Raman Spectroscopy and DFT calculations for the Electronic Structure Characterization of Conjugated Polymers

In the last three decades, there has been a broad academic and industrial interest in conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials for organic electronics. Their applications in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs), polymer solar cells (PSCs), and organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) offer opportunities for the resolution of energy issues as well as the development of display and information technologies1. Conjugated polymers provide several advantages including low cost, light weight, good flexibility, as well as solubility which make them readily processed and easily printed, removing the conventional photolithography for patterning2. A large library of polymer semiconductors have been synthesized and investigated with different building blocks, such as acenes or thiophene and derivatives, which have been employed to design new materials according to individual demands for specific applications. To design ideal conjugated polymers for specific applications, some general principles should be taken into account, including (i) side chains (ii) molecular weights, (iii) band gap and HOMO and LUMO energy levels, and (iv) suited morphology.3-6 The aim of this study is to elucidate the impact that substitution exerts on the molecular and electronic structure of π-conjugated polymers with outstanding performances in organic electronic devices. Different configurations of the π-conjugated backbones are analyzed: (i) donor-acceptor configuration, (ii) 1D lineal or 2D branched conjugated backbones, and (iii) encapsulated polymers (see Figure 1). Our combined vibrational spectroscopy and DFT study shows that small changes in the substitution pattern and in the molecular configuration have a strong impact on the electronic characteristics of these polymers. We hope this study can advance useful structure-property relationships of conjugated polymers and guide the design of new materials for organic electronic applications.

Behavioral traits predicting cocaine-conditioned place reference in mice: role of anxiety adn the basolateral amygdala

Aims. The individual susceptibility to cocaine addiction, a factor of interest in the understanding and prevention of this disorder, may be predicted by certain behavioral traits. However, these are not usually taken into account in research, making it difficult to identify whether they are a cause or a consequence of drug use. Methods. Male C57BL/6J mice underwent a battery of behavioral tests (elevated plus maze, hole-board, novelty preference in the Y maze, episodic-like object recognition memory and forced swimming test), followed by a cocaine-conditioned place preference (CPP) training to assess the reinforcing effect of the drug. In a second study, we aimed to determine the existence of neurobiological differences between the mice expressing high or low CPP by studying the number of neurons in certain addiction-related structures: the medial prefrontal cortex, the basolateral amygdala and the ventral tegmental area. Results. Anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze successfully predicted the cocaine-CPP behavior, so that the most anxious mice were also more likely to search for cocaine in a CPP paradigm. In addition, these mice exhibited an increased number of neurons in the basolateral amygdala, a key structure in emotional response including anxiety expression, without differences in the others regions analyzed. Conclusions. Our results suggest a relevant role of anxiety as a psychological risk factor for cocaine vulnerability, with the basolateral amygdala as potential common neural center for both anxiety and addiction.

Effects of palmitoylethanolamide in cocaine-induced behaviours

Aims. Cocaine addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by the compulsion to seek and take the drug. Previous investigations have demonstrated that several drugs of abuse, as cocaine, can alter the levels of lipid-based signalling molecules such as the N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). In addition, NAEs levels in the brain are sensitive to cocaine self-administration and extinction training. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the effect of repeated and acute palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous NAE, on the behavioural effects of cocaine using mouse models of conditioned reward and psychomotor activation. Methods. Using male C57BL/6J mice, the ability of repeated PEA injections (1 or 10 mg/kg i.p) to modulate the development of a conditioned place preference (CPP) and behavioural sensitization (BS) induced by cocaine (20 mg/kg i.p.) was evaluated. In addition, the expression of cocaine-induced CPP and BS after acute PEA administration was also studied. Results. PEA (1 and 10 mg/kg i.p) significantly reduced the development of cocaine-induced BS, but did not modify the acquisition of cocaine-induced CPP. Furthermore, both doses of PEA were able to reduce the expression of BS and CPP. Conclusions. Altogether, these findings show that exogenous administration of PEA attenuated psychomotor activation and impaired the expression of CPP induced by cocaine. Our results may be relevant in order to understand the role of NAEs in the development and treatment of cocaine addiction.

Intolerance of uncertainty modulates the insensitivity to reinforcer devaluation found in an avoidance task

The reinforcer devaluation paradigm has been regarded as a canonical paradigm to detect habit-like behavior in animal and human instrumental learning. Though less studied, avoidance situations set a scenario where habit-like behavior may be of great experimental and clinical interest. On the other hand, proactive intolerance of uncertainty has been shown as a factor facilitating responses in uncertain situations. Thus, avoidance situations in which uncertainty is favoured, may be taken as a relevant paradigm to examine the role of intolerance of uncertainty as a facilitatory factor for habit-like behavior to occur. In our experiment we used a free-operant discriminative avoidance procedure to implement a devaluation paradigm. Participants learned to avoid an aversive noise presented either to the right or to the left ear by pressing two different keys. After a devaluation phase where the volume of one of the noises was reduced, they went through a test phase identical to the avoidance phase except for the fact that the noise was never administered. Sensitivity to reinforcer devaluation was examined by comparing the response rate to the cue associated to the devalued reinforcer with that to the cue associated to the still aversive reinforcer. The results showed that intolerance of uncertainty was positively associated to insensitivity to reinforcer devaluation. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of the habit-like behavior obtained in our avoidance procedure.

¡Para oírte mejor! Lectura dramatizada y narración oral en la escuela

La narración oral y la lectura en voz alta han sido desde tiempo inmemorial una de las principales herramientas de transmisión de conocimientos, cultura y valores. Durante las primeras edades, los relatos y cuentos contribuyen a la construcción y el conocimiento del mundo, es por esto que es, en la actualidad, uno de los recursos más fructíferos en el ámbito educativo.

La detección de inconsistencias en la lectura de textos narrativos en las personas con déficit auditivo.

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si las personas sordas pueden construir un modelo de situación adecuado a partir de la lectura de textos narrativos, a pesar de los limitaciones en las tarea de lectura y comprensión. A partir de un estudio empírico, con procedimiento experimental basado en el paradigma de lectura continua, se midió el rendimiento de una muestra de personas sordas y se comparó su ejecución con una muestra equivalente de sujetos oyentes. Los resultados indican que los sujetos sordos no pueden elaborar algunos tipos de modelos de situación, cuando están basados en características internas de los personajes. Es aconsejable la continuidad de investigaciones futuras con este tipo de modelos de situación y con otros diferentes no analizados en el presente trabajo.

Targeted gene modification in Fragaria vesca mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 system

Genome editing is becoming an important biotechnological tool for gene function analysis and crop improvement, being the CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat-CRISPR associated protein 9) system the most widely used. The natural CRISPR/Cas9 system has been reduced to two components: a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) for target recognition via RNA-DNA base pairing, which is commonly expressed using a promoter for small-RNAs (U6 promoter), and the Cas9 endonuclease for DNA cleavage (1). To validate the CRISPR/Cas9 system in strawberry plants, we designed two sgRNAs directed against the floral homeotic gene APETALA3 (sgRNA-AP3#1 and sgRNA-AP3#2). This gene was selected because ap3 mutations induce clear developmental phenotypes in which petals and stamens are missing or partially converted to sepals and carpels respectively (2). In this work, we used two different U6 promoters to drive the sgRNA-AP3s expression: AtU6-26 from Arabidopsis (4), and a U6 promoter from Fragaria vesca (FvU6) (this work). We also tested two different coding sequences of Cas9: a human- (hSpCas9) (3) and a plant-codon optimized (pSpCas9) (this work). Transient expression experiments using both CRISPR/Cas9 systems (AtU6-26:sgRNA-AP3#1_35S:hSpCas9_AtU6-26:sgRNA-AP3#2 and FvU6:sgRNA-AP3#1_35S:pSpCas9_FvU6:sgRNA-AP3#2) were performed infiltrating Agrobacterium tumefaciens into F. vesca fruits. PCR amplification and sequencing analyses across the target sites showed a deletion of 188-189 bp corresponding to the region comprised between the two cutting sites of Cas9, confirming that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is functional in F. vesca. Remarkably, the two systems showed different mutagenic efficiency that could be related to differences in expression of the U6 promoters as well as differences in the Cas9 transcripts stability and translation. Stable transformants for both F. vesca (2n) and Fragaria X anannassa (8n) are currently being established to test whether is possible to obtain heritable homozygous mutants derived from CRISPR/Cas9 strategies in strawberry. Thus, our work offers a promising tool for genome editing and gene functional analysis in strawberry. This tool might represent a more efficient alternative to the sometimes inefficient RNAi silencing methods commonly used in this species.

La traducción de textos socioeconómicos: formación académica para la práctica profesional

En este trabajo se aborda el diseño curricular de un módulo especializado en traducción socioeconómica dentro del Título de Grado en Traducción e Interpretación por la Universidad de Málaga. Se parte del contexto formativo general que ofrece el Título para describir en particular cómo se aborda una formación académica en este ámbito especialmente orientada a la práctica profesional.

La formación en TIG en los nuevos planes de grados y másteres: la enseñanza de las TIG en España y en Europa.

Aportación a la mesa redonda "Mesa redonda: La formación en TIG en los nuevos planes de grados y másteres", desarrollada en el marco del XVII Congreso Nacional TIG.

Análisis de Deficiencias en Autoconcepto en Niños Diagnosticados con TDAH

El problema del que se parte a la hora de iniciar dicho estudio surge como consecuencia de la escasa cantidad de investigaciones que existen en torno a los déficit que se originan a nivel social y emocional en los individuos que padecen TDAH (Lavigne y Romero, 2010; Loro et al., 2009; Montañés et al., 2010; Mulas, Gandía, Roca, Etchepareborda, y Abad, 2012). De entre dichas variables, se ha elegido el autoconcepto por ser un constructo psicológico que va a resultar determinante en la configuración de la autoestima de los individuos, y consecuentemente, en su capacidad de adaptación al entorno. Además, se pretende analizar si la configuración de dicho constructo va a estar influido por variables directamente relacionadas con el trastorno (edad, número de hermanos, comorbilidad, tratamiento, puntuaciones obtenidas en el cuestionario DSM-IV para detección de síntomas de TDAH dirigido a padres y profesores). Para ello, se ha recogido información a través de un cuestionario de Autoconcepto (García, 2001) en torno a seis dimensiones: física, social, intelectual, familiar, personal y control; que engloba las propias opiniones de una muestra de 25 niños diagnosticados con el síndrome (de edades comprendidas entre 7 y 12 años), en torno a la percepción que tienen de sí mismos y a cómo creen que son valorados por los demás. Después de analizar los datos, se obtienen diferencias significativas en la correlación entre dimensiones del autoconcepto y las variables comorbilidad, edad y tratamiento dirigido al TDAH. Como conclusión y de acuerdo con el objetivo general de la investigación, hemos podido comprobar la necesidad de incorporar y dar una mayor relevancia a las variables relacionadas con aspectos soci-emocionales, en los protocolos de evaluación e intervención de dicho trastorno.

A RBES for Generating Automatically Personalized Menus

Food bought at supermarkets in, for instance, North America or the European Union, give comprehensive information about ingredients and allergens. Meanwhile, the menus of restaurants are usually incomplete and cannot be normally completed by the waiter. This is specially important when traveling to countries with a di erent culture. A curious example is "calamares en su tinta" (squid in its own ink), a common dish in Spain. Its brief description would be "squid with boiled rice in its own (black) ink", but an ingredient of its sauce is flour, a fact very important for celiacs. There are constraints based on religious believes, due to food allergies or to illnesses, while others just derive from personal preferences. Another complicated situation arise in hospitals, where the doctors' nutritional recommendations have to be added to the patient's usual constraints. We have therefore designed and developed a Rule Based Expert System (RBES) that can address these problems. The rules derive directly from the recipes of the di fferent dishes and contain the information about the required ingredients and ways of cooking. In fact, we distinguish: ingredients and ways of cooking, intermediate products (like sauces, that aren't always made explicit) and final products (the dishes listed in the menu of the restaurant). For a certain restaurant, customer and instant, the input to the RBES are: actualized stock of ingredients and personal characteristics of that customer. The RBES then prepares a "personalized menu" using set operations and knowledge extraction (thanks to an algebraic inference engine [1]). The RBES has been implemented in the computer algebra system MapleTM2015. A rst version of this work was presented at "Applications of Computer Algebra 2015" (ACA'2015) conference. The corresponding abstract is available at [2].

Improving CAS Capabilities: New Rules for Computing Improper Integrals

There are diferent applications in Engineering that require to compute improper integrals of the first kind (integrals defined on an unbounded domain) such as: the work required to move an object from the surface of the earth to in nity (Kynetic Energy), the electric potential created by a charged sphere, the probability density function or the cumulative distribution function in Probability Theory, the values of the Gamma Functions(wich useful to compute the Beta Function used to compute trigonometrical integrals), Laplace and Fourier Transforms (very useful, for example in Differential Equations).

Convergence of gender roles in a globalized world: international comparison of family and gender roles

This paper examines emerging and changing gender roles in different regions of the world. Using data on 12 countries from last three ISSP Special Modules “Family and Changing Gender Roles” (1994, 2002 and 2012), we compare the evolution of gender roles about motherhood and fatherhood and its relation with the extension of women as breadwinners around the world: four Western Europe countries, representatives of different models of Welfare State (Germany, United Kingdom, Norway and Spain) plus United States, three former Soviet nations (Russia, Poland and Czech Republic), two Latin American countries (Chile and Mexico) and two Asian nations (Japan and Taiwan). Data show that family change (measured both in terms of attitudes and social practices) is spreading from Western contexts to other regions of the world, although the pace of this change varies from one country to another, depending on cultural, economic and political factors.

Composite Indicators for the Family Change: ‘Familism' vs ‘Individualism' in the International Context

The aim of this paper is to propose a composite indicator to measure ‘familism’, conformed by two main dimensions: values on one hand (duty to take care of the family, importance of the family, sacrifices for the family...) and behaviours, on the other (predominance of married couples instead of cohabitant couples, high frequency of contact among members, family support…). In contrast to this idea of ‘familism’ we find that of individualism, that defends the independence of family members, tolerance to new family models, cohabitation instead of marriage,… , that implies less frequency of interaction among relatives and more governmental intervention towards children and elderly care. We observe that a higher degree of ‘familism’ does not always match with a lower degree of individualism when both dimensions, attitudes and behaviours, are considered. For instance, we find countries which are individualist in values but not in behaviours (such as Spain), whilst others, such as Japan, are ‘familist’ both in values and behaviours and finally, others, such as Sweden, are individualist with regards to both perspectives. We propose two different methodological approaches to the question. First, we use microdata from the Family, Work and Gender Roles module of the International Social Survey Programme-ISSP (years 1994, 2002 and 2012), in which 45 countries have participated. Information for the three rounds is collected for 17 countries with very different family values and welfare systems (for instance, Sweden, Japan, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom or the United States). From this data source, we create a first index on familism that can be related to individual sociodemographic characteristics. Second, we complete it through the inclusion of macro data (such as the divorce rate per country), in order to refine comparison at a country level by adding new variables to the previous index.

Predictores tempranos de la lectura en sujetos españoles

El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la contribución conjunta del conocimiento fonémico, la memoria fonológica y la denominación rápida alfanumérica y no alfanumérica en la lectura de palabras y la lectura de pseudopalabras en niños españoles de primer curso de educación primaria. Participaron 116 alumnos de seis años de habla española, pertenecientes a colegios de nivel sociocultural medio y sin necesidades educativas especiales. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos-exploratorios, análisis bivariantes y se modelizaron regresiones multivariantes jerárquicas, para la lectura de palabras y lectura de pseudopalabras (exactitud, velocidad y eficiencia). A excepción de la denominación rápida no alfanumérica, los resultados obtenidos refuerzan la relevancia de las variables cognitivas como predictoras de la lectura de palabras y pseudopalabras, siendo mayor en las primeras. El conocimiento fonémico, la memoria fonológica y la denominación rápida alfanumérica son las que mejor explican a la exactitud lectora de palabras y pseudopalabras. La denominación rápida alfanumérica es la que mejor explica a la velocidad y la eficiencia lectora. Se resalta la importancia de los resultados en cuanto a sus implicaciones en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje la lengua escrita y en cuanto a la explicación de las dificultades de aprendizaje en español.