Th1 cytokines in oral lichen planus

Background: Cell-mediated immune responses in oral lichen planus (OLP) may be regulated by cytokines and their receptors. Methods: In situ cytokine expression and in vitro cytokine secretion in OLP were determined by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Resulults: The majority of subepithelial and intraepithelial mononuclear cells in OLP were CD8(+) . In some cases, intraepithelial CD8(+) cells were adjacent to degenerating keratinocytes. CD4(+) cells were observed mainly in the deep lamina propria with occasional CD4(+) cells close to basal keratinocytes. Mononuclear cells expressed IFN-gamma in the superficial lamina propria and TNF-alpha adjacent to basal keratinocytes. Basal keratinocytes expressed TNF-alpha as a continuous band. TNF R1 was expressed by mononuclear cells and basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. There was variable expression of TGF-beta1 in the subepithelial infiltrate while all intraepithelial mononuclear cells were TGF-beta1(-) . Keratinocytes in OLP stained weakly for TGF-beta1. Unstimulated OLP lesional T cells secreted IFN-gammain vitro . TNF-alpha stimulation down-regulated IFN-gamma secretion and up-regulated TNF-alpha secretion. IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 secretion were not detected. Conclusions: These data suggest the development of a T helper 1 immune response that may promote CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell activity in OLP.

The receptor tyrosine kinase regulator sprouty1 is a target of the tumor suppressor WT1 and important for kidney development

WT1 encodes a transcription factor involved in kidney development and tumorigenesis. Using representational difference analysis, we identified a new set of WT1 targets, including a homologue of the Drosophila receptor tyrosine kinase regulator, sprouty. Sprouty1 was up-regulated in cell lines expressing wild-type but not mutant WT1. WT1 bound to the endogenous sprouty1 promoter in vivo and directly regulated sprouty1 through an early growth response gene-1 binding site. Expression of Sprouty1 and WT1 overlapped in the developing metanephric mesenchyme, and Sprouty1, like WT1, plays a key role in the early steps of glomerulus formation. Disruption of Sprouty1 expression in embryonic kidney explants by antisense oligonucleotides reduced condensation of the metanephric mesenchyme, leading to a decreased number of glomeruli. In addition, sprouty1 was expressed in the ureteric tree and antisense-treated ureteric trees had cystic lumens. Therefore, sprouty1 represents a physiologically relevant target gene of WT1 during kidney development.

Provision of 4-1BB ligand enhances effector and memory CTL responses generated by immunization with dendritic cells expressing a human tumor-associated antigen

Up-regulation of receptor-ligand pairs during interaction of an MHC-presented epitope on dendritic cells (DCs) with cognate TCR may amplify, sustain, and drive diversity in the ensuing T cell immune response. Members of the TNF ligand superfamily and the TNFR superfamily contribute to this costimulatory molecule signaling. In this study, we used replication deficient adenoviruses to introduce a model tumor-associated Ag (the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16) and the T cell costimulatory molecule 4-IBBL into murine DCs, and monitored the ability of these recombinant DO to elicit E7-directed T cell responses following immunization. Splenocytes from mice immunized with DCs expressing E7 alone elicited E7-directed effector and memory CTL responses. Coexpression of 4-1BBL in these E7-expressing DO increased effector and memory CTL responses when they were used for immunization. 4-1BBL expression up-regulated CD80 and CD86 second signaling molecules in DO. We also report an additive effect of 4-IBBL and receptor activator of NF-kappaB/receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand coexpression in E7-transduced DC inummogens on E7-directed effector and memory CTL responses and on MHC class II and CD80/86 expression in DCs. Additionally, expression of 4-1BBL in E7-transduced DCs reduced nonspecific T cell activation characteristic of adenovirus vector-associated immunization. The results have generic implications for improved or tumor Ag-expressing DC vaccines by incorporation of exogenous 4-1BBL. There are also specific implications for an improved DC-based vaccine for human papillomavirus 16-associated cervical carcinoma.

Inhibition of early tumor growth requires Jα18-positive (natural killer T) cells

The role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in the immune response to tumor cells has been largely unexplored. As a model of adoptive tumor immunotherapy, cells from the draining lymph nodes of mice immunized with a tumor-specific or irrelevant antigen were transferred to naive recipients with established tumor. Inhibition of early tumor growth (day 4) required the transfer of both CD8(+) and Jalpha18(+) (NKT) cells from immunized animals without regard to immunogen. In contrast, CD8(+) cells, but not Jalpha18(+) cells, were necessary for the inhibition of late tumor growth (day 8). Thus, the developing tumor changes in sensitivity to NKT-mediated events and the role for NKT cells cannot be replaced by the presence of tumor-specific cells during early tumor growth. This suggests that recruitment/activation of Jalpha18(+) NKT cells is an important consideration during the immune therapy of early stage tumors.

Enhanced effector and memory CTL responses generated by incorporation of receptor activator of NF-kappa B(RANK)/RANK ligand costimulatory molecules into dendritic cell immunogens expressing a human tumor-specific antigen

The outcome of dendritic cell (DC) presentation of Ag to T cells via the TCR/MHC synapse is determined by second signaling through CD80/86 and, importantly, by ligation of costimulatory ligands and receptors located at the DC and T cell surfaces. Downstream signaling triggered by costimulatory molecule ligation results in reciprocal DC and T cell activation and survival, which predisposes to enhanced T cell-mediated immune responses. In this study, we used adenoviral vectors to express a model tumor Ag (the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16) with or without coexpression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) or CD40/CD40L costimulatory molecules, and used these transgenic DCs to immunize mice for the generation of E7-directed CD8(+) T cell responses. We show that coexpression of RANK/RANKL, but not CD40/CD40L, in E7-expressing DCs augmented E7-specific IFN-gamma-secreting effector and memory T cells and E7-specific CTLs. These responses were also augmented by coexpression of T cell costimulatory molecules (RANKL and CD40L) or DC costimulatory molecules (RANK and CD40) in the E7-expressing DC immunogens. Augmentation of CTL responses correlated with up-regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression in DCs transduced with costimulatory molecules, suggesting a mechanism for enhanced T cell activation/survival. These results have generic implications for improved tumor Ag-expressing DC vaccines, and specific implications for a DC-based vaccine approach for human papillomavirus 16-associated cervical carcinoma.

Toxicological aspects of treatment to remove cyanobacterial toxins from drinking water determined using the heterozygous P53 transgenic mouse model

The presence of toxic cyanobacteria in drinking water reservoirs renders the need to develop treatment methods for the 'safe' removal of their associated toxins. Chlorine has been shown to successfully remove a range of cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins. Each cyanotoxin requires specific treatment parameters, particularly solution pH and free chlorine residual. However, currently there has not been any investigation into the toxicological effect of solutions treated for the removal of these cyanotoxins by chlorine. Using the P53(def) transgenic mouse model mate and female C57BL/6J hybrid mice were used to investigate potential cancer inducing effects from such oral dosing solutions. Both purified cyanotoxins and toxic cell-free extract cyanobacterial solutions were chlorinated and administered over 90 and 170 days (respectively) in drinking water. No increase in cancer was found in any treatment. The parent cyanotoxins, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxins were readily removed by chlorine. There was no significant increase in the disinfection byproducts trihalomethanes or haloacetic acids, levels found were well below guideline values. Histological examination identified no effect of treatment solutions except male mice treated with chlorinated cylindrospermopsin (as a cell free extract). In this instance 40% of males were found to have fatty vacuolation in their livers, cause unknown. It is recommended that further toxicology be undertaken on chlorinated cyanobacterial solutions, particularly for non-genotoxic carcinogenic compounds, for example the Tg. AC transgenic mouse model. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oral rapamycin attenuates atherosclerosis without affecting the arterial responsiveness of resistance vessels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Rapamune®, Sirolimus) on both resistance vessel responsiveness and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient 8-week-old male mice fed a normal rodent diet. Norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction, acetylcholine (ACh)- and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced vasorelaxation of isolated mesenteric bed, and atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated. After 12 weeks of orally administered rapamycin (5 mg·kg-1·day-1, N = 9) and compared with untreated (control, N = 9) animals, rapamycin treatment did not modify either NE-induced vasoconstriction (maximal response: 114 ± 4 vs 124 ± 10 mmHg, respectively) or ACh- (maximal response: 51 ± 8 vs 53 ± 5%, respectively) and SNP-induced vasorelaxation (maximal response: 73 ± 6 vs 74 ± 6%, respectively) of the isolated vascular mesenteric bed. Despite increased total cholesterol in treated mice (982 ± 59 vs 722 ± 49 mg/dL, P < 0.01), lipid deposition on the aorta wall vessel was significantly less in rapamycin-treated animals (37 ± 12 vs 68 ± 8 µm2 x 103). These results indicate that orally administered rapamycin is effective in attenuating the progression of atherosclerotic plaque without affecting the responsiveness of resistance vessels, supporting the idea that this immunosuppressant agent might be of potential benefit against atherosclerosis in patients undergoing therapy.

Literatura oral e performance : a identidade e a ancestralidade no Ticumbi de Conceição da Barra, ES

O presente trabalho analisa a importância da literatura oral na construção da identidade de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos da região Norte do Estado do Espírito Santo, conhecidas como Sapê do Norte. São observados cantares, enredo, melodia, performance corporal e verbal gravada e transcrita dos Bailes de Congos de São Benedito. O corpus evidencia uma série de tensões sociais que cercam a região das comunidades de Sapê do Norte, sendo possível perceber forte relação entre o patrimônio cultural, a ancestralidade e a questão territorial, assim como constantes processos de desterritorialização e hibridismo nos campos religioso, social e linguístico. Na performance, o tempo passado se faz presente em memórias de tradições africanas que são revividas e atualizadas no momento enunciativo, possibilitando aos sujeitos históricos participantes do Ticumbi a escrita de uma narrativa híbrida, simbólica e tradutora de sua identidade plural. A literatura oral, efetivada por intermédio da performance cultural e pela constante troca realizada com a audiência, acessa a tradição e a sabedoria ancestral na prática enunciativa. A oralidade revive e atualiza a sabedoria dos antepassados, sendo, ao mesmo tempo, engendrada por esse saber e difusora da tradição de matrizes africanas. É nesse espaço de tensões que a tradição e a ancestralidade cantadas nos versos dos Bailes de Congos se constituem como o local da cultura, engendrado por lutas e tradições. Local em que a riqueza, a sabedoria e o universo simbólico das comunidades compõem um patrimônio cultural imaterial a ser preservado, difundido e legitimado socialmente.

Candidíase oral e leucoplasia pilosa como marcadores de progressão da infecção pelo HIV em pacientes brasileiros

Candidíase oral (CO) e leucoplasia pilosa (LP) são importantes indicadores da progressão da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) para o quadro de AIDS, principalmente em locais onde exames específicos são inacessíveis. OBJETO: Relacionar CO e LP ao número de células CD4+ e à carga viral (CV) em pacientes brasileiros HIV-positivos, confirmando-as como marcadores clínicos confiáveis de progressão da doença. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte longitudinal. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Avaliamos prospectivamente 124 pacientes HIV-positivos, isentos de terapia antiretroviral. Todos foram submetidos a exame ORL, dosagem de células CD4+ e CV, sendo divididos em dois grupos: P e A, de acordo com a presença ou ausência de CO e LP. Depois de seis meses, os pacientes do grupo A foram subdivididos nos subgrupos P6 (presença de lesões) e A6. Dosamos novamente CD4+ e carga viral. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: No grupo P (43 pacientes, 28 CO e 15 LP) a contagem de células CD4+ foi menor e a carga viral maior em relação ao grupo A (p<0,001). Após 6 meses, 15 dos 81 pacientes do grupo A foram excluídos por iniciarem terapia antiretroviral. Dezoito (11 CO e 7 LP), passaram a compor o grupo P6. Os demais, sem lesões, compuseram o grupo A6. A contagem de células CD4+ no grupo P6 foi menor (p< 0,001) que no grupo A6. O inverso ocorreu com a carga viral. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: CO e LP indicam contagem de células CD4+ abaixo de 300 cels/mm³ e carga viral elevada, sendo marcadores clínicos confiáveis da progressão da doença.

Carcinoma de células escamosas oral - contribuição de vírus oncogênicos e alguns marcadores moleculares no desenvolvimento e prognóstico da lesão: uma revisão

O carcinoma de células escamosas oral é um evento de muitas etapas, cuja incidência cresce continuamente, particularmente em jovens, numa amplitude que não pode ser completamente explicada pelo aumento da exposição a fatores de risco, como o tabaco e o álcool. Recentes investigações moleculares sugerem que existem múltiplos eventos genéticos, e vírus oncogênicos que são capazes de alterar as funções normais de oncogenes e genes de supressão tumoral. O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar o conhecimento atual sobre o papel do papilomavírus humano (HPV), Epstein-Barr vírus (EBV), P53 e telomerase no desenvolvimento e prognóstico do carcinoma de células escamosas oral.