La muda de la voz en niños cantores y no cantores : análisis de la rotura de registros

La mayor parte de los estudios sobre la mutación vocal se ha focalizado sobre las variaciones de la frecuencia fundamental del habla en relación con la edad, el peso, la altura, el vello axilar y pubiano y el nivel de testosterona en sangre. Los maestros de canto y los vocólogos que trabajan con voces infantiles, ya sean cantadas o habladas, deberían conocer profundamente las características de la mutación vocal. Con esa finalidad, llevamos a cabo un estudio de seguimiento longitudinal de 18 niños (9 cantores y 9 no cantores) durante 18 meses. Efectuamos,además, un estudio transversal por rangos de edad a 98 niños y jóvenes. Todos los sujetos fueron examinados a través de un examen perceptual y de un examen acústico luego de un examen ORL normal. Los resultados muestran que las roturas de registro desde el falsete al modal, a través de la producción de un glissando descendente, son el signo más importante de mutación desde un punto de vista perceptual. Estas roturas son independientes del entrenamiento vocal y ocurren tanto en cantores como en no cantores de la misma manera. Las roturas de registro determinan otra serie de características como el estrechamiento del rango fonacional, las roturas de voz y el descenso excesivo de la frecuencia fundamental del habla. Las roturas de registro producidas a través de un glissando descendente son muy llamativas durante el período crítico de mutación. No aparecen en las voces infantiles ni en las voces adultas saludables, sean estas voces con o sin entrenamiento. La mutación vocal de los niños varones atraviesa los siguientes estadíos: período pre-mutacional, comienzos de mutación, período crítico y período fi nal; cada estadio evidencia sus características distintivas tanto desde el punto de vista perceptual como acústico.

Fertilización nitrogenada en plantines de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivados en sustratos con diferentes proporciones de materiales compostados : efecto sobre los parámetros de calidad del plantín

La etapa inicial en el crecimiento de los plantines constituye el momento más crítico en su producción. Los materiales compostados pueden resultar beneficiosos por el aporte de nutrientes y la mejora en la condición física del medio de crecimiento. Para evaluar el efecto de sustratos preparados con y sin materiales compostados [Testigo (60% turba de Sphagnum+40% perlita); Mezcla I (45% turba de Sphagnum+30% perlita+25% material compostado); Mezcla II (30% turba de Sphagnum+20% perlita+50% material compostado) y un sustrato Comercial (turba de Sphagnum+40% compost+perlita+vermiculita], sobre la nutrición inicial de plantines de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.), se realizó un ensayo fertilizando con 0, 150 y 300 mg N L-1. Se determinaron altura, diámetro del tallo y pesos frescos y secos de hoja, tallo y raíz. Se calculó relación vástago/raíz y hoja/tallo en fresco y seco, y porcentual de materia seca. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones. Los materiales compostados mejoraron la calidad de los plantines, los cuales no fueron afectados cuando se aplicó N a los sustratos con compost, y sólo se observaron leves mejoras en el crecimiento de los plantines al fertilizar los sustratos carentes de compost, debido a su escasa retención hídrica y elevada lixiviación de N.

Stable isotope record and sediment composition of the subantarctic Pacific

Benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope records from the South Atlantic show significant declines toward more "Pacific-like" values at ~7 and ~2.7 Ma, and it has been posited that these shifts may mark steps toward increased CO2 sequestration in the deep Southern Ocean as climate cooled over the late Neogene. We generated new stable isotope records from abyssal subantarctic Pacific cores MV0502-4JC and ELT 25-11. The record from MV0502-4JC suggests that the Southern Ocean remained well mixed and free of vertical or interbasinal d13C gradients following the late Miocene carbon shift (LMCS). According to the records from MV0502-4JC and ELT 25-11, however, cold, low d13C bottom waters developed in the Southern Ocean in the late Pliocene and persisted until ~1.7 Ma. These new data suggest that while conditions in the abyssal Southern Ocean following the LMCS were comparable to the present day, sequestration of respired CO2 may have increased in the deepest parts of the Southern Ocean during the late Pliocene, a critical period for the growth and establishment of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

Biosiliceous sedimentation at ODP Site 128-798

Upper Pliocene through Holocene sediments recovered at Site 798 in the Japan Sea (Oki Ridge) exhibit rhythmic variation in weight percent biogenic opal at intervals of ~5 m and periods equivalent to the 41-k.y. obliquity cycle. Variance at 17 and 100 k.y. is observed prior to 1.3 Ma. These cycles are also clearly defined by log data and correspond to clusters of decimeter-scale dark-colored sediment units alternating with clusters of light-colored units. Opal content varies between 3% and 22% between 0 and 1.3 Ma and from 3% to 43% between 1.3 and 2.6 Ma. Long-term opal accumulation rates average 1.8 g/cm**2/k.y. in the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene and decrease by about 60% at ~1.3 Ma. Rough calculations suggest that opal accumulation rates increased and terrigenous flux decreased during the Holocene relative to the last glacial period. Our age control is not yet sufficient to allow a similar analysis of the 41-k.y. cyclicity in opal content throughout the Pleistocene. Stable isotope results from planktonic foraminifers confirm previous suggestions of a strong surface-water freshening event during isotope stage 2; however, this episode appears to be unique during the Pleistocene. Benthic foraminifers are depleted in 18O during parts of glacial stages 2 and 6 relative to adjacent interglacials, suggesting unusual warming and/or freshening of deep waters. Collectively, the stable isotope and %opal data are consistent with continuing isolation of the Japan Sea during the Quaternary with important transitions occurring at 1.3, 0.7 to 1.0, and 0.2 to 0.3 Ma. Complex relationships among the stable isotope results, %opal data, and sediment characteristics such as color and organic and inorganic carbon content preclude development of a simple model to explain cyclical sedimentation. Opal maxima occur within both light and dark intervals and the processes that control surface-water productivity are at times decoupled from the factors that regulate deep-water dysaerobia. We suggest that water column overturn is controlled largely by regional atmospheric circulation that must also have an as yet poorly understood effect on surface-water fertility.

Influence of liposoluble vitamin status on health parameter and physical fitness in European adolescents = Influencia del estado en vitaminas liposolubles en parámetros de salud y condición física en adolescentes europeos

La adolescencia es un período de crecimiento y desarrollo crítico e importante para la adquisición de hábitos saludables, en los que tanto la alimentación como la actividad física tienen un papel destacado. Junto con el primer año de vida, los requerimientos de energía y nutrientes son mayores que en cualquier otro periodo. Dentro de la nutrición, las vitaminas se ven involucradas en múltiples procesos celulares y tisulares, y sus deficiencias se vinculan a enfermedades crónicas degenerativas en la edad adulta como las cardiovasculares, cáncer, diabetes y osteoporosis, pero cuyos factores de riesgo se establecen a edades más tempranas. Las concentraciones sanguíneas de vitaminas están influenciadas en gran medida por la ingesta dietética, pero existen otros factores del individuo, entre los que cabe citar la composición corporal, la actividad física y condición física que, junto a la genética, podrían desempeñar un papel crucial. La presente memoria de Tesis Doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar el estado en vitaminas liposolubles y su relación con diversos factores de salud, entre los que destacan la composción corporal, hábitos dietéticos, actividad física y condición física en adolescentes Europeos. El trabajo está basado en los datos del estudio HELENA (“Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence”). Se han analizado un total de 1089 adolescentes procedentes de diez ciudades en nueve paises europeos. Los principales resultados de este trabajo indican; a) La existencia de un estado deficiente en vitaminas liposolubles en adolescentes Europeos, especialmente de vitamina D, que alcanza valores del 80%. b) La estación del año, la latitud, el índice de masa corporal, la condición física, la ingesta de calcio dietético, los suplementos vitamínicos y la edad son las variables más relacionadas con el estado de vitamina D. c) A su vez, la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria puede predecir los niveles de vitamina D en los chicos, mientras que la fuerza muscular y masa magra parecen influir en los niveles de vitamina D en las chicas. La grasa corporal y el índice de masa corporal se correlaccionan negativamente con los niveles de vitamina D, especialmente en chicos. d) Un estado de vitamina D óptimo provoca una mejora de la masa ósea sólo cuando se tiene un nivel adecuado de actividad física. e) Se identifica la necesidad de establecer un consenso sobre los rangos aceptables y puntos de corte para las concentraciones sanguíneas de estas vitaminas en este grupo de población, ya que los actuales están extrapolados de la población adulta ABSTRACT Adolescence is a critical period of physiological growth and development as well as for the acquisition of healthy behaviors where both diet and physical activity play a major role. Apart from the first year of life, both energy and nutrient requirements are greatest during adolescence and the way to spend this energy by movement is also crucial. Vitamins are specifically involved in multiple cellular and tissue processes, and there is increasing evidence that deficiencies at these early ages could contribute to risk factors of chronic diseases like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and osteoporosis in adulthood, regardless data are scarce for younger ages. Vitamin concentrations are largely influenced by diet but other individual factors like body composition, physical activity or fitness together with genetics could play also an important role. The current thesis analyzes the liposoluble vitamin status in European adolescents and their relation with several health related factors, like body composción, dietary intake, physical activity and fitness. The work is based on data from the HELENA study ("Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence"), for which a total of 1089 adolescents from ten different cities, in nine European countries were recruited. The main outcomes of this thesis are: a) There is a high liposoluble vitamin deficiency prevalence in European adolescents, specifically for vitamin D, which is presenting almost 80% of the adolescents. b) Season, latitude, BMI, fitness, dietary calcium intake, supplements intake and age are highly related to 25(OH)D concentrations found in European adolescents. c) Cardiorespiratory fitness may predict 25(OH)D concentrations in male adolescents, whereas upper limbs muscular strength and FFM may predict 25(OH)D concentrations in young females. Fat mass and BMI are inversely related to 25(OH)D concentrations, especially in males. d) The effect of 25(OH)D concentrations on bone mineral content in adolescents depends on physical activity levels. e) There is a need to establish a consensus on acceptable ranges and cut-offs of blood concentrations of these vitamins during adolescence, as currently they are extrapolated from adults.

Phase transition in the countdown problem

We present a combinatorial decision problem, inspired by the celebrated quiz show called Countdown, that involves the computation of a given target number T from a set of k randomly chosen integers along with a set of arithmetic operations. We find that the probability of winning the game evidences a threshold phenomenon that can be understood in the terms of an algorithmic phase transition as a function of the set size k. Numerical simulations show that such probability sharply transitions from zero to one at some critical value of the control parameter, hence separating the algorithm's parameter space in different phases. We also find that the system is maximally efficient close to the critical point. We derive analytical expressions that match the numerical results for finite size and permit us to extrapolate the behavior in the thermodynamic limit.

Mulch materials in processing tomato: a multivariate approach.

Mulch materials of different origins have been introduced into the agricultural sector in recent years alternatively to the standard polyethylene due to its environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the multivariate response of mulch materials over three consecutive years in a processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) crop in Central Spain. Two biodegradable plastic mulches (BD1, BD2), one oxo-biodegradable material (OB), two types of paper (PP1, PP2), and one barley straw cover (BS) were compared using two control treatments (standard black polyethylene [PE] and manual weed control [MW]). A total of 17 variables relating to yield, fruit quality, and weed control were investigated. Several multivariate statistical techniques were applied, including principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis. A group of mulch materials comprised of OB and BD2 was found to be comparable to black polyethylene regarding all the variables considered. The weed control variables were found to be an important source of discrimination. The two paper mulches tested did not share the same treatment group membership in any case: PP2 presented a multivariate response more similar to the biodegradable plastics, while PP1 was more similar to BS and MW. Based on our multivariate approach, the materials OB and BD2 can be used as an effective, more environmentally friendly alternative to polyethylene mulches.

Mixed-criticality design of a satellite software system

The continuous increment of processors computational power and the requirements on additional functionality and services are motivating a change in the way embedded systems are built. Components with different criticality level are allocated in the same processor, which give rise to mixed-criticality systems. The use of partitioned systems is a way of preventing undesirable interferences between components with different criticality level. An hypervisor provides these partitions or virtual machines, ensuring spatial, temporal and fault isolation between them. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the development of a mixed-critical system. The attitude control subsystem is used for showing the different steps, which are supported by a toolset developed in the context of the MultiPARTES research project.

Evaluación de tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp. híbrido)

En Cuba, las arvenses que afectan al cultivo de la caña de azúcar son una de las causas fundamentales de los bajos rendimientos agrícolas y su control constituye unas de las principales partidas de gastos. En general, se aplican los herbicidas, así como otros métodos de control, sin tener en cuenta el tipo de suelo y las características de estas plantas. Sobre el manejo de arvenses no existen trabajos de investigación que aborden aspectos de eficiencia energética de las producciones y daños al ambiente. Por lo antes señalado, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar diversas tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp. híbrido), en cepas de primavera y retoño, en tres tipos de suelos, con el propósito de obtener producciones sustentables. El área de estudio se localizó en los campos de la Empresa Azucarera del municipio “Majibacoa”, provincia de Las Tunas (oriente de Cuba), que posee condiciones edafoclimáticas que abundan a lo largo del país. Los tres tipos de suelos más representativos son Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo ócrico, Pardo Mullido y Vertisol Crómico gléyco. En dicha área se han identificado 31 especies de arvenses, 16 de la clase Liliopsida y 15 de la Magnoliopsida. En un primer grupo de experimentos, se desarrollaron nueve ensayos de campo para evaluar la efectividad de herbicidas y mezclas de estos en el manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar, tanto en cepas de primavera como de retoño, en los tres tipos de suelos. Se establecieron parcelas de 80 m2 distribuidas en bloques al azar con cuatro réplicas. La efectividad se evaluó por medio del porcentaje de cobertura por arvenses y la fitotoxicidad provocada a las plantas de caña, teniendo en cuenta el coste asociado a cada tratamiento. En aplicaciones preemergentes en caña planta de primavera, el herbicida más eficiente fue el Isoxaflutole con dosis de 0,15; 0,20 y 0,25 kg.ha-1 de producto comercial (pc) en los suelos Fersialítico, Pardo y Vertisol respectivamente. En aplicaciones postemergentes tempranas la mezcla más eficiente fue la de Isoxaflutole + Ametrina +2,4-D con las dosis de Isoxaflutole citadas anteriormente. En aplicaciones preemergentes en cepa de retoño, el herbicida más eficiente fue el Isoxaflutole a dosis de 0,20 kg.ha-1 pc para el suelo Fersialítico y a 0,25 kg.ha-1 pc para los suelos Pardo y Vertisol. En un segundo grupo, se realizaron seis ensayos de campo distribuidos en dos fases. En la primera fase, se desarrollaron tres experimentos, uno por cada tipo de suelo, para evaluar la eficiencia de nueve tecnologías de manejo de arvenses (químicas y físicas combinadas) en cepa de primavera de caña de azúcar. En la siguiente fase, los tres ensayos restantes (uno por tipo de suelo) evaluaron tecnologías de manejo de arvenses durante dos ciclos de producción de caña de azúcar (etapa de primavera y retoño). En la etapa de primavera se aplicó la tecnología más eficiente de los tres experimentos anteriores y durante la etapa de retoño se evaluaron otras nueve tecnologías propias de este tipo de cepa. En estos experimentos los diferentes tratamientos se aplicaron en franjas distribuidas al azar con cuatro réplicas. En las tecnologías evaluadas se emplearon los herbicidas y mezclas que resultaron más eficientes en el primer grupo de experimentos. En cada caso, se evaluaron la eficiencia energética de la producción de azúcar y otros derivados, la resistencia a la penetración de los suelos, la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera producto de la combustión del diésel y los beneficios al aplicar las diferentes tecnologías. En la primera fase (cepa de primavera), la tecnología con mejor resultado fue la aplicación preemergente de Isoxaflutole inmediatamente después de la plantación, seguida de descepe químico con Glufosinato de amonio, más labor con grada múltiple aproximadamente a los 80 días de la plantación y aplicación pre-cierre con Glufosinato de amonio. En la segunda fase (dos ciclos del cultivo), el mejor resultado se obtuvo cuando en la etapa de retoño se realizó una aplicación preemergente de Isoxaflutole, descepe químico con Glufosinato de amonio y aplicación pre-cierre con este mismo herbicida. En los tres tipos de suelos durante los dos ciclos, la eficiencia energética tuvo valores de 7,2 - 7,5, la resistencia a la penetración 1,2 - 1,5 MPa, la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera fue de 63,3 - 64,9 kg.t-1 de caña cosechada y beneficios de 8.324 - 8.455 pesos cubanos por hectárea. Este estudio demuestra que un control eficiente de las arvenses debe tener en cuenta necesariamente el tipo de suelo. Así, en los Vertisoles, con mayor contenido en arcilla, se requieren mayores dosis de Isoxaflutole y la eficiencia energética de la producción es menor. La persistencia de ciertas arvenses, especialmente de la clase Liliopsida, requiere de un manejo integrado que incluya diferentes tipos de herbicidas. ABSTRACT In Cuba, weeds affecting the sugarcane are one of the main causes of low agricultural yields, and their control constitutes some of the main items of expenditure. In general, herbicides are applied, as well as other control methods, without keeping in mind the soil type and the characteristics of these plants. Moreover, weed control research approaching aspects about energy efficiency of the crop production, and environmental damages are missing. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate diverse technologies of weed handling in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid), both in spring cane plant and ratoon, in three types of soils, with the purpose of obtaining sustainable productions. The study area was located in the fields of the Sugar Enterprise of the Municipality "Majibacoa”, Las Tunas province (east of Cuba) that possesses ecological conditions that are plentiful along the country. The three more representative types of soils are Fersialitic, Brown, and Vertisol. In this area 31 weeds species have been identified, 16 of the Class Liliopsida and 15 of the Magnoliopsida. In a first group of experiments, nine field rehearsals were developed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides and mixtures of these for weed handling in sugarcane, in spring cane plants as well as in ratoon, in the three types of soils. Plots of 80 m-2 were distributed at random blocks with four replications. The effectiveness was evaluated by means of the covering percentage by weeds and the provoked toxicity to the cane plants, keeping in mind the cost associated to each treatment. In preemergence applications in spring cane plant, the most efficient herbicide was the Isoxaflutole with dose of 0.15; 0.20 and 0.25 kg.ha-1 of commercial product (pc) in the soils Fersialítico, Brown and Vertisol respectively. In early postemergence applications the most efficient mixture was that of Isoxaflutole + Ametrina + 2,4-D with the doses of Isoxaflutole mentioned previously. In preemergence applications in ratoon, the most efficient herbicide was the Isoxaflutole at dose of 0.20 kg.ha-1 pc for the soil Fersialític and to 0.25 kg. ha-1 pc for the Brown soil and Vertisol. In a second group, six field rehearsals distributed in two phases were carried out. In the first phase, three experiments were developed, one for each soil type, to evaluate the efficiency of nine technologies of weed handling in spring cane plant. In the following phase, the three remaining rehearsals (one for each soil type) diverse technologies of weed handling were evaluated during two cycles of sugarcane production (spring stage and ratoon). In the spring stage the most efficient technology in the three previous experiments was applied and during ratoon stage other nine technologies were evaluated. In these experiments the different treatments were applied in fringes distributed at random with four replicas. In the evaluated technologies the herbicides and mixtures were used selecting those that were more efficient in the first group of experiments. In each case, the energy efficiency of the sugar production and other derivatives, the soil penetration resistance, the polluting load toward the atmosphere product of the combustion, and the benefits when applying the different technologies were all evaluated. In the first phase (spring cane plant), the technology with better result was the preemergence application of Isoxaflutole immediately after the plantation, followed by chemical eradication with Ammonia Glufosinate, hoeing work with multiple tier approximately to the 80 days of the plantation and pre-closing application with Ammonia Glufosinate. In the second phase (two cycles of the cultivation), the best result was obtained when a preemergence application of Isoxaflutole was carried out in sprout's stage, chemical eradication with Ammonia Glufosinate and pre-closing application with this same herbicide. In the three types of soils during the two cycles, the energy efficiency achieved values of 7.2 to 7.5, the resistance to the penetration 1.2 - 1.5 MPa, the polluting load toward the atmosphere was of 63.3 - 64.9 kg.t-1 of the harvested cane and the obtained benefits of 8,324 - 8,455 Cuban pesos per hectare. This study demonstrates that an efficient control of the weeds should necessarily keep in mind the soil type. This way, in the Vertisols, with more clay content, bigger dose of Isoxaflutole is required and the energy efficiency of the production is smaller. The persistence of certain weeds, especially of the class Liliopsida, requires of an integrated handling him to include different types of herbicides.

ASPECTOS PSICODINÂMICOS E ADAPTATIVOS DE PAIS E MÃES DE CRIANÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS COM PARALISIA CEREBRAL

Diante do sofrimento e das questões enfrentadas por pais e mães de crianças diagnosticadas com paralisia cerebral, o presente trabalho estudou aspectos psicodinâmicos e adaptativos. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo clínico, de recorte diagnóstico, em que participaram dois pais e duas mães de crianças com paralisia cerebral que contavam de 1 a 5 anos de idade. Os pais e mães passaram por entrevistas clínicas preventivas orientadas pela EDAO e pela técnica de Desenho-Estória com Tema. A análise do material obtido indicou que todos eles passaram por período de crise após a notícia do diagnóstico da criança e, na atualidade, foram classificados como tendo Adaptação Ineficaz, sendo que os dois pais e uma mãe tinham Adaptação Ineficaz Severa, uma mãe Adaptação Ineficaz Moderada. Com relação aos aspectos intra-píquicos, foram identificadas defesas primitivas nessa lida com o sofrimento ocasionado pela deficiência da criança. Concluiu-se que os recursos internos anteriores ao nascimento da criança e à própria personalidade de cada pai/mãe foi preponderante em sua adaptação e que a paralisia cerebral da criança afetou todos os setores adaptativos dos pais e mães.(AU)

ASPECTOS PSICODINÂMICOS E ADAPTATIVOS DE PAIS E MÃES DE CRIANÇAS DIAGNOSTICADAS COM PARALISIA CEREBRAL

Diante do sofrimento e das questões enfrentadas por pais e mães de crianças diagnosticadas com paralisia cerebral, o presente trabalho estudou aspectos psicodinâmicos e adaptativos. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo clínico, de recorte diagnóstico, em que participaram dois pais e duas mães de crianças com paralisia cerebral que contavam de 1 a 5 anos de idade. Os pais e mães passaram por entrevistas clínicas preventivas orientadas pela EDAO e pela técnica de Desenho-Estória com Tema. A análise do material obtido indicou que todos eles passaram por período de crise após a notícia do diagnóstico da criança e, na atualidade, foram classificados como tendo Adaptação Ineficaz, sendo que os dois pais e uma mãe tinham Adaptação Ineficaz Severa, uma mãe Adaptação Ineficaz Moderada. Com relação aos aspectos intra-píquicos, foram identificadas defesas primitivas nessa lida com o sofrimento ocasionado pela deficiência da criança. Concluiu-se que os recursos internos anteriores ao nascimento da criança e à própria personalidade de cada pai/mãe foi preponderante em sua adaptação e que a paralisia cerebral da criança afetou todos os setores adaptativos dos pais e mães.(AU)

Cardiac arrest in rodents: Maximal duration compatible with a recovery of neuronal activity

We report here that during a permanent cardiac arrest, rodent brain tissue is “physiologically” preserved in situ in a particular quiescent state. This state is characterized by the absence of electrical activity and by a critical period of 5–6 hr during which brain tissue can be reactivated upon restoration of a simple energy (glucose/oxygen) supply. In rat brain slices prepared 1–6 hr after cardiac arrest and maintained in vitro for several hours, cells with normal morphological features, intrinsic membrane properties, and spontaneous synaptic activity were recorded from various brain regions. In addition to functional membrane channels, these neurons expressed mRNA, as revealed by single-cell reverse transcription–PCR, and could synthesize proteins de novo. Slices prepared after longer delays did not recover. In a guinea pig isolated whole-brain preparation that was cannulated and perfused with oxygenated saline 1–2 hr after cardiac arrest, cell activity and functional long-range synaptic connections could be restored although the electroencephalogram remained isoelectric. Perfusion of the isolated brain with the γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor antagonist picrotoxin, however, could induce self-sustained temporal lobe epilepsy. Thus, in rodents, the duration of cardiac arrest compatible with a short-term recovery of neuronal activity is much longer than previously expected. The analysis of the parameters that regulate this duration may bring new insights into the prevention of postischemic damages.

The t(8;21) chromosomal translocation in acute myelogenous leukemia modifies intranuclear targeting of the AML1/CBFα2 transcription factor

Targeting of gene regulatory factors to specific intranuclear sites may be critical for the accurate control of gene expression. The acute myelogenous leukemia 8;21 (AML1/ETO) fusion protein is encoded by a rearranged gene created by the ETO chromosomal translocation. This protein lacks the nuclear matrix-targeting signal that directs the AML1 protein to appropriate gene regulatory sites within the nucleus. Here we report that substitution of the chromosome 8-derived ETO protein for the multifunctional C terminus of AML1 precludes targeting of the factor to AML1 subnuclear domains. Instead, the AML1/ETO fusion protein is redirected by the ETO component to alternate nuclear matrix-associated foci. Our results link the ETO chromosomal translocation in AML with modifications in the intranuclear trafficking of the key hematopoietic regulatory factor, AML1. We conclude that misrouting of gene regulatory factors as a consequence of chromosomal translocations is an important characteristic of acute leukemias.

Glutamate receptor blockade at cortical synapses disrupts development of thalamocortical and columnar organization in somatosensory cortex.

The segregation of thalamocortical inputs into eye-specific stripes in the developing cat or monkey visual cortex is prevented by manipulations that perturb or abolish neural activity in the visual pathway. Such findings show that proper development of the functional organization of visual cortex is dependent on normal patterns of neural activity. The generalisation of this conclusion to other sensory cortices has been questioned by findings that the segregation of thalamocortical afferents into a somatotopic barrel pattern in developing rodent primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is not prevented by activity blockade. We show that a temporary block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in rat S1 during the critical period for barrel development disrupts the topographic refinement of thalamocortical connectivity and columnar organization. These effects are evident well after the blockade is ineffective and thus may be permanent. Our findings show that neural activity and specifically the activation of postsynaptic cortical neurons has a prominent role in establishing the primary sensory map in S1, as well as the topographic organization of higher order synaptic connections.

COX-2, a synaptically induced enzyme, is expressed by excitatory neurons at postsynaptic sites in rat cerebral cortex.

Postnatal development and adult function of the central nervous system are dependent on the capacity of neurons to effect long-term changes of specific properties in response to neural activity. This neuronal response has been demonstrated to be tightly correlated with the expression of a set of regulatory genes which include transcription factors as well as molecules that can directly modify cellular signaling. It is hypothesized that these proteins play a role in activity-dependent response. Previously, we described the expression and regulation in brain of an inducible form of prostaglandin synthase/cyclooxygenase, termed COX-2. COX-2 is a rate-limiting enzyme in prostanoid synthesis and its expression is rapidly regulated in developing and adult forebrain by physiological synaptic activity. Here we demonstrate that COX-2 immunoreactivity is selectively expressed in a subpopulation of excitatory neurons in neo-and allocortices, hippocampus, and amygdala and is compartmentalized to dendritic arborizations. Moreover, COX-2 immunoreactivity is present in dendritic spines, which are specialized structures involved in synaptic signaling. The developmental profile of COX-2 expression in dendrites follows well known histogenetic gradients and coincides with the critical period for activity-dependent synaptic remodeling. These results suggest that COX-2, and its diffusible prostanoid products, may play a role in postsynaptic signaling of excitatory neurons in cortex and associated structures.