O estado da arte da cirurgia do baço, no início do século XXI

In the last fifty years evolution of scientific knowledge on the spleen provoked an entirely new approach to splenic surgery. It was shown that virulence may emerge as a significant consequence of environmental and evolutionary changes of some microbial communities, and devastating pathogenetic results of these changes become visible in human hosts without the splenic function. In other words: the spleen plays a pivotal role in the dynamic balance between biodiversity, microorganisms and immunogenecity in human hosts. Therefore, to preserve the "splenic immunologic repertoire" became an increasing commitment among surgeons. Understanding the integration of these multiple information on spleen, seems central to understand the new splenic surgery. Partial splenectomies (Réglées) - based on anatomical, experimental and clinical studies, developed at the University of Minas Gerais since the fifties - were successfully applied initially to treat the traumatic injuries of the spleen; in a following step, partial splenectomy were used to control hematological diseases. "Réglées" techniques on the spleen have conquered "ethical support, consilience status and clinical governance" to give birth to surgical therapeutic decisions on the spleen, in order to spare the structural integrity of the immune system. Splenic réglées procedures became a seminal achievement of splenic surgical practice. Initial results of "Partial splenectomies" - with conventional surgical armamentaria and techniques - were confirmed and improved by the introduction of techniques based on laparoscopic and endovascular approaches. And current usage of surgical splenic saving procedures propitiated the emergence of an appropriate lexicon for medical communication and became an "end point" of a "long-standing surgical inhibition" over the spleen.

Síndrome de Ogilvie: relato de dois casos tratados com cecostomia

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction or Ogilvie’s Syndrome is characterized by signs and symptoms of large bowel obstruction without evidence of mechanical cause. The authors report two cases of patients with acute obstructive abdomen who were previously submitted to clinical treatment with no sucess. Later on one of them was submitted to laparoscopic cecostomy and the other to colonoscopic cecostomy The results showed that only the interventionist methods were successful.

Complicações de procedimentos laparoscópicos em urologia: análise retropectiva de 1990 a 2002

Although laparoscopic surgery is a safe and effective procedure, it is not exempt from risks of complications and death. Complication rates have decreased in various procedures, with means of 1%, 3.9% and 9.2%, for those considered easy, difficult and very difficult, respectively, while death rates have ranged from zero to 0.09%. To analyze the characteristics and the incidence of complications regarding the technique, the patient, the surgeon and the various types of laparoscopic procedures used in urology. A literature review between January 1990 and June 2002 in Medline and Lilacs was undertaken, including approximately 22,000 patients submitted to laparoscopic surgery, classified according to the type of procedure. The complications were considered as major or minor in accordance with various criteria adopted by the authors for appraising their seriousness. The complications regarded as minor ones occurred mainly in the phases of access and insufflation, and were more common in the postoperative period. The ones considered as major were associated with the dissection phase, with more serious characteristics, with vascular lesions predominating over visceral ones. The laparoscopic urological procedures proved to be well tolerated by pediatric and obese patients. Complications rates with this technique were inversely proportional to theexperience of the surgeon; they were associated with the complexity of the procedures and were similar to those of the corresponding procedures performed through an open approach. Over ten years, in spite of the increasing complexity of laparoscopic procedures, complications rates have fallen to figures comparable to those of the corresponding open techniques.

Hepatectomia direita por videolaparoscopia

The first application of laparoscopic liver surgery consisted of wedge liver biopsies or resection of peripheral lesions, mostly benign. More recently, reports of anatomic left and right hepatectomy have been seen in the literature. Expertise in some centers has evolved to such an extent that even living related donor hepatectomy has been performed. The aim of this paper is to report a laparoscopic right hepatectomy and describe in detail the surgical technique employed. To our knowledge this is the first case performed in Brazil totally laparoscopically. The surgery followed four distinct phases: complete mobilization of the liver; hilum dissection with encircling of right portal vein and right hepatic artery, caval dissection using linear vascular stapler to divide right hepatic vein and parenchymal transection with harmonic shears and firings of linear staplers are used to divide segmental 5 and 8 branches of middle hepatic vein. The liver specimen was removed by Pfannenstiel incision. Intraoperative blood loss was estimated in 120 ml with no need for blood transfusion. Hospital stay was 5 days. Laparoscopic right hepatectomy is feasible, technically demanding but can be safely accomplished by surgeons who have experience in advanced laparoscopic procedures and open hepatic surgery. In Brazil laparoscopic liver surgery is still in its first years and there is a lack of technical description of this complex procedure.

Cistectomia radical laparoscópica com reservatório ileal

Worldwide experience with laparoscopic radical cystectomy is increasing in the last few years. We describe a 29-year-old female who underwent a laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal reservoir for a bladder sarcoma. Operative time was 405 minutes and estimated blood loss was 500 mL. She had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged in the fifth postoperative day. Key-words: bladder, cystectomy, laparoscopy, urinary diversion, bladder neoplasms.

Leiomioma benigno metastatizante de veia cava inferior: rara complicação tardia de histerectomia

Large vessel tumors diagnosis is usually difficult. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma is a rare condition occurring inside peripheral vessels. There are few publications about this tumor inside inferior vena cava. A 54 years old female patient is presented with a previous hysterectomy for myomas. She complained of no specific symptoms 18 months after surgery. Computer tomography revealed a 7.5 x 3.5 x 4.0 cm mass at inferior vena cava and right psoas muscle. After surgical management and immunohistochemical screening biopsy, the diagnosis was benign metastasizing leiomyoma of inferior vena cava. The patient recovery was uneventful. Benign metastasizing leiomyoma of inferior vena cava is a very rare condition, and must be suspected in patients with primary leiomyosarcoma, especially in women previously submitted to hysterectomy for leiomyomatosis.

Baço migratório em hérnia paraestomal

The authors report a case of a parastomal hernia that incarcerated a wandering spleen. We present a very rare case of an 85-year-old woman with a giant parastomal hernia. Computed tomography revealed a parastomal hernia with a wandering spleen inside. We introduce a different and simple alternative approach, with the smallest inconvenience as possible to solve the trouble. We carried out the treatment with a prosthetic repair closing the defect with ePTFE mesh, performed through a laparoscopic approach, intraperitoneal, like a tie and move the spleen back to its anatomical place. The result was excellent.

Colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada transgástrica laparoscópica após cirurgia bariátrica

Access to the gastric remnant and duodenum is lost after Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses for morbid obesity. Laparoscopic transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has recently been described to manage biliary problems in such cases. We describe the first brazilian case of management of choledocholithiasis after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass using this approach.

Cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios naturais: realidade atual

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging experimental alternative to conventional surgery that eliminates abdominal incisions and incision-related complications by combining endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques to diagnose and treat abdominal pathology. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery refers to the method of accessing the abdominal cavity through a natural orifice under endoscopic visualization. Since its introduction in 2004, numerous reports have been published describing different surgical interventions. Recently, a group of expert laparoscopic surgeons and endoscopists outlined the limitations of this approach and issued recommendations for progress toward human trials. Transluminal surgery is a new method for accessing the abdomen under direct endoscopic visualization. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility of this technique in animal models; however, further research is warranted to validate its safety in humans.

Hiperplasia endotelial papilífera de supra-renal: relato de caso

Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a benign and rare intravascular process thought to arise from an organizing thrombus. Involvement of the adrenal gland is extremely rare, with only one case reported in the literature. We report a case of this vascular lesion in the adrenal gland, treated with laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Ressecção laparoscópica do segmento lateral esquerdo do fígado em doador para transplante hepático inter-vivos

Laparoscopic resection of the left lateral segment of the liver in donors of living liver transplantation. The authors present a case of laparoscopic resection of the left lateral segment of the liver in a donor of living liver transplantation. The procedure was done in six hours and the left lateral segment of the liver was removed through a 15 cm right subcostal incision. The patient was discharged on the 5th post-operative day. A 40 mL intrabdominal collection of bile was percutaneously drained guided by ultra-sonography. The drain was removed after five days. Afterwards, the patient had good recovery with no other complication.

Derivação gastrojejunal com anel de contenção no tratamento de obesidade mórbida em paciente com situs inversus totalis

The gastric bypass is a good option in the therapy of morbid obesity. Nevertheless, it must be considered the rare condition as occurred in a patient with previous abdominal surgery with Situs Inversus Totalis. A 24 year-old male patient with body mass index of 40 Kg/ m², multiple dietary failures, and arterial hypertension as co-morbidities, with a anterior paramedial right incision due to a previous appendicectomy (8 years ago).With a indication for bariatric surgery, was performed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by laparoscopic procedure, with previous planning of Situs Inversus Totalis.

Hérnia paraduodenal esquerda

A left paraduodenal hernia is a protrusion of the small intestine through the paraduodenal fossa, a congenital defect situated to the left of the fourth portion of the duodenum. Imaging studies often play a central role in diagnosing left paraduodenal hernias, as they are not easily identified clinically. Surgery is the treatment of choice. We report a case of left paraduodenal hernia in a 27-year-old female patient. The patient had shown no symptoms until six days before hospitalization. A CT scan suggested the diagnosis of left paraduodenal hernia. After an unsuccessful laparoscopic attempt, a laparotomy was performed. Open surgery consisted in removing adhesions between the hernia and peritoneum, reducing jejunal loops and closing the paraduodenal fossa. The postoperative period was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the third postoperative day.

Complicated diverticular disease: the changing paradigm for treatment

The term "complicated" diverticulitis is reserved for inflamed diverticular disease complicated by bleeding, abscess, peritonitis, fistula or bowel obstruction. Hemorrhage is best treated by angioembolization (interventional radiology). Treatment of infected diverticulitis has evolved enormously thanks to: 1) laparoscopic colonic resection followed or not (Hartmann's procedure) by restoration of intestinal continuity, 2) simple laparoscopic lavage (for peritonitis +/- resection). Diverticulitis (inflammation) may be treated with antibiotics alone, anti-inflammatory drugs, combined with bed rest and hygienic measures. Diverticular abscesses (Hinchey Grades I, II) may be initially treated by antibiotics alone and/or percutaneous drainage, depending on the size of the abscess. Generalized purulent peritonitis (Hinchey III) may be treated by the classic Hartmann procedure, or exteriorization of the perforation as a stoma, primary resection with or without anastomosis, with or without diversion, and last, simple laparoscopic lavage, usually even without drainage. Feculent peritonitis (Hinchey IV), a traditional indication for Hartmann's procedure, may also benefit from primary resection followed by anastomosis, with or without diversion, and even laparoscopic lavage. Acute obstruction (nearby inflammation, or adhesions, pseudotumoral formation, chronic strictures) and fistula are most often treated by resection, ideally laparoscopic. Minimal invasive therapeutic algorithms that, combined with less strict indications for radical surgery before a definite recurrence pattern is established, has definitely lead to fewer resections and/or stomas, reducing their attendant morbidity and mortality, improved post-interventional quality of life, and less costly therapeutic policies.

Four-arm single docking full robotic surgery for low rectal cancer: technique standardization

The authors present the four-arm single docking full robotic surgery to treat low rectal cancer. The eight main operative steps are: 1- patient positioning; 2- trocars set-up and robot docking; 3- sigmoid colon, left colon and splenic flexure mobilization (lateral-to-medial approach); 4-Inferior mesenteric artery and vein ligation (medial-to-lateral approach); 5- total mesorectum excision and preservation of hypogastric and pelvic autonomic nerves (sacral dissection, lateral dissection, pelvic dissection); 6- division of the rectum using an endo roticulator stapler for the laparoscopic performance of a double-stapled coloanal anastomosis (type I tumor); 7- intersphincteric resection, extraction of the specimen through the anus and lateral-to-end hand sewn coloanal anastomosis (type II tumor); 8- cylindric abdominoperineal resection, with transabdominal section of the levator muscles (type IV tumor). The techniques employed were safe and have presented low rates of complication and no mortality.