1000 resultados para dialogisme, interactions verbales, apprentissage, didactique


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The interplay between Rashba, Dresselhaus, and Zeeman interactions in a quantum well submitted to an external magnetic field is studied by means of an accurate analytical solution of the Hamiltonian, including electron-electron interactions in a sum-rule approach. This solution allows us to discuss the influence of the spin-orbit coupling on some relevant quantities that have been measured in inelastic light scattering and electron-spin resonance experiments on quantum wells. In particular, we have evaluated the spin-orbit contribution to the spin splitting of the Landau levels and to the splitting of charge- and spin-density excitations. We also discuss how the spin-orbit effects change if the applied magnetic field is tilted with respect to the direction perpendicular to the quantum well.

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A model for the study of hysteresis and avalanches in a first-order phase transition from a single variant phase to a multivariant phase is presented. The model is based on a modification of the random-field Potts model with metastable dynamics by adding a dipolar interaction term truncated at nearest neighbors. We focus our study on hysteresis loop properties, on the three-dimensional microstructure formation, and on avalanche statistics.

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Delta isobar components in the nuclear many-body wave function are investigated for the deuteron, light nuclei (16O), and infinite nuclear matter within the framework of the coupled-cluster theory. The predictions derived for various realistic models of the baryon-baryon interaction are compared to each other. These include local (V28) and nonlocal meson exchange potentials (Bonn2000) but also a model recently derived by the Salamanca group accounting for quark degrees of freedom. The characteristic differences which are obtained for the NDelta and Delta Delta correlation functions are related to the approximation made in deriving the matrix elements for the baryon-baryon interaction.

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One of the main problems faced by humanity is pollution caused by residues resulting from the production and use of goods, e.g, sewage sludge. Among the various alternatives for its disposal, the agricultural use seems promising. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic conductivity and interaction of soil with sandy-silty texture, classified as Spodosols, from the Experimental Station Itapirema - IPA, in Goiana, state of Pernambuco, in mixtures with sewage sludge from the Mangueira Sewage Treatment Station, in the city of Recife, Pernambuco at rates of 25, 50 and 75 Mg ha-1. Tests were conducted to let water percolate the natural saturated soil and soil-sludge mixtures to characterize their physical, chemical, and microstructural properties as well as hydraulic conductivity. Statistical data analysis showed that the presence of sewage sludge in soils leads to an increase of the < 0.005 mm fraction, reduction in real specific weight and variation in optimum moisture content from 11.60 to 12.90 % and apparent specific dry weight from 17.10 and 17.50 kN m-3. In the sludge-soil mixture, the quartz grains were covered by sludge and filling of the empty soil macropores between grains. There were changes in the chemical characteristics of soil and effluent due to sewage sludge addition and a small decrease in hydraulic conductivity. The results indicate the possibility that soil acidity influenced the concentrations of the elements found in the leachate, showing higher levels at higher sludge doses. It can be concluded that the leaching degree of potentially toxic elements from the sewage sludge treatments does not harm the environment.

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An extension of the self-consistent field approach formulation by Cohen in the preceding paper is proposed in order to include the most general kind of two-body interactions, i.e., interactions depending on position, momenta, spin, isotopic spin, etc. The dielectric function is replaced by a dielectric matrix. The evaluation of the energies involves the computation of a matrix inversion and trace.

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The exchange of gluons between heavy quarks produced in e+e- interactions results in an enhancement of their production near threshold. We study QCD threshold effects in collisions. The results are relevant to heavy quark production by beamstrahlung and laser backscattering in future linear collider experiments. Detailed predictions for top-, bottom-, and charm-quark production are presented.

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Du sens du jeu à la raison d'agirComment est-ce qu'un enfant apprend le sens des mots à partir de mots dont il ne comprend pas le sens ?La thèse « Du sens du jeu à la raison» défend une conception de l'acquisition du langage chez l'enfant. Inspirée de la philosophie de Wittgenstein, elle conteste une représentation empiriste qui voudrait que l'enfant apprenne d'abord la signification des mots dans son expérience prélinguistique du monde pour ensuite associer des noms à des objets - qu'ils soient internes ou qu'ils soient externes - pour revendiquer une représentation profondément anthropologique : celle-ci veut que l'enfant apprenne à parler dans des jeux verbaux dans lesquels il fait usage des mots qu'il hérite d'un mode de vie particulier.«Il ne s'agit pas d'expliquer un jeu de langage par nos expériences vécues, mais de constater un jeu de langage» (Wittgenstein, Recherches philosophiques, Gallimard, Paris, §655).La méthode de recherche est aussi originale. Elle ne se veut pas empirique, mais grammaticale. Il s'agit au moyen d'une série d'exemples - des vidéos d'enfants qui apprennent à parler - de proposer une représentation synoptique de nos usages ordinaires du langage comme «dire maman ou papa», «reconnaître une couleur», «dire aïe!»,. La description de ces jeux de langage n'a pas pour but de nous faire découvrir quelque chose de nouveau, mais de nous faire voir ce que nous avons constamment sous les yeux et qui reste inaperçu. La méthode vise donc une certaine éducation du regard.Ce retour aux jeux de langage de ceux qui apprennent à parler permet de mieux comprendre les possibilités de notre langage et contribue à nous en faire voir les impossibilités. C'est un combat contre les fausses images que nous nous faisons de notre langage, qui nous empêchent de voir le réel usage que nous faisons de nos propres mots.Pour peu que l'on s'accorde avec Wittgenstein pour considérer comme purement mythique la conception de la signification comme quelque chose qui serait associé au mot, on est alors amené à voir autrement - dans l'ordre - nos concepts d'apprentissage, de compréhension et de sujet parlant. En suivant ces étapes, différents types de descriptions (sous forme de texte, de transcription d'interactions, d'images au format de bande dessinée, de vidéos sur DVD en annexe de la thèse) se chevauchent vous invitant à voir autrement comment un enfant apprend le sens des mots à partir de mots dont il ne comprend pas le sens en évoluant progressivement du «sens du jeu à la raison d'agir».