TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL DE FUNDACIÓN OFTALMOLÓGICA DE SANTANDER (FOSCAL), CAJA SANTANDEREANA DE SUBSIDIO FAMILIAR (CAJASAN), CLÍNICA SANTA ANA S.A. Y SOCIEDAD CLÍNICA VALLEDUPAR LTDA. VS. LA NACIÓN - MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN NACIONAL, FONDO NACIONAL DE PRESTACIONES SOCIALES DEL MAGISTERIO (FOMAG)

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La influencia de la religión en la formación de la nación, estudio de caso: el budismo en Bután

El Reino de Bután es el único Estado de la cordillera del Himalaya cuya población es en su mayoría practicante del Budismo Mahayana Tántrico y cuyo desempeño tanto en la arena internacional como en su administración interna está estrechamente vinculado con los valores y principios budistas de reciprocidad, felicidad, solidaridad, vida familiar, cooperación, entre otros. Ejemplo de esto es la creación del Índice de Felicidad Nacional Bruta y la iniciativa del Nuevo Paradigma de Desarrollo. El presente artículo analiza los factores nacionales fundamentales que han permitido el desarrollo de la nación hacia las mencionadas políticas; y explica la influencia del Budismo en la formación de la Nación butanesa, para lo cual se hace un análisis cualitativo de fuentes, biografías, documentos oficiales y encuestas nacionales. Lo anterior permitirá explicar la estrecha relación ente el budismo y la nación butanesa actual, así como la importancia del Nuevo Paradigma del Desarrollo.

SANTA ANA: UN CASO DE SUBURBANIZACIÓN EN LA AGLOMERACIÓN METROPOLITANA

El objetivo principal del trabajo es dilucidar los problemas de un pequeño centro urbano del Valle Central de Costa Rica que por su cercanía a San José, capital política del país, ha venido sufriendo el impacto del proceso de metropolización. Esta influencia comienza a ejercerse desde mediados del siglo actual, tanto en lo que se refiere al uso de la tierra como al valor del suelo, a la reducción de los terrenos dedicados a labores agrícolas en provecho de una ampliación de nuevas áreas residenciales, comerciales, etc. Pretende, también generar una metodología operacional que permita describir, empíricamente, los cambios producidos en un área suburbana de San José. Con ello se intenta llegar a determinar las condiciones generales  de los problemas del crecimiento metropolitano. Se espera, en fin, demostrar que la aplicación del método geográfico, al suministrar  una serie de datos integrados y correlacionados de aspectos naturales y sociales, sirve para medir el impacto del desarrollo tecnológico y conocer mejor los recursos. Es decir, apreciar las posibilidades y las limitaciones para el cambio. Después de enunciar varios supuestos teóricos generales, viene una descripción interpretativa del área metropolitana josefina, especialmente considerando el incremento natural de su población, la atracción de migrantes y el proceso de conurbación y suburbanización. El Cantón de Santana y su núcleo urbano se encuentra a no más de 15km del centro de San José y se llega a el por una carretera pavimentada que va pegada al pie  de las serranías del borde sur del Valle Central. La  ciudad se asienta en la planicie , que se presenta aquí como una  rinconada cavada entre los cerros; pero el nuevo impulso  residencial ha empezado a trepar  por los lomeríos de baja altura  y suave pendiente que marcan  la transición entre la llanura y la montaña. El clima es ligeramente más seco  que el de San José, porque el área se ubica a la sombra de los vientos húmedos del Pacifico y aunque siempre se distinguen una estación seca y otra húmeda, hay una acentuación marcada de la primera. La deforestación del área  circulante ha hecho evidente el peligro  de deslizamientos por rexistasia. Las tasas de incremento intercensal y natural de la población muestran valores superiores a la medida nacional tanto a nivel cantonal como distrital. Y de una tasa de migración neta negativamente en los años 50, ha pasado a tener una tasa positiva en los años actuales y es notable y muy variado el grupo  de extranjeros residentes. Santa Ana puede definirse hoy como una ciudad dormitorio, lo que se demuestra por las características de la PEA y de la planta funcional de la pequeña ciudad dentro del proceso de suburbanización; el sector comercial muestra un crecimiento entre 1972 y 1979 y una cierta especialización. La especialización agrícola ha venido acentuándose también por la importancia que ha adquirido el cultivo de hortalizas. Los centros recreacionales y de ocio para los habitantes del área  metropolitana han tomado auge, sobre todo el mayor número de días de sol que presenta el área; dos proyectos en desarrollo de parques naturales, a uno de los cuales se trasladará el zoológico nacional, le agregarán mayor atractivo. Sin embrago, la actividad industrial es pequeña y las que existen son de tipo tradicional, especialmente la fabricación de objetos de cerámica, muebles y otras.

Efeito de diferentes doses de ANA (ácido a-naftaleno acético) no enraizamento e produção de micro estacas de Café Arabica (Coffea arabica).

Existem diferentes formas de se produzir uma muda de café, desde a mais simples, onde se fazem mudas em viveiros comercias, podendo ser permanentes ou temporários, e ainda em ambientes controlados ou não, sendo nestes casos sempre por meio de sementes. Outra possibilidade é o emprego de técnicas mais complexas, como cultura de tecidos, enxertia, estaquia, técnicas essas tidas como clonagem, uma vez que se consegue obter o mesmo material genético da planta a ser trabalhada.

ANA EM VENEZA: THE DOUBT AND THE EXILE AS MOTIVE FORCE OF ART

This work aims to approach the novel Ana em Veneza (1994), of João Silvério Trevisan, considering discussions around culture / national identity and exile that occur from the character Alberto Nepomuceno. Thereby it is discussed the impressions of a character who is faced with identity dilemmas, between a dominant western culture – european - and his roots whose character is multicultural and multifaceted, as well as when approaching the issue of exile in the work, this dilemma becomes even more evident. Therefore, as a theoretical basis, will be used studies about historical extraction narratives, in view of the historical rescue and biographical present in the work.

Characterization of commercial double-walled carbon nanotube material : composition, structure, and heat capacity

A purified commercial double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) sample was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetry (TG), and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the heat capacity of the DWCNT sample was determined by temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry in the range of temperature between -50 and 290 °C. The main thermo-oxidation characterized by TG occurred at 474 °C with the loss of 90 wt% of the sample. Thermo-oxidation of the sample was also investigated by high-resolution TG, which indicated that a fraction rich in carbon nanotube represents more than 80 wt% of the material. Other carbonaceous fractions rich in amorphous coating and graphitic particles were identified by the deconvolution procedure applied to the derivative of TG curve. Complementary structural data were provided by TEM and Raman studies. The information obtained allows the optimization of composites based on this nanomaterial with reliable characteristics.

YAWL : power through patterns

Workflow Management Systems (WfMSs) enable the development and maintenance of workflow specifications at design time and their execution and monitoring at runtime. The open source WfMS YAWL supports the YAWL language – a formally defined language based on Petri nets which offers comprehensive support for control-flow and resource patterns. In addition, the YAWL system provides extensive support for process flexibility, in particular for process configuration, exception handling, dynamic workflow and declarative workflow. Due to its formal foundation, sophisticated verification support can also be achieved. This paper presents the YAWL system and its main applications.

Modeling and Verification of Privacy Enhancing Protocols

Privacy enhancing protocols (PEPs) are a family of protocols that allow secure exchange and management of sensitive user information. They are important in preserving users’ privacy in today’s open environment. Proof of the correctness of PEPs is necessary before they can be deployed. However, the traditional provable security approach, though well established for verifying cryptographic primitives, is not applicable to PEPs. We apply the formal method of Coloured Petri Nets (CPNs) to construct an executable specification of a representative PEP, namely the Private Information Escrow Bound to Multiple Conditions Protocol (PIEMCP). Formal semantics of the CPN specification allow us to reason about various security properties of PIEMCP using state space analysis techniques. This investigation provides us with preliminary insights for modeling and verification of PEPs in general, demonstrating the benefit of applying the CPN-based formal approach to proving the correctness of PEPs.

Novel ruthenium bipyridyl dyes with s-donor ligands and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells

Two series of novel ruthenium bipyridyl dyes incorporating sulfur-donor bidentate ligands with general formula \[Ru(R-bpy)2C2N2S2] and \[Ru(R-bpy)2(S2COEt)]\[NO3] (where R =H, CO2Et, CO2H; C2N2S2 = cyanodithioimidocarbonate and S2COEt = ethyl xanthogenate) have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically, electrochemically and computationally. The acid derivatives in both series (C2N2S2 3 and S2COEt 6) were used as a photosensitizer in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and the incident photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), overall efficiency (_) and kinetics of the dye/TiO2 system were investigated. It was found that 6 gave a higher efficiency cell than 3 despite the latter dye’s more favorable electronic properties, such as greater absorption range, higher molar extinction coefficient and large degree of delocalization of the HOMO. The transient absorption spectroscopy studies revealed that the recombination kinetics of 3 were unexpectedly fast, which was attributed to the terminal CN on the ligand binding to the TiO2, as evidenced by an absorption study of R =H and CO2Et dyes sensitized on TiO2, and hence leading to a lower efficiency DSSC.

Thinking spatially, acting collaboratively : a GIS-based health decision support system for improving the collaborative health-planning practice

The field of collaborative health planning faces significant challenges due to the lack of effective information, systems and the absence of a framework to make informed decisions. These challenges have been magnified by the rise of the healthy cities movement, consequently, there have been more frequent calls for localised, collaborative and evidence-driven decision-making. Some studies in the past have reported that the use of decision support systems (DSS) for planning healthy cities may lead to: increase collaboration between stakeholders and the general public, improve the accuracy and quality of the decision-making processes and improve the availability of data and information for health decision-makers. These links have not yet been fully tested and only a handful of studies have evaluated the impact of DSS on stakeholders, policy-makers and health planners. This study suggests a framework for developing healthy cities and introduces an online Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based DSS for improving the collaborative health planning. It also presents preliminary findings of an ongoing case study conducted in the Logan-Beaudesert region of Queensland, Australia. These findings highlight the perceptions of decision-making prior to the implementation of the DSS intervention. Further, the findings help us to understand the potential role of the DSS to improve collaborative health planning practice.

Effects of the architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds on cell seeding and culturing

The advance of rapid prototyping techniques has significantly improved control over the pore network architecture of tissue engineering scaffolds. In this work we assessed the influence of scaffold pore architecture on cell seeding and static culturing, by comparing a computer‐designed gyroid architecture fabricated by stereolithography to a random‐pore architecture resulting from salt‐leaching. The scaffold types showed comparable porosity and pore size values, but the gyroid type showed a more than tenfold higher permeability due to the absence of size‐limiting pore interconnections. The higher permeability significantly improved the wetting properties of the hydrophobic scaffolds, and increased the settling speed of cells upon static seeding of immortalised mesenchymal stem cells. After dynamic seeding followed by 5 days of static culture, gyroid scaffolds showed large cell populations in the centre of the scaffold, while salt‐leached scaffolds were covered with a cell‐sheet on the outside and no cells were found in the scaffold centre. It was shown that interconnectivity of the pores and permeability of the scaffold prolongs the time of static culture before overgrowth of cells at the scaffold periphery occurs. Furthermore, novel scaffold designs are proposed to further improve the transport of oxygen and nutrients throughout the scaffolds, and to create tissue engineering grafts with designed, pre‐fabricated vasculature.

Loss-of-function fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 mutations in melanoma

We report that 10% of melanoma tumors and cell lines harbor mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. These novel mutations include three truncating mutations and 20 missense mutations occurring at evolutionary conserved residues in FGFR2 as well as among all four FGFRs. The mutation spectrum is characteristic of those induced by UV radiation. Mapping of these mutations onto the known crystal structures of FGFR2 followed by in vitro and in vivo studies show that these mutations result in receptor loss of function through several distinct mechanisms, including loss of ligand binding affinity, impaired receptor dimerization, destabilization of the extracellular domains, and reduced kinase activity. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of loss-of-function mutations in a class IV receptor tyrosine kinase in cancer. Taken into account with our recent discovery of activating FGFR2 mutations in endometrial cancer, we suggest that FGFR2 may join the list of genes that play context-dependent opposing roles in cancer.