HDL-C and HDL-C/ApoA-I predict long-term progression of glycemia in established type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and small HDL particle size may directly promote hyperglycemia. We evaluated associations of HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and HDL-C/apoA-I with insulin secretion, insulin resistance, HbA1c, and long-term glycemic deterioration, reflected by initiation of pharmacologic glucose control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The 5-year Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study followed 9,795 type 2 diabetic subjects. We calculated baseline associations of fasting HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C/apoA-I with HbA1c and, in those not taking exogenous insulin (n = 8,271), with estimated β-cell function (homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function [HOMA-B]) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Among the 2,608 subjects prescribed lifestyle only, Cox proportional hazards analysis evaluated associations of HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C/apoA-I with subsequent initiation of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) or insulin.

RESULTS: Adjusted for age and sex, baseline HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C/apoA-I were inversely associated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.233, -0.134, and -0.230; all P < 0.001; n = 8,271) but not related to HbA1c (all P > 0.05; n = 9,795). ApoA-I was also inversely associated with HOMA-B (r = -0.063; P = 0.002; n = 8,271) adjusted for age, sex, and HOMA-IR. Prospectively, lower baseline HDL-C and HDL-C/apoA-I levels predicted greater uptake (per 1-SD lower: hazard ratio [HR] 1.13 [CI 1.07-1.19], P < 0.001; and HR 1.16 [CI 1.10-1.23], P < 0.001, respectively) and earlier uptake (median 12.9 and 24.0 months, respectively, for quartile 1 vs. quartile 4; both P < 0.01) of OHAs and insulin, with no difference in HbA1c thresholds for initiation (P = 0.87 and P = 0.81). Controlling for HOMA-IR and triglycerides lessened both associations, but HDL-C/apoA-I remained significant.

CONCLUSIONS: HDL-C, apoA-I, and HDL-C/apoA-I were associated with concurrent insulin resistance but not HbA1c. However, lower HDL-C and HDL-C/apoA-I predicted greater and earlier need for pharmacologic glucose control.

Serum Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) Predicts Pre-eclampsia in Women with Type 1 Diabetes

Objective: To examine the association between fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and pre-eclampsia risk in women with type 1 diabetes.
Reesearch Design and Methods: Serum FABP4 was measured in 710 women from the Diabetes and Pre-eclampsia Intervention Trial (DAPIT) in early pregnancy and in the second trimester (median 14 and 26 weeks gestation, respectively).
Results: FABP4 was significantly elevated in early pregnancy (geometric mean 15.8 ng/mL [interquartile range 11.6–21.4] vs. 12.7 ng/mL [interquartile range 9.6–17]; P < 0.001) and the second trimester (18.8 ng/mL [interquartile range 13.6–25.8] vs. 14.6 ng/mL [interquartile range 10.8–19.7]; P < 0.001) in women in whom pre-eclampsia later developed. Elevated second-trimester FABP4 level was independently associated with pre-eclampsia (odds ratio 2.87 [95% CI 1.24, 6.68], P = 0.03). The addition of FABP4 to established risk factors significantly improved net reclassification improvement at both time points and integrated discrimination improvement in the second trimester.
Conclusions: Increased second-trimester FABP4 independently predicted pre-eclampsia and significantly improved reclassification and discrimination. FABP4 shows potential as a novel biomarker for pre-eclampsia prediction in women with type 1 diabetes.

A systematic review of the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in routine practice.

This document updates and extends a previously conducted systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the effectiveness of ‘real-world’ interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in high risk populations.

Knowledge and awareness of type 1 diabetes among primary school initial teacher trainees

Parents’ experiences during the transition from childhood to adolescence with Type 1 Diabetes: Parent-child relationships and support received during this time and clinical research portfolio

Background: Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) management often worsens as children become adolescents. This can be a difficult time for parents as they hand over responsibility of diabetes management to their adolescent. Objectives: To look at the experiences of parents with a child with T1D as they move to adolescence and take more responsibility for their diabetes management. To find out about parents’ experience of support during this transition. Subjects: Three parents of adolescents with T1D. Participants were recruited from the NHS Highland Paediatric Diabetes Service. Methods: Participants took part in a one-to-one semi-structured interview with a researcher. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the interviews and find common themes across the interviews. Results: Participants experienced worry throughout their child’s transition to adolescence. They found it difficult to let their child take responsibility for their diabetes but acknowledged that their involvement caused tensions with their adolescent. Participants’ experience was that there were a number of practical adjustments to be made with a diagnosis of T1D and educating the network around their child was important. The participants reported that the diagnosis of T1D had an impact on the whole family and not just the child with the diagnosis. The parents felt well supported medically but said that the amount of time before their first clinic appointment felt too long. All participants had concerns about their adolescent moving to the adult diabetic service. Conclusions: Participants experienced worry relating to aspects of their adolescents T1D that they could not control, but were aware of the tensions caused by trying to keep elements of control. Areas of future research were identified.

Diet, microbes and gut immune responses in the pathogenesis of experimental type 1 diabetes

Type 1diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, which is influenced by a variety of environmental factors including diet and microbes. These factors affect the homeostasis and the immune system of the gut. This thesis explored the altered regulation of the immune system and the development of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Inflammation in the entire intestine of diabetes-prone NOD mice was studied using a novel ex-vivo imaging system of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), in relation to two feeding regimens. In parallel, gut barrier integrity and intestinal T-cell activation were assessed. Extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammation and decreased barrier integrity were sought for by studying peritoneal leukocytes. In addition, the role of pectin and xylan as dietary factors involved in diabetes development in NOD mice was explored. NOD mice showed expression of RONS especially in the distal small intestine, which coincided with T-cell activation and increased permeability to macromolecules. The introduction of a casein hydrolysate (hydrolysed milk protein) diet reduced these phenomena, altered the gut microbiota and reduced the incidence of T1D. Extra-intestinally, macrophages appeared in large numbers in the peritoneum of NOD mice after weaning. Peritoneal macrophages (PM) expressed high levels of interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase M (IRAK-M), which was indicative of exposure to ligands of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Intraperitoneal LPS injections activated T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PaLN) and thus, therefore potentially could activate islet-specific T cells. Addition of pectin and xylan to an otherwise diabetes-retarding semisynthetic diet affected microbial colonization of newly-weaned NOD mice, disturbed gut homeostasis and promoted diabetes development. These results help us to understand how diet and microbiota impact the regulation of the gut immune system in a way that might promote T1D in NOD mice.

The concept of low glycemic index and glycemic load foods as panacea for type 2 diabetes mellitus; prospects, challenges and solutions.

Background: This article examines the concepts of low glycemic indices (GIs) and glycemic load (GL) foods as key drivers in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes as well as their shortcomings. The controversies arising from the analysis of glycemic index (GI) and GL of foods such as their reproducibility as well as their relevance to the dietary management of type 2 diabetes are also discussed. Methods: Search was conducted in relevant electronic databases such as: Pubmed, Google Scholar, HINARI, the Cochrane library, Popline, LILACS, CINAHL, EMBASE, etc to identify the current status of knowledge regarding the controversies surrounding management of diabetes with low GI and GL foods. Conclusion: This article suggests that in view of discrepancies that surround the results of GI versus GL of foods, any assay on the GI and GL of a food with the aim of recommending the food for the dietary management of type 2 diabetes, could be balanced with glycated hemoglobin assays before they are adopted as useful antidiabetic foods.

Factors associated with hypoglycemia episodes in hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary health facility in Malaysia

Purpose: To determine the factors associated with severity of hypoglycemia in hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary health facility in Malaysia. Methods: This retrospective study involved 207 hospitalised T2DM patients with hypoglycaemia episodes from January 2008 to December 2012 and was conducted in University Malaya Medical Centre, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. Patients were classified into 2 groups, viz, those who had hypoglycaemia on admission and those who had hypoglycaemia during hospital stay. Patients with hypoglycemia on admission were those admitted due to hypoglycemia while patients with hypoglycemia during hospital stay were those admitted due to other causes but subsequently developed hypoglycemia during hospitalization. Results: The results for the 207 patients investigated show that most of the patients (72.2 %) were asymptomatic during hypoglycemic episodes. The majority of the episodes (57.4 %) experienced by the patients were mild hypoglycemia (< 3.9 mmol/L). Old age (p = 0.011) and presence of stroke (p = 0.033) were found to be significantly associated with severe hypoglycemia (< 2.2 mmol/L) while concurrent use of opioid (p = 0.008) was associated with mild hypoglycemia. Conclusion: The identification of the underlying factors associated with severity of hypoglycemia may help in preventing and resolving hypoglycemia in T2DM patients.

Le traitement nutritionnel des épisodes d'hypoglycémie dans le diabète de type 1

Les patients atteints de diabète de type 1 (DbT1) semblent sur-traiter leurs hypoglycémies par rapport aux recommandations des Lignes directrices Canadiennes en diabète. Objectifs : 1) Décrire les habitudes des patients DbT1 pour le traitement des hypoglycémies et estimer les impacts sur le profil de risque cardio-métabolique et 2) explorer les excursions glycémiques suite à un traitement d’hypoglycémie qui respecte les recommandations. Méthodologie (analyses secondaires) : Objectif 1 : 121 patients DbT1 ont complété un journal alimentaire et de glycémies de 48 h. Des variables cardio-métaboliques ont été mesurées et un questionnaire sur la peur des hypoglycémies a été complété. Objectif 2 : 57 patients DbT1 ont complété les bras contrôles de notre programme sur le pancréas artificiel (traitement des hypoglycémies standardisé). Les valeurs de glycémie étaient disponibles aux 5 minutes. Résultats : Projet 1 : Les patients ont fait en moyenne 1,45 hypoglycémies/jour et 73% sur-traitaient avec une consommation moyenne de glucides de 32 ± 24 g. Ce sur-traitement est associé avec un plus jeune âge et une peur des hypoglycémies plus importante, mais pas avec un profil de risque cardio-métabolique plus défavorable. Projet 2 : Dans 20% des cas, traiter une hypoglycémie avec 15 g de glucides était efficace pour ramener la glycémie ≥ 4,0 mmol/L en 15 minutes, le temps moyen étant de 24 ± 12 minutes. La proportion d’insuline basale, le temps depuis le dernier repas et la pratique d’activité physique sont les éléments qui semblent avoir le plus d’impact sur l’efficacité du traitement. Conclusion : L’éducation entourant le traitement des hypoglycémies a besoin d’être renforcée et d’autres études sont nécessaires afin de valider les recommandations.

Le traitement nutritionnel des épisodes d'hypoglycémie dans le diabète de type 1

Les patients atteints de diabète de type 1 (DbT1) semblent sur-traiter leurs hypoglycémies par rapport aux recommandations des Lignes directrices Canadiennes en diabète. Objectifs : 1) Décrire les habitudes des patients DbT1 pour le traitement des hypoglycémies et estimer les impacts sur le profil de risque cardio-métabolique et 2) explorer les excursions glycémiques suite à un traitement d’hypoglycémie qui respecte les recommandations. Méthodologie (analyses secondaires) : Objectif 1 : 121 patients DbT1 ont complété un journal alimentaire et de glycémies de 48 h. Des variables cardio-métaboliques ont été mesurées et un questionnaire sur la peur des hypoglycémies a été complété. Objectif 2 : 57 patients DbT1 ont complété les bras contrôles de notre programme sur le pancréas artificiel (traitement des hypoglycémies standardisé). Les valeurs de glycémie étaient disponibles aux 5 minutes. Résultats : Projet 1 : Les patients ont fait en moyenne 1,45 hypoglycémies/jour et 73% sur-traitaient avec une consommation moyenne de glucides de 32 ± 24 g. Ce sur-traitement est associé avec un plus jeune âge et une peur des hypoglycémies plus importante, mais pas avec un profil de risque cardio-métabolique plus défavorable. Projet 2 : Dans 20% des cas, traiter une hypoglycémie avec 15 g de glucides était efficace pour ramener la glycémie ≥ 4,0 mmol/L en 15 minutes, le temps moyen étant de 24 ± 12 minutes. La proportion d’insuline basale, le temps depuis le dernier repas et la pratique d’activité physique sont les éléments qui semblent avoir le plus d’impact sur l’efficacité du traitement. Conclusion : L’éducation entourant le traitement des hypoglycémies a besoin d’être renforcée et d’autres études sont nécessaires afin de valider les recommandations.

Adherence to therapeuthic regimen and metabolic control of type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objectives: To assess the adherence to therapeutic regimen; to determine the Hemoglobin Glycation Index (HbA1c); to analyse the relationship that exists between the adherence to therapeutic regimen and metabolic control. Design: correlational analytical study, carried out according to a cross-sectional perspective. Participants: A non-probabilistic sample of 266 people with type 1 diabetes aged between 18 and 78 years old (mean M = 51.02 ± SD = 18.710), attending follow-up diabetes consultations. Mostly male individuals (51.88%), with low schooling level (50.75% had only inished elementar school). Measuring Instruments: We used the following data collection tools: a questionnaire on clinical and socio-demographic data, blood analysis of venous blood to determine the glycated hemoglobin level (HbA1c).Three self-report scales were used: Accession to Diabetes Treatment (Matos, 1999), Self-perception Scale (Vaz Serra, 1986) and Social Support Scale (Matos & Rodrigues, 2000). Results: In a sample in which the mean disease duration is 12.75 years, 69.17% of the sample run glycemic control tests between once a day and four times a year and 42.86% of them undergo insulin treatment. In the last 3 weeks, 26.32% of these people have experienced an average of 4.22 to 44.36%, hypoglycemic crises and experienced an average of 6.18 hyperglycemic crises. 57% of the individuals have showed a poor metabolic control (mean HbA1c higher than 7.5% (HbA1c mean M ≥ 7.50%). The mean psychosocial proile revealed individuals who show a decent self-esteem (M = 70.81) and acceptable social support (M = 58.89). Conclusions: The results suggest we should develop a kind of investigation that could be used to monitor the strenght of the mediation effect effect of the psychosocial predictive dimension of the adherence, since it has become essential to support a multidisciplinary approach which center lays in the promotion of a co-responsible self-management from the person who suffers from diabetes. This will enable a better quality of life; fewer years of people’s lives lost prematurely and a better health with less economical costs for citizens and healthcare systems.

Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life using the EQ-5D-3L in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The daily experience with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has significant adverse effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). HRQoL assessment is essential for measuring the impact of the disease on the patient and selecting individualized strategies. Generic measures for assessing HRQoL are very useful because, unlike specific measurement instruments, they allow for the comparison with other instruments. The EQ-5D-3L is a generic measure and it describes HRQoL in five dimensions; mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression, with three levels each. In Portugal, studies using the EQ-5D-3L as a generic measure to assess HRQoL in diabetic patients are scarce. Objective: To assess HRQoL in individuals with T2DM using the Portuguese version of the EQ-5D-3L. Methodology: An accidental sample of patients with T2DM (n=437) was selected at Family Health Units and healthcare centers in Coimbra, Portugal, between January 2013 and January 2014. The EQ-5D-3L was applied in interviews. The EQ-5D-3L score was calculated based on the answers to the five dimensions and the value system for the Portuguese population. Results: In this sample, 100% of the participants answered the EQ-5D-3L. The HRQoL score was 0.6772 in the EQ-5D-3L and 64.85 in the EQ-VAS. The most frequent answers to the five dimensions were no problems or some problems. The mean score of the EQ-5D-3L was significantly associated with age, male gender, high level of education, having an occupation, practicing physical activity, being single and having been diagnosed with T2DM for less time. The Cronbach alpha's value was 0.674, confirming an acceptable internal consistency. Conclusion: HRQoL levels in individuals with T2DM are lower than the national average and vary depending on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The EQ-5D-3L is a reliable instrument that can be used to assess the quality of life of diabetic patients and contribute to assess the patients' overall health status, adding data from the subjective dimension of self-care management.

Anxiety, stress and depression in young adults with type 1 Diabetes

Introdução: A vida dos jovens adultos com diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) tem muitas exigências e as consequências psicológicas da adesão contínua aos aspetos do tratamento pode afetar a qualidade de vida. Objetivos: Conhecer o suporte social, satisfação com a vida, ansiedade, stresse e depressão nos jovens adultos com DM1. Material e Métodos: Estudo quantitativo realizado com 278 jovens adultos com DM1 (18 - 35 anos). Resultados: Os jovens consideram ter bom suporte social. A média de satisfação com a vida é 6,6 ±1,7 (escala 0-10). A maior parte dos jovens não apresenta estados persistentes de ansiedade e de excitação e tensão (stresse), pelo que têm resistência à frustração e desilusão. A maioria dos jovens não apresenta sintomas de depressão, revelando auto-estima, sentimentos positivos, motivação, entusiasmo e perceção da probabilidade de alcançar objetivos de vida que sejam significativos. A análise fatorial das escalas de ansiedade, stresse e depressão permitiu encontrar 3 fatores que explicam 50% da variância total: stresse (36%), ansiedade (8%), depressão (6%). Conclusões: Os jovens adultos com DM1 têm bom suporte social e satisfação com a vida. A maior parte dos jovens não revela sintomas de ansiedade, stresse e depressão. O suporte social e a satisfação com a vida poderão contribuir para uma boa saúde mental.

Estratégia para abordagem da má aderência ao tratamento de diabetes mellitus na UBSF Ipanema 1 em Uberlândia - Minas Gerais

A Diabetes Mellitus Tipo II é uma das doenças de maior prevalência no mundo, com 4,4% da população mundial apresentando esta comorbidade, sendo que em Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, no Bairro Ipanema 1, na população adscrita da Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família Ipanema 1 também se verifica prevalência de 4,16%. Dentre os pacientes que realizam acompanhamento e tratamento da Diabetes Mellitus Tipo II na unidade observa-se uma taxa de 40% de má aderência ao tratamento. Este projeto tem como objetivo elaborar um plano de intervenção visando aumentar a adesão ao tratamento de Diabetes Mellitus tipo II na população adscrita na Unidade Básica de Saúde da Família Ipanema 1 no Município de Uberlândia. Para a elaboração do plano de intervenção foi utilizado o Método do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional. Foi feita pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados informatizadas que trabalham com políticas de saúde (Organização Mundial da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde e Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes) e da LILACS com os descritores: adesão à medicação, diabetes mellitus e promoção da saúde. É importante ressaltar que a adesão ao tratamento não depende apenas do paciente, mas de trabalho conjunto dos profissionais da Equipe da Estratégia Saúde da Família. A execução do plano de intervenção permitiu melhoria do cuidado aos pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo II.