crescimento de C. albicans; não alterou o grau de conversão das resinas testadas; não altera a liberação de monômeros residuais; e, altera a sorção de água das resinas acrílicas a base de PMMA quando concentrações maiores de CDA são adicionadas.

Estudo imunológico e histopatológico da infecção experimental por Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos geneticamente selecionados para tolerância oral

A esquistossomose acomete 207 milhões de pessoas, com mais de 200 mil mortes anuais. Seu principal agente etiológico é o helminto Schistosoma e o principal modelo experimental, o camundongo. Linhagens de camundongos selecionadas geneticamente para susceptibilidade (TS) e resistência (TR) a tolerância imunológica constituem bons modelos para o estudo da resposta imunológica específica e inespecífica nas infecções. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infecção experimental por S. mansoni nestes camundongos, evidenciando a imunopatologia por diversos parâmetros na fase aguda da infecção. TR e TS não diferiram quanto a penetração de cercárias, recuperação de vermes adultos, fecundidade/produtividade de ovos das fêmeas de S. mansoni, mas predominaram ovos mortos em TS. Quanto maior o número de casais, maior a probabilidade de troca de casais e regressão sexual da fêmea, além de pequena redução da produtividade de ovos. Análise ultraestrutural dos parasitos machos recuperados de TS apresentaram tubérculos edemaciados, espinhos encurtados e em menor densidade que os parasitos dos TR. O tegumento dos parasitos recuperados de TS apresentou-se desorganizado, intensamente vacuolizado e com tendência a se desprender da superfície e espinhos internalizados e células vitelínicas desorganizadas. TS desenvolveram granulomas hepáticos grandes, com fibras radiais e predomínio do estágio exsudativo-produtivo com características de fase produtiva (EP/P), enquanto camundongos TR desenvolveram granulomas menores, com fibras concêntricas e predomínio de granulomas exsudativo-produtivos. TS desenvolveu hepatomegalia mais acentuada na fase aguda da infecção e exacerbada esplenomegalia na fase crônica. A aspartato aminotransferase mais elevada nos TR foi coerente com a acentuada histólise nos granulomas iniciais dos TR. É possível que a histólise menor em TS tenha contribuído para sua intensa hepatomegalia na fase aguda. Leucócitos totais séricos aumentaram em TS, nas fases aguda e crônica, mas não em TR. TS apresentaram anemia durante a fase crônica da infecção, possivelmente devido ao desvio na hematopoiese medular para a produção de leucócitos ou apoptose das hemácias. A mieloperoxidase neutrofílica hepática e no íleo foi maior em TS e a peroxidase de eosinófilos foi mais elevada no íleo do TS. Ambas as linhagens produziram IFN-γ, mas os níveis funcionais de IFN-γ foram diferentes nas duas linhagens em cultura de células. É possível que a imunopatologia hepática grave na linhagem TS possa estar relacionada aos altos títulos IFN-γ. TS produziu IL-10 em maior quantidade, entretanto esta citocina não foi capaz de regular o crescimento exacerbado dos granulomas hepáticos. Altos títulos de IL-4 na linhagem TS também são coerentes com a exacerbação dos granulomas, pois, como a IL-13, a IL-4 induz síntese de colágeno e está relacionada ao desenvolvimento da fibrose no granuloma esquistossomótico. Observamos redução do percentual relativo de células T CD4+ hepáticas de animais infectados em ambas as linhagens e redução percentual nas subpopulações de linfócitos B na medula óssea (precursores, linfócitos B imaturos, maduros e plasmócitos) mais acentuada em TS que em TR, possivelmente devido a extensa mobilização de B imaturos induzida pela inflamação ou desvio da hematopoiese para síntese de granulócitos em TS. Quantitativamente, TR não alterou suas subpopulações de linfócitos B. TS e TR são bons modelos para estudo da resposta imunológica na infecção esquistossomótica experimental. Novos estudos são necessários para confirmar nossas propostas e compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na diferença da resposta imunológica dessas linhagens na relação schistosoma-hospedeiro.