Evapotranspiration of grapevine trained to a gable trellis system under netting and black plastic mulching

The evapotranspiration (ET c) of a table grape vineyard (Vitis vinifera, cv. Red Globe) trained to a gable trellis under netting and black plastic mulching was determined under semiarid conditions in the central Ebro River Valley during 2007 and 2008. The netting was made of high-density polyethylene (pores of 12 mm2) and was placed just above the ground canopy about 2.2 m above soil surface. Black plastic mulching was used to minimize soil evaporation. The surface renewal method was used to obtain values of sensible heat flux (H) from high-frequency temperature readings. Later, latent heat flux (LE) values were obtained by solving the energy balance equation. For the May–October period, seasonal ET c was about 843 mm in 2007 and 787 mm in 2008. The experimental weekly crop coefficients (K cexp) fluctuated between 0.64 and 1.2. These values represent crop coefficients adjusted to take into account the reduction in ET c caused by the netting and the black plastic mulching. Average K cexp values during mid- and end-season stages were 0.79 and 0.98, respectively. End-season K cexp was higher due to combination of factors related to the precipitation and low ET o conditions that are typical in this region during fall. Estimated crop coefficients using the Allen et al. (1998) approach adjusting for the effects of the netting and black plastic mulching (K cFAO) showed a good agreement with the experimental K cexp values.

Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under sprinkler irrigation in a semiarid climate determined by the surface renewal method

The evapotranspiration (ETc) of sprinkler-irrigated rice was determined for the semiarid conditions of NE Spain during 2001, 2002 and 2003. The surface renewal method, after calibration against the eddy covariance method, was used to obtain values of sensible heat flux (H) from high-frequency temperature readings. Latent heat flux values were obtained by solving the energy balance equation. Finally, lysimeter measurements were used to validate the evapotranspiration values obtained with the surface renewal method. Seasonal rice evapotranspiration was about 750–800 mm. Average daily ETc for mid-season (from 90 to 130 days after sowing) was 5.1, 4.5 and 6.1 mm day−1 for 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively. The experimental weekly crop coefficients fluctuated in the range of 0.83–1.20 for 2001, 0.81–1.03 for 2002 and 0.84–1.15 for 2003. The total growing season was about 150–160 days. In average, the crop coefficients for the initial (Kcini), mid-season (Kcmid) and late-season stages (Kcend) were 0.92, 1.06 and 1.03, respectively, the length of these stages being about 55, 45 and 25 days, respectively.

Self-similar motion of laser fusion plasmas. Absorption in an unbounded plasma

The one-dimensional motion generated in a cold, infinite, uniform plasma of density na by the absorption, in a certain plane, of a linear pulse of energy per unit time and area = 4>0t/r, 0< t< r, is considered, the analysis allows for thermal conduction and viscosity of ions and electrons, their energy exchange, and an electron heat flux limiter The resulting motion is self-similar and governed by a single nondimensional parameter a«(n0 2T/0)2/3 Detailed asymptotic results are obtained for both a < l and a > l , the general behavior of the solution for arbitrary a is discussed The analysis can be extended to the case of a plasma initially occupying a half-space, and throws light on how to optimize the hydrodynamics of laser fusion plasmas Known approximate results corresponding to motion of a plasma submitted to constant irradiation (<()) are recovered in the present work under appropriate limiting processes

Coronal fluid-dynamics in laser fusion

The fluid-dynamics of the corona ejected by laser-fusion targets in the direct-drive approach (thermal radiation and atomic physics unimportant) is discussed. A two-fluid model involves inverse bremsstrahlung absorption, refraction, different ion and electron temperatures with energy exchange, different ion and electron velocities and magnetic field generation, and their effect on ion-electron friction and heat flux. Four dimensionless parameters determine coronal regimes for one-dimensional flows under uniform irradiation. One additional parameter is involved in two-dimensional problems,including the stability of one-dimensional flows, and the smoothing of nonuniform driving.

Medida de la conductividad térmica con el método de la aguja térmica, basado en la fuente lineal de calor transitorio, para su aplicación en los cerramientos de adobes y bloques de tierra comprimida

Existe un creciente interés internacional por el ahorro energético y la sostenibilidad en la edificación con importantes repercusiones en la Arquitectura. La inercia térmica es un parámetro fundamental para poder valorar energéticamente un edificio en condiciones reales. Para ello es necesario cambiar el enfoque tradicional de transmisión de calor en régimen estacionario por otro en régimen dinámico en el que se analizan las ondas térmicas y el flujo de calor oscilante que atraviesan los cerramientos. Los parámetros que definen la inercia térmica son: el espesor, la difusividad y el ciclo térmico. A su vez la difusividad está determinada por la conductividad térmica, la densidad y el calor específico del material. De estos parámetros la conductividad es el más complejo, variable y difícil de medir, especialmente en los cerramientos de tierra debido a su heterogeneidad y complejidad higrotérmica. En general, los métodos de medida de la conductividad o transmitancias en los paramentos presentan inconvenientes a la hora de medir un edificio construido con tierra: dificultades de implementación, el elevado coste o la fiabilidad de los resultados, principalmente. El Método de la Aguja Térmica (MAT) se basa en el principio de la evolución en el tiempo del calor emitido por una fuente lineal al insertarse en el seno de un material. Se ha escogido este método porque resulta práctico, de bajo coste y de fácil aplicación a gran escala pero tiene serios problemas de fiabilidad y exactitud. En esta tesis se desarrolla un método de medida de la conductividad térmica para Piezas de Albañilería de Tierra Cruda en laboratorio basado en el MAT, se mejora su fiabilidad, se analiza su incertidumbre, se compara con otros métodos de referencia y se aplica en adobes, Bloques de Tierra Comprimida y probetas de tierra estabilizada con distintas proporciones de paja. Este método servirá de base a una posterior aplicación in situ. Finalmente se proponen modelos matemáticos para mejorar la exactitud del dispositivo utilizado y para la estimación de la conductividad de cerramientos de tierra en función de su densidad. Con los resultados obtenidos se analizan las posibilidades de amortiguación y retardo de las ondas térmicas y capacidad de almacenaje de energía de los cerramientos en función de su densidad y humedad. There is growing international interest in energy saving and sustainability in buildings with significant impact on Architecture. Thermal inertia is a key parameter to assess energy in buildings in real conditions. This requires changing the traditional approach to heat transfer in steady state by another in dynamic regime which analyzes the thermal waves and oscillating heat flux passing through the external walls. The parameters defining the thermal inertia are: the thickness, the diffusivity and the thermal cycle. In turn, the diffusivity is determined by the thermal conductivity, density and specific heat of the material. Of these parameters, thermal conductivity is the most complex, variable and difficult to measure, especially in earth walls due to their heterogeneity and hygrothermal complexity. In general, the methods of measurement of conductivity and transmittance in walls have drawbacks when measuring a building with earth: implementation difficulties, high cost, or reliability of the results, mainly. The Thermal Needle Procedure (TNP) is based on the principle of evolution in time of heat from a line source when inserted within a material. This method was chosen because it is a practical, low cost and easy to implement on a large scale but has serious problems of reliability and accuracy. This thesis develops a laboratory method for measuring the thermal conductivity of Masonry Units Unfire Earth-based based on TNP, its uncertainty is analyzed, compared to other reference methods and applies in adobes, Compressed Earth Blocks and stabilized soil specimens with different proportions of straw. This method will form the basis of a subsequent application in situ. Finally, mathematical models are proposed to improve the accuracy of the device used, and to estimate the conductivity of earth enclosures depending on its density. With the results obtained earth enclosures are analyzed to estimate their possibilities of delay and buffer of termal waves and energy storage capacity according to their density and moisture.

Testing the performance of a green wall system on an experimental building in the summer

It is known that a green wall brings some advantages to a building. It constitutes a barrier against solar radiation, thus decreasing and delaying the incoming heat flux. The aim of this study is to quantify such advantages through analytical comparison between two facades, a vegetal facade and a conventional facade. Both were highly insulated (U-value = 0.3 W/m2K) and installed facing south on the same building in the central territory of Spain. In order to compare their thermal trend, a series of sensors were used to register superficial and indoor air temperature. The work was carried out between 17th August 2012 and 1st October 2012, with a temperature range of 12°C-36°C and a maximum horizontal radiation of 1020 W/m2. Results show that the indoor temperature of the green wall module was lower than the other. Besides, comparing superficial outdoor and indoor temperatures of the two walls to outdoor air temperatures, it was noticed that, due to the shading plants, the green wall superficial temperature was 5 °C lower on the facade, while the bare wall temperature was 15 °C higher. The living wall module temperature was 1.6 °C lower than the outdoor, while the values of the conventional one were similar to the outdoor air temperature.

Recent progress in research on tungsten materials for nuclear fusion applications in Europe

The current magnetic confinement nuclear fusion power reactor concepts going beyond ITER are based on assumptions about the availability of materials with extreme mechanical, heat, and neutron load capacity. In Europe, the development of such structural and armour materials together with the necessary production, machining, and fabrication technologies is pursued within the EFDA long-term fusion materials programme. This paper reviews the progress of work within the programme in the area of tungsten and tungsten alloys. Results, conclusions, and future projections are summarized for each of the programme´s main subtopics, which are: (1) fabrication, (2) structural W materials, (3) W armour materials, and (4) materials science and modelling. It gives a detailed overview of the latest results on materials research, fabrication processes, joining options, high heat flux testing, plasticity studies, modelling, and validation experiments.

Metodología de simulación numérica de la transferencia de calor por ebullición en película en torno a superficies esféricas refrigeradas por líquido saturado en convección libre: aplicación a reactores nucleares de lecho de bolas (PBR)

En la presente Tesis se realizó un análisis numérico, usando el código comercial Ansys-Fluent, de la refrigeración de una bola de combustible de un reactor de lecho de bolas (PBR, por sus siglas en inglés), ante un escenario de emergencia en el cual el núcleo sea desensamblado y las bolas se dejen caer en una piscina de agua, donde el mecanismo de transferencia de calor inicialmente sería la ebullición en película, implicando la convección y la radiación al fluido. Previamente se realizaron pruebas de validación, comparando los resultados numéricos con datos experimentales disponibles en la literatura para tres geometrías diferentes, lo cual permitió seleccionar los esquemas y modelos numéricos con mejor precisión y menor costo computacional. Una vez identificada la metodología numérica, todas las pruebas de validación fueron ampliamente satisfactorias, encontrándose muy buena concordancia en el flujo de calor promedio con los datos experimentales. Durante estas pruebas de validación se lograron caracterizar numéricamente algunos parámetros importantes en la ebullición en película con los cuales existen ciertos niveles de incertidumbre, como son el factor de acoplamiento entre convección y radiación, y el factor de corrección del calor latente de vaporización. El análisis térmico de la refrigeración de la bola del reactor por ebullición en película mostró que la misma se enfría, a pesar del calor de decaimiento, con una temperatura superficial de la bola que desciende de forma oscilatoria, debido al comportamiento inestable de la película de vapor. Sin embargo, la temperatura de esta superficie tiene una buena uniformidad, notándose que las áreas mejor y peor refrigeradas están localizadas en la parte superior de la bola. Se observó la formación de múltiples domos de vapor en diferentes posiciones circunferenciales, lo cual causa que el área más caliente de la superficie se localice donde se forman los domos más grandes. La separación entre los domos de vapor fue consistente con la teoría hidrodinámica, con la adición de que la separación entre domos se reduce a medida que evolucionan y crecen, debido a la curvatura de la superficie. ABSTRACT A numerical cooling analysis of a PBR fuel pebble, after an emergency scenario in which the nucleus disassembly is made and the pebbles are dropped into a water pool, transmitting heat by film boiling, involving convection and radiation to the fluid, is carried out in this Thesis. First, were performed validation tests comparing the numerical results with experimental works available for three different geometries, which allowed the selection of numerical models and schemes with better precision and lower computational cost. Once identified the numerical methodology, all validation tests were widely satisfactory, finding very good agreement with experimental works in average heat flux. During these validation tests were achieved numerically characterize some important parameters in film boiling with which there are certain levels of uncertainty, such as the coupling factor between convection and radiation, and the correction factor of the latent heat of vaporization. The thermal analysis of pebble cooling by film boiling shows that despite its decay heat, cooling occurs, with pebble surface temperature descending from an oscillatory manner, due to the instability of the vapor film. However, the temperature of this surface has a good uniformity, noting that the best and worst refrigerated area is located at the top of the pebble. The formation of multiple vapor domes at different circumferential positions is observed, which cause that the hottest area of the surface was located where biggest vapor domes were formed. The separation between vapor domes was consistent with the hydrodynamic theory, with the addition that the separation is reduced as the vapor dome evolves and grows, due to the surface curvature.

Modelo matemático homogéneo e isótropo para la operación y optimización de Sistemas CAES

La operación cíclica de carga y descarga del almacenamiento en los sistemas CAES induce variaciones de presión y temperatura del aire almacenado. Se requiere pues de modelos que predigan la magnitud de dichas actuaciones para lograr una óptima configuración de la planta de potencia. El modelo se deduce directamente de las ecuaciones de conservación de la masa y de la energía para un sistema homogéneo e isótropo. Es resuelto analítica, para ciertos casos límite de interés, y numéricamente. Se somete al modelo a un análisis de sensibilidad para la determinación de los parámetros característicos más influyentes que afectan a las actuaciones de presión y al volumen de almacenamiento requerido. Se observó que el flujo de calor a través del medio circundante al almacenamiento presenta una influencia sobre éste poco despreciable que debe tenerse en cuenta. Se comparan los casos para sistemas adiabáticos e isotermos para calibrar dicha desviación. Además, se esboza un modelo aproximado que describa el comportamiento del almacenamiento con un almacén térmico (AT) acoplado que regule las variaciones de la temperatura del aire inyectado. Abstract Cyclic charge and discharge operation in CAES systems induce pressure and temperatura fluctuations in the storaged air. It is then required a model that properly describes the magnitud of such fluctutions in order to achieve an optimum power plant configuration. This model is directly deduced from the general conservation principles: conservation of mass and energy, applied into homogeneous and isotropic systems. It was solved analytically for certain specific limiting cases of interest as well as numerically. The model was subjected to a sensibility analysis in order to determine the intrinsic parameters that affect the pressure fluctuations as well as the required storage volume the most. Furthermore it was observed that the heat flux through the sourrounding media of the storage has a non-negligible effect that must be taken into account. Adiabatic and isothermal cases are then compared to each other to determine such a deviation. What is more, it is given a general outline about the model which describes the behaviour of the storage coupled with a thermal storage system(TES) that regulates the inyected air temperature.

A model intercomparison of changes in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration

As part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, integrations with a common design have been undertaken with eleven different climate models to compare the response of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation ( THC) to time-dependent climate change caused by increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration. Over 140 years, during which the CO2 concentration quadruples, the circulation strength declines gradually in all models, by between 10 and 50%. No model shows a rapid or complete collapse, despite the fairly rapid increase and high final concentration of CO2. The models having the strongest overturning in the control climate tend to show the largest THC reductions. In all models, the THC weakening is caused more by changes in surface heat flux than by changes in surface water flux. No model shows a cooling anywhere, because the greenhouse warming is dominant.

Polymer Fluid Dynamics: Continuum and Molecular Appoaches

To solve problems in polymer fluid dynamics, one needs the equation of continuity, motion, and energy. The last two equations contain the stress tensor and the heat-flux vector for the material. There are two ways to formulate the stress tensor: (1) one can write a continuum expression for the stress tensor in terms of kinematic tensors, or (2) one can select a molecular model that represents the polymer molecule, and then develop an expression for the stress tensor from kinetic theory. The advantage of the kinetic theory approach is that one gets information about the relation between the molecular structure of the polymers and the rheological properties. In this review, we restrict the discussion primarily to the simplest stress tensor expressions or “constitutive equations” containing from two to four adjustable parameters, although we do indicate how these formulations may be extended to give more complicated expressions. We also explore how these simplest expressions are recovered as special cases of a more general framework, the Oldroyd 8-constant model. The virtue of studying the simplest models is that we can discover some general notions as to which types of empiricisms or which types of molecular models seem to be worth investigating further. We also explore equivalences between continuum and molecular approaches. We restrict the discussion to several types of simple flows, such as shearing flows and extensional flows. These are the flows that are of greatest importance in industrial operations. Furthermore, if these simple flows cannot be well described by continuum or molecular models, then it is not necessary to lavish time and energy to apply them to more complex flow problems.

Geochemistry of sediments of stage 5 of the Nordic seas

Stable isotope, foraminifera and ice rafted detritus (IRD) records covering the last interglacial (the Eemian) from 7 sediment cores in a transect from the Norwegian to the Greenland Sea are presented. The percentages of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s.) and Globigerina quinqueloba, foraminiferal content, and to some extent planktonic stable isotope records, demonstrate marked, regional changes in surface water conditions. Importantly, the variability in the abundances of subpolar foraminifera and foraminiferal content are not coherent, implying that these two types of proxies fluctuated independently of each other and most likely reflect changes in sea surface temperature and surface water carbonate productivity, respectively. Paleoceanographic reconstructions demonstrate significant movements of the oceanographic fronts. At the warmest periods, the Arctic front was located far west of the present-day location, at least within the Iceland Sea region. At 126-125 ka, this was most probably due to a stronger or more westerly located Norwegian current. Within the later warm intervals, higher heat flux to the western part of the basin reflects a combination of a stronger Irminger current and/or a weaker east Greenland current. During the main cold spell at ~124 ka, a diffuse Arctic front had a more southeasterly location than today, and intrusion of Atlantic surface waters was probably limited to a narrow corridor in the Eastern Norwegian Sea. A general correspondence between minima in sea surface temperatures and light benthic delta18O may indicate enhanced influx of freshwater to the basin within the cold events. At least in the Norwegian Sea, we find some evidence that the changes in surface water conditions are associated with changes in deep water ventilation. The majority of the fluctuations may be related to occasional breakdown or reduction of the thermohaline circulation within the Nordic seas. In the earliest Eemian, this could result from meltwater forcing. During the remaining part of the last interglacial the fine balance between temperature and salinity, which the deep water formation is depending on, may have been disturbed by periodic increases in fresh water supply or variable influx of warm Atlantic surface waters.