Preliminary assessment of rockslide and rockfall hazards using a DEM (Oppstadhornet, Norway)

The increasing availability and precision of digital elevation model (DEM) helps in the assessment of landslide prone areas where only few data are available. This approach is performed in 6 main steps which include: DEM creation; identification of geomorphologic features; determination of the main sets of discontinuities; mapping of the most likely dangerous structures; preliminary rock-fall assessment; estimation of the large instabilities volumes. The method is applied to two the cases studies in the Oppstadhornet mountain (730m alt): (1) a 10 millions m3 slow-moving rockslide and (2) a potential high-energy rock falling prone area. The orientations of the foliation and of the major discontinuities have been determined directly from the DEM. These results are in very good agreement with field measurements. Spatial arrangements of discontinuities and foliation with the topography revealed hazardous structures. Maps of potential occurrence of these hazardous structures show highly probable sliding areas at the foot of the main landslide and potential rock falls in the eastern part of the mountain.

Optimization of laser interferometers for the detection of gravitational waves from coalescing binaries

Coalescing compact binary systems are important sources of gravitational waves. Here we investigate the detectability of this gravitational radiation by the recently proposed laser interferometers. The spectral density of noise for various practicable configurations of the detector is also reviewed. This includes laser interferometers with delay lines and Fabry-Prot cavities in the arms, both in standard and dual recycling arrangements. The sensitivity of the detector in all those configurations is presented graphically and the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated numerically. For all configurations we find values of the detector's parameters which maximize the detectability of coalescing binaries, the discussion comprising Newtonian- as well as post-Newtonian-order effects. Contour plots of the signal-to-noise ratio are also presented in certain parameter domains which illustrate the interferometer's response to coalescing binary signals.

Distribution of the transposable elements bilbo and gypsy in original and colonizing populations of Drosophila subobscura

Background: Transposable elements (TEs) constitute a substantial amount of all eukaryotic genomes. They induce an important proportion of deleterious mutations by insertion into genes or gene regulatory regions. However, their mutational capabilities are not always adverse but can contribute to the genetic diversity and evolution of organisms. Knowledge of their distribution and activity in the genomes of populations under different environmental and demographic regimes, is important to understand their role in species evolution. In this work we study the chromosomaldistribution of two TEs, gypsy and bilbo, in original and colonizing populations of Drosophilasubobscura to reveal the putative effect of colonization on their insertion profile.Results: Chromosomal frequency distribution of two TEs in one original and three colonizingpopulations of D. subobscura, is different. Whereas the original population shows a low insertionfrequency in most TE sites, colonizing populations have a mixture of high (frequency ¿ 10%) andlow insertion sites for both TEs. Most highly occupied sites are coincident among colonizingpopulations and some of them are correlated to chromosomal arrangements. Comparisons of TEcopy number between the X chromosome and autosomes show that gypsy occupancy seems to becontrolled by negative selection, but bilbo one does not. Conclusion: These results are in accordance that TEs in Drosophila subobscura colonizing populations are submitted to a founder effect followed by genetic drift as a consequence of colonization. This would explain the high insertion frequencies of bilbo and gypsy in coincident sites of colonizing populations. High occupancy sites would represent insertion events prior to colonization. Sites of low frequency would be insertions that occurred after colonization and/orcopies from the original population whose frequency is decreasing in colonizing populations. Thiswork is a pioneer attempt to explain the chromosomal distribution of TEs in a colonizing specieswith high inversion polymorphism to reveal the putative effect of arrangements in TE insertionprofiles. In general no associations between arrangements and TE have been found, except in a fewcases where the association is very strong. Alternatively, founder drift effects, seem to play aleading role in TE genome distribution in colonizing populations.

Changes in chromosomal polymorphism and global warming: The case of Drosophila subobscura from Apatin (Serbia)

Abstract In this study, chromosomal inversion polymorphism data for a natural population of Drosophila subobscura from a swampy region near the town of Apatin (Serbia) were compared with data for the same population collected approximately 15 years earlier. The pattern of chromosomal inversion polymorphism changed over time. There were significant increases in the frequency of characteristic southern latitude ("warm" adapted) chromosomal arrangements and significant decreases in the frequency of characteristic northern latitude ("cold" adapted) chromosomal arrangements in the O and U chromosomes. The chromosomal arrangements O3+4 and O3+4+22 (derived from the O3+4 arrangement)showed significant increases in 2008 and 2009 with regard to the 1994 sample. There was also a significant increase (~50%) in the U1+2 arrangement, while U1+8+2 (a typical southern arrangement) was detected for the first time. Since the Apatin swampy population ofD. subobscura has existed for a long time in a stable habitat with high humidity that has not been changed by man our results indicate that natural selection has produced chromosomal changes in response to the increase in temperature that has occurred in the Balkan Peninsula of central southeastern European. Key words: chromosomal inversions, Drosophila subobscura, global warming, karyotypes.

Independent Living Services Annual Report, December 29, 2008

Independent Living foster care is a foster care type of placement in which youth served must be at least 16 years of age and have the capacity to function outside the structure of a foster family or group care setting. This is a annual report about these living arrangements and how the Department of Human Services contracts them.

Defining and searching for structural motifs using DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer.

BACKGROUND: Today, recognition and classification of sequence motifs and protein folds is a mature field, thanks to the availability of numerous comprehensive and easy to use software packages and web-based services. Recognition of structural motifs, by comparison, is less well developed and much less frequently used, possibly due to a lack of easily accessible and easy to use software. RESULTS: In this paper, we describe an extension of DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer through which structural motifs may be defined and searched for in large protein structure databases, and we show that common structural motifs involved in stabilizing protein folds are present in evolutionarily and structurally unrelated proteins, also in deeply buried locations which are not obviously related to protein function. CONCLUSIONS: The possibility to define custom motifs and search for their occurrence in other proteins permits the identification of recurrent arrangements of residues that could have structural implications. The possibility to do so without having to maintain a complex software/hardware installation on site brings this technology to experts and non-experts alike.

A la croisée des modèles du fédéralisme fiscal et coopératif : les résultats des réformes de répartition des tâches cantons-communes en Suisse

Les réformes de répartition des tâches entre cantons et communes appartiennent aux grandes réformes de politique locale en Suisse, c'est pourquoi elles font l'objet d'une thèse réalisée dans le cadre du programme de recherche ProDoc du Fonds national suisse sur la gouvernance locale (2009-2012). Lancées de manière périodique depuis les années 1970, ces réformes sont organisées pour clarifier le système d'allocation des tâches qui se modifie au coup par coup, avec l'évolution des politiques publiques. Ce thème actuel a été jusqu'à ce jour mis à l'écart des recherches en Suisse. Cette thèse comble cette lacune. Elle analyse sous quatre aspects (les références théoriques des réformes, leur processus de mise en oeuvre, leurs résultats, et leurs effets sur le système fédéraliste) douze grandes réformes canton-communes effectuées entre 1994-2007. Elle s'interroge notamment sur les mouvements de centralisation/décentralisation et de désenchevêtrement des tâches, en se référant à la littérature classique sur le fédéralisme et à deux modèles politico-économiques: le fédéralisme fiscal et le fédéralisme coopératif. Au niveau empirique, l'analyse se fonde sur une analyse documentaire des réformes Confédération - cantons, cantons- communes, sur un inventaire de compétences décisionnelles, financières et de mise en oeuvre transférées au cours de douze réformes cantonales, sur une enquête nationale menée auprès des secrétaires communaux en Suisse ainsi que sur des entretiens conduits auprès de responsables cantonaux chargés des affaires communales. L'étude met en évidence des similitudes entre les réformes conduites entre la Confédération et les cantons et les cantons et les communes notamment en ce qui concerne le cadre de référence soit : une répartition des tâches qui privilégie des tâches exclusives (self-rules) si possible décentralisées. Dans cet esprit, c'est pour l'ensemble des réformes que le principe du décideur payeur a été utilisé de sorte à supprimer les enchevêtrements et à assurer une coïncidence entre responsabilités décisionnelles et financières. Ceci a permis pour les douze réformes étudiées d'atteindre un important désenchevêtrement, en particulier au niveau financier. Sur ce plan, les réformes sont un succès. Ce désenchevêtrement s'accompagne d'une tendance à la centralisation des compétences principalement financières et de mise en oeuvre. Les domaines concernés relèvent particulièrement des politiques publiques fédérales mises en oeuvre par les cantons. Le cadre légal fédéral exerce donc une influence prépondérante sur la répartition des tâches canton-communes. Pour les tâches de compétences principalement cantonales, le mouvement vers la centralisation s'explique par plusieurs facteurs que l'analyse met en évidence. Parmi eux, le principal est le facteur culturel. Ainsi les cantons romands et les cantons plutôt à gauche optent plutôt pour des tâches centralisées et conjointes, alors que les cantons alémaniques préfèrent des arrangements décentralisés et des tâches menées exclusivement par un niveau. Outre une culture politique qui favorise la décentralisation, les réformes de Nouvelle gestion publique auxquels ont recouru plus fréquemment les cantons alémaniques expliquent la recherche d'un plus fort désenchevêtrement. La capacité administrative des communes (mesurée par la taille des communes) influence également la direction des transferts. Dans les douze réformes, on observe que lorsqu'un canton est formé de grandes communes, celles-ci obtiennent plus de compétences parce qu'elles ont la capacité de les assumer. Ceci est particulièrement vrai pour les communes de plus de 20'000 habitants qui bénéficient de délégation de compétences spécifiques, ce qui confirme l'existence d'un fédéralisme asymétrique. Ces points sont confirmés pas la perception des acteurs. De manière générale, les réformes n'ont pas bouleversé l'allocation des compétences décisionnelles canton-communes dans les douze cantons étudiés, sauf dans quelques cantons de Suisse centrale et orientale et à Bâle-Ville, où les réformes ont permis de décentraliser et de désenchevêtrer davantage de compétences, cette tendance est corroborée dans ces cantons par une augmentation de la perception de l'autonomie communale. Les réformes ne sont finalement pas parvenues à instaurer un changement de paradigme dans le système d'allocation des tâches canton-communes où les communes auraient vu leurs compétences renforcées.

Stratégies d'activation du droit dans les politiques environnementales - Cas autour des bisses valaisans

Alors que les politiques publiques de protection de l'environnement se sont développées de manière exponentielle ces dernières décennies, les problèmes posés par les pollutions, la surexploitation des ressources naturelles ou les impacts du changement climatique demeu-rent et se renouvellent sans cesse. C'est que l'adoption d'une règle ne constitue jamais une fin en soi. Encore faut-il, pour qu'elle produise ses effets, que les acteurs se l'approprient, la traduisent comme une prescription qui s'impose au niveau concret de l'action. Or, au même titre que l'adoption d'une politique publique, sa mise en oeuvre représente un processus hautement conflictuel et politique. Loin d'être mécanique ou linéaire, cette phase est assimi-lable à un véritable processus d'appropriation des règles, émaillé de rapports de force et d'arrangements entre acteurs, de stratégies complémentaires ou concurrentes déployées par un large éventail de protagonistes. Tous ne poursuivent dans ce cadre pas des objectifs de concrétisation, certains cherchant à contourner ou à instrumentaliser les règles, à atté-nuer leurs effets ou à favoriser la mise en place de solutions sur mesure. Il y a, clairement, une distance de la règle à l'action. La présente thèse se propose de mettre en lumière la dimension politique de ces processus d'appropriation en reconstituant les jeux d'acteurs qui les composent. L'idée qui sous-tend la réflexion consiste à démontrer, sur la base d'une littérature variée (analyse des politiques publiques, droit, sociologie) et d'études de cas construits autour des bisses valaisans, le ca-ractère central des stratégies d'activation du droit. Ces dernières sont, dans un premier temps, mises en perspective au sein d'une approche qui appréhende le rapport entre règles et acteurs sur un mode moins managérial que ne le fait habituellement l'analyse des poli-tiques publiques. Relevant autant de démarches de concrétisation que de logiques alterna-tives (passivité, détournement, contournement, innovation), ces stratégies sont placées au coeur du cadre conceptuel élaboré, où elles entrent en interaction avec d'autres variables telles que les relations de pouvoir ou le caractère structurant du contexte institutionnel. Le potentiel analytique de l'approche développée est, dans un second temps, illustré à travers sa confrontation à trois études de cas gravitant autour des bisses : protection d'un écosys-tème aquatique ; gestion des risques de débordement et d'inondation ; développement ter-ritorial d'un village de montagne. Au final, le propos vient souligner tout l'intérêt d'une approche plus politique de la mise en oeuvre. La notion de stratégies d'activation et le cadre conceptuel développé contribuent à mettre en évidence un répertoire très fin de jeux d'acteurs, permettant d'organiser et de systématiser une analyse actorielle souvent réduite au minimum en raison de la difficulté à en rendre compte. La thèse apporte en ce sens une véritable plus-value à l'analyse des poli-tiques publiques, démontrant la manière dont les acteurs cherchent constamment à refor-muler les modalités de l'action collective (politics never end).

Beyond the 'dyad': a qualitative re-evaluation of the changing clinical consultation.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics of consultations that do not conform to the traditionally understood communication 'dyad', in order to highlight implications for medical education and develop a reflective 'toolkit' for use by medical practitioners and educators in the analysis of consultations. DESIGN: A series of interdisciplinary research workshops spanning 12 months explored the social impact of globalisation and computerisation on the clinical consultation, focusing specifically on contemporary challenges to the clinician-patient dyad. Researchers presented detailed case studies of consultations, taken from their recent research projects. Drawing on concepts from applied sociolinguistics, further analysis of selected case studies prompted the identification of key emergent themes. SETTING: University departments in the UK and Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS: Six researchers with backgrounds in medicine, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and medical education. One workshop was also attended by PhD students conducting research on healthcare interactions. RESULTS: The contemporary consultation is characterised by a multiplicity of voices. Incorporation of additional voices in the consultation creates new forms of order (and disorder) in the interaction. The roles 'clinician' and 'patient' are blurred as they become increasingly distributed between different participants. These new consultation arrangements make new demands on clinicians, which lie beyond the scope of most educational programmes for clinical communication. CONCLUSIONS: The consultation is changing. Traditional consultation models that assume a 'dyadic' consultation do not adequately incorporate the realities of many contemporary consultations. A paradox emerges between the need to manage consultations in a 'super-diverse' multilingual society, while also attending to increasing requirements for standardised protocol-driven approaches to care prompted by computer use. The tension between standardisation and flexibility requires addressing in educational contexts. Drawing on concepts from applied sociolinguistics and the findings of these research observations, the authors offer a reflective 'toolkit' of questions to ask of the consultation in the context of enquiry-based learning.

La financiación de la Renta Básica, un modelo de microsimulación

[spa] La financiación es uno de los aspectos de la Renta Básica en que más se ha avanzado en los últimos 10 o 12 años. Por Renta Básica aquí se entenderá en todo momento un ingreso pagado por el estado a cada miembro de pleno derecho de la sociedad o residente, incluso si no quiere trabajar de forma remunerada, sin tomar en consideración si es rico o pobre, o dicho de otra forma, independientemente de cuáles puedan ser las otras posibles fuentes de renta, y sin importar con quien conviva. Diversas e interesantes investigaciones para ámbitos geográficos distintos han hecho acto de aparición y han alimentado un vivo debate acerca de las formas de financiar la Renta Básica. La Renta Básica puede ser pagada por parte de distintas instituciones públicas. La propuesta de financiación de la Renta Básica a la que se refiere este artículo consiste en una reforma en profundidad del actual Impuesto de la Renta de las Personas Físicas (IRPF). El estudio opta por este camino porque se ha tenido acceso a datos individualizados del IRPF de Cataluña, pero también porque este impuesto es especialmente útil para apreciar, por ejemplo, la redistribución resultante de la renta. Está basado en un programa de microsimulación específicamente diseñado para este objetivo, aplicado sobre una base de datos provenientes de una muestra de 110.474 declaraciones del IRPF de Cataluña, para evaluar diferentes opciones de políticas de integración de impuestos y prestaciones que incluyan una Renta Básica. Este estudio muestra que la reforma propuesta es viable en términos económicos y que el impacto en la distribución de la renta sería muy progresivo, como después se especificará.

Can we disentangle predator-prey interactions from species distributions at a macro-scale? A case study with a raptor species.

There is a debate on whether an influence of biotic interactions on species distributions can be reflected at macro-scale levels. Whereas the influence of biotic interactions on spatial arrangements is beginning to be studied at local scales, similar studies at macro-scale levels are scarce. There is no example disentangling, from other similarities with related species, the influence of predator-prey interactions on species distributions at macro-scale levels. In this study we aimed to disentangle predator-prey interactions from species distribution data following an experimental approach including a factorial design. As a case of study we selected the short-toed eagle because of its known specialization on certain prey reptiles. We used presence-absence data at a 100 Km2 spatial resolution to extract the explanatory capacity of different environmental predictors (five abiotic and two biotic predictors) on the short-toed eagle species distribution in Peninsular Spain. Abiotic predictors were relevant climatic and topographic variables, and relevant biotic predictors were prey richness and forest density. In addition to the short-toed eagle, we also obtained the predictor's explanatory capacities for i) species of the same family Accipitridae (as a reference), ii) for other birds of different families (as controls) and iii) species with randomly selected presences (as null models). We run 650 models to test for similarities of the short-toed eagle, controls and null models with reference species, assessed by regressions of explanatory capacities. We found higher similarities between the short-toed eagle and other species of the family Accipitridae than for the other two groups. Once corrected by the family effect, our analyses revealed a signal of predator-prey interaction embedded in species distribution data. This result was corroborated with additional analyses testing for differences in the concordance between the distributions of different bird categories and the distributions of either prey or non-prey species of the short-toed eagle. Our analyses were useful to disentangle a signal of predator-prey interactions from species distribution data at a macro-scale. This study highlights the importance of disentangling specific features from the variation shared with a given taxonomic level.

Citizen participation and the Lisbon Treaty : A legal perspective

How to "bring the [European] Union closer to its citizens" is a vexed and vital problem of European integration. Article 11 TEU on participatory democracy, recently introduced by the Lisbon Treaty, is meant to be part of the solution. The EU Economic and Social Committee has gone so far as to define this provision "a milestone on the road to a people's Europe that is real and feasible". This appears to be an overly optimistic assessment - partly because art. 11 relies heavily on the involvement of civil society organisations, which political science literature suggests is conceptually and/or practically irrelevant to citizen involvement; partly because it largely formalizes participatory practices that have been in existence for years without cognizable effects on citizen participation; and partly because even its most innovative element - the European citizens' initiative (ECI) - does not bring significant changes to the Union's constitutional arrangements in terms of redistributing decision-making power. In addition to that, secondary legislation places significant hurdles on the submission of ECIs and might prevent or delay their becoming a standard democratic practice. This is not to say that art. 11 TEU has no potential at all. Its insertion in the Treaty might provide impetus to rethink and develop past participatory practices, such as horizontal civil dialogue. Moreover, the effects of "popular input" in the form of ECIs on EU institutional dynamics is as yet unknown - and perhaps not negligible, to judge from the keen interest that the European Parliament and other bodies have demonstrated in "appropriating" it as a political asset. Finally, art. 11 raises the stakes of the Union's democratic challenge and might pressure EU institutions to make full use of its potential. Or, if eventually proved inadequate, art. 11 might constitute a constitutional experiment on the way to meaningful forms of direct democracy at EU level.

Experimental Use of Calcium Magnesium Acetate, HR-253, 1983

The Iowa Department of Transportation Materials Laboratory personnel announced in early 1982 a process to produce a road deicer consisting of sand grains coated with calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). From that point forward the Iowa DOT began searching for a means of economically producing CMA to their concept. During 1983 and 1984 the first attempts devised for commercially producing CMA were attempted by the W.G. Block Company, Davenport, Iowa, under Iowa Highway Research Board Project HR-253. This first attempt at commercially producing CMA was accomplished by the use of concrete transit mixer equipment. Even though this procedure proved successful in the batch mixing of CMA, the need for higher production rates to reduce the cost per ton still existed. During the fall of 1984, Cedarapids Inc, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, proposed to Iowa DOT personnel the application of their technology to a continuous mixing concept for CMA. Arrangements were made for the continuous test mixing of 60 to 100 tons of CMA/sand deicer. This report covers the production effort, description and results of procedures outlined in Cedarapids Inc's proposal of September 19, 1984. The objectives of this research were: 1. To produce the CMA/sand deicer concept on a continuous mixing basis to Iowa DOT CMA concentration levels. 2. To evaluate the results of preheating the carrying vehicle (sand) prior to CMA ingredient introduction. 3. To analyze the feasibility of production equipment and procedures necessary for portable and/or stationary applications of continuous mixing concepts.

Le régime des plans d'affectation : en particulier le plan de quartier

Le plan de quartier (Gestaltungsplan) occupe une position singulière parmi les plans d'affectation. Il oscille en effet entre deux régimes distincts : celui du plan de zones, dont il partage la nature juridique, et celui de l'autorisation de construire, que son caractère détaillé préfigure dans une large mesure. Bien qu'il soit couramment utilisé par les communes, le plan de quartier pose de nombreuses questions et mérite à ce titre de faire l'objet d'une étude approfondie. C'est ce à quoi s'emploie le présent ouvrage. Il aborde les questions pratiques et théoriques qui se posent en relation avec cet instrument : sa nature juridique, son contenu, la procédure à laquelle il est soumis et les diverses limites qui s'imposent à son auteur, de même que la forme et la licéité des arrangements qui peuvent être conclus à l'occasion de son adoption. La réflexion développée en lien avec le plan de quartier est également élargie aux autres plans d'affectation afin de proposer une vision globale, cohérente et critique du système de planification et des possibilités d'évolution qu'il recèle. Cet ouvrage a pour vocation de satisfaire le profane dans une même mesure que le spécialiste. Il présente des informations générales sur le fonctionnement de l'aménagement du territoire au sens large et les principes qui le sous-tendent, mais contient aussi des développements plus pointus destinés au lecteur désireux de pénétrer au coeur de la problématique. La systématique suivie permet d'accéder aisément aux divers sujets traités, présentés dans un ordre logique et chronologique - les chemins de traverse que dessinent les renvois proposant pour leur part un itinéraire intellectuel alternatif. Quant aux nombreuses références doctrinales et jurisprudentielles, elles permettent à chacun de prolonger la réflexion sur l'une ou l'autre des thématiques abordées.

Complete nucleotide sequence of Birmingham IncP alpha plasmids. Compilation and comparative analysis.

The IncP alpha promiscuous plasmid (R18, R68, RK2, RP1 and RP4) comprises 60,099 bp of nucleotide sequence, encoding at least 74 genes. About 40 kb of the genome, designated the IncP core and including all essential replication and transfer functions, can be aligned with equivalent sequences in the IncP beta plasmid R751. The compiled IncP alpha sequence revealed several previously unidentified reading frames that are potential genes. IncP alpha plasmids carry genetic information very efficiently: the coding sequences of the genes are closely packed but rarely overlap, and occupy almost 86% of the genome's nucleotide sequence. All of the 74 genes should be expressed, although there is as yet experimental evidence for expression of only 60 of them. Six examples of tandem-in-frame initiation sites specifying two gene products each are known. Two overlapping gene arrangements occupy different reading frames of the same region. Intergenic regions include most of the 25 promoters; transcripts are usually polycistronic. Translation of most of the open reading frames seems to be initiated independently, each from its own ribosomal binding and initiation site, although, a few cases of coupled translation have been reported. The most frequently used initiation codon is AUG but translation for a few open reading frames begins at GUG or UUG. The most common stop-codon is UGA followed by UAA and then UAG. Regulatory circuits are complex and largely dependent on two components of the central control operon. KorA and KorB are transcriptional repressors controlling at least seven operons. KorA and KorB act synergistically in several cases by recognizing and binding to conserved nucleotide sequences. Twelve KorB binding sites were found around the IncP alpha sequence and these are conserved in R751 (IncP beta) with respect to both sequence and location. Replication of IncP alpha plasmids requires oriV and the plasmid-encoded initiator protein TrfA in combination with the host-encoded replication machinery. Conjugative plasmid transfer depends on two separate regions occupying about half of the genome. The primary segregational stability system designated Par/Mrs consists of a putative site-specific recombinase, a possible partitioning apparatus and a post-segregational lethality mechanism, all encoded in two divergent operons. Proteins related to the products of F sop and P1 par partitioning genes are separately encoded in the central control operon.