Efeito da adição de feldspato e/ou resíduo de caulin em formulações à base de argila ilítica

The red pottery industry in Piauí state is well developed and stands out at the national context for the technical quality of its products. The floor and wall tile industry, however, is little developed since the state has only one company that produces red clay-based ceramic tiles. This thesis aims at using the predominantly illitic basic mass of the above mentioned industry, with the addition of feldspar and/or kaolin residue in order to obtain products of higher technical quality. Kaolin residue consists basically of kaolinite, muscovite mica and quartz; the feldspar used was potassic. In this experiment, basic mass (MB) was used for experimental control and fifteen formulations codified as follows: F2, F4, F8, F16, F32, FR2, FR4, FR8, FR16, FR32, R2, R4, R8, R16 and R32. All raw materials were dry-milled, classified, formulated and then humidified to 10% water. Thereafter, test samples were produced by unixial pressing process in a rectangular steel matrix (60.0 x 20.0 x 5.0) mm3 at (25 MPa). They were fired at four temperatures: 1080°C, 1120°C, 1160°C, with a heating rate of 10°C/min during up to 10 min in an electric oven, and the last one in an industrial oven with a peak of 1140°C, aim ing to confirm the results found in laboratory and, finally, technological tests were performed: MEA, RL, AA, PA, TRF and PF. The results revealed that the residue under study can be considered a raw material with large potential in the industry of red clay-based ceramic tiles, since the results found both in laboratory and in the industry have shown that the test samples produced from the formulations with up to 4% feldspar and those produced with up to 8% feldspar and residue permitted a reduction in the water absorption rate and an increase in the mechanical resistance while those samples produced with up to 4% residue had an increase in the mechanical resistance when compared to those produced from the basic mass and that the formulation with 2% feldspar and residue presented the best technological properties, lowering the sintering temperature down to 1120°C

Uso de resíduo e de minerais de pegmatito da região do seridó RN e de argilas portuguesas em formulações de grês porcelanato

In the State Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, the most significant deposits of minerals in the production of granite and pegmatite are Seridó region. Municipalities of Parelhas and Equador are the main responsible for the production of feldspar, quartz, kaolin and granite. The ceramic industries are always in search of competitiveness by investing in new products or improving existing techniques. The stoneware is a type of pottery that stands in the market because it presents technical and aesthetic characteristics superior to other existing products. Characteristics of the raw materials initially obtained with chemical analysis and mineralogical analysis are crucial in getting a product that satisfies the conditions in a manufacturing process and is, in principle, directly related to the firing cycle. This research aimed at developing new formulations for the mass production of ceramic stoneware. The raw materials initially characterized were feldspar, quartz, kaolin and granite. As part of the research was developed at the University of Aveiro, in Portugal, we used two clays used in the production of Portuguese ceramics. The raw material Brazilian and Portuguese and the final product, both in Portugal and Brazil, were analyzed for X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, granulometric analysis, dilatometric analysis, thermal analysis and analysis of scanning electron microscopy (MEV). The specimens prepared at the University of Aveiro (DECV) were sintered at 10000C and 12000C and the specimens prepared in UFRN were sintered at 10000C, 10500C, 11000C, 11500C, 12000C, 12500C and 13000C, but the best results and demonstrating the presence of the mineral mullite were at temperatures of 12000C, 12500C and 13000C. The results showed that the granite waste used may be considered raw material of excellent quality for use in the ceramic industry and coating floors and more accurately by the industry of stoneware. Physical and mechanical tests conducted on samples of the formulations F01 and F02 developed in UFRN showed a water absorption and mechanical strength suitable for the stoneware

Estudo de massa cerâmica triaxial visando à otimização do ciclo de queima da indústria de cerâmica estrutural

Over recent years the structural ceramics industry in Brazil has found a very favorable market for growth. However, difficulties related to productivity and product quality are partially inhibiting this possible growth. An alternative for trying to solve these problems and, thus, provide the pottery industry the feasibility of full development, is the substitution of firewood used in the burning process by natural gas. In order to contribute to this process of technological innovation, this paper studies the effect of co-use of ceramic phyllite and kaolin waste on the properties of a clay matrix, verifying the possible benefits that these raw materials can give to the final product, as well as the possibility of such materials to reduce the heat load necessary to obtain products with equal or superior quality. The study was divided into two steps: characterization of materials and study of formulations. Two clays, a phyllite and a residue of kaolin were characterized by the following techniques: laser granulometry, plasticity index by Atterberg limits, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, mineralogical composition by Rietveld, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. To study the formulations, specifically for evaluation of technological properties of the parts, was performed an experimental model that combined planning involving a mixture of three components (standard mass x phyllite x kaolin waste) and a 23 factorial design with central point associated with thermal processing parameters. The experiment was performed with restricted strip-plot randomization. In total, 13 compositional points were investigated within the following constraints: phyllite ≤ 20% by weight, kaolin waste ≤ 40% by weight, and standard mass ≥ 60% by weight. The thermal parameters were used at the following levels: 750 and 950 °C to the firing temperature, 5 and 15 °C/min at the heating rate, 15 and 45min to the baseline. The results showed that the introduction of phyllite and/or kaolin waste in ceramic body produced a number of benefits in properties of the final product, such as: decreased absorption of water, apparent porosity and linear retraction at burn; besides the increase in apparent specific mass and mechanical properties of parts. The best results were obtained in the compositional points where the sum of the levels of kaolin waste and phyllite was maximal (40% by weight), as well as conditions which were used in firing temperatures of 950 °C. Regarding the prospect of savings in heat energy required to form the desired microstructure, the phyllite and the residue of kaolin, for having small particle sizes and constitutions mineralogical phases with the presence of fluxes, contributed to the optimization of the firing cycle.

Avaliação da incorporação combinada dos resíduos de cascalho de perfuração de poço de petróleo e de polimento do porcelanato em cerâmica vermelha

Among the industries, those that produce ceramic porcelain for use in construction industry and oil, during the exploration and production period, play an important role in the production of waste. Much research has been carried out both by academia and the productive sector, sometimes reintroducing them in the same production line that generated them, sometimes in areas unrelated to their generation, as in the production of concrete and mortar for the construction, for example, but each one in an isolated way. In this research, the aim is to study the combined incorporation of the waste drill cuttings of oil well and the residue of the polishing of porcelain, generated in the final stage of finishing of this product in a clay matrix, for the production of red pottery, specifically bricks, ceramic blocks and tiles. The clay comes from the municipality of São Gonçalo, RN, the drilling waste is from the Natal basin, in Rio Grande do Norte, and the residue of the polishing proceeds from a ceramic porcelain of the State of Paraíba. For this purpose, we used a mixture of a plastic clay with a non-plastic, in a ratio of 50% each, settling formulations with the addition of these two residues in this clay matrix. In the formulations, both residues were incorporated with a minimum percentage of 2.5% and maximum of 12.5%, varying from 2.5% each, in each formulation, which the sum of the waste be no more than 15%. It should be noted that the residue of the polishing of ceramic porcelain is a IIa class (not inert). The materials were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG, DTA, laser granulometry and the plasticity index. The technological properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage of burning, flexural tensile strength and bulk density were evaluated after the sintering of the pieces to 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C, with a burning time of 3 hr, 3 hr and 30 minutes, and 3 hr and 50 minutes, respectively, with a heating rate of 10 °C/minute, for all formulations and landing of 30 minutes. To better understand the influence of each residue and temperature on the evaluated properties, we used the factorial planning and its surfaces of response for the interpretation of the results. It was found that the temperature has no statistical significance at a 95% of reliability level in flexural tensile strength and that it decreases the water absorption and the porosity, but increases the shrinkage and the bulk density. The results showed the feasibility of the desired incorporation, but adjusting the temperature to each product and formulation, and that the temperatures of 850 °C and 950 °C were the one that responded to the largest number of formulations

Evaluación de la extracción de plomo y cadmio de vajilla cerámica vidriada

Se evalúa si una sola extracción, mediante la aplicación de un método de ensayo normalizado que simula condiciones extremas de uso, permite determinar el contenido total de plomo y cadmio presente en piezas de vajilla cerámica que entran en contacto con los alimentos y su implicación en el resultado analítico. Se aplicó el método de ensayo varias veces sobre materiales de referencia de cerámica con diferentes concentraciones iniciales de plomo y el cadmio para cuantificar la liberación sucesiva de ambos metales. El lixiviado en cada aplicación se analizó por absorción atómica. Los resultados mostraron que una sola aplicación del método de ensayo no extrae todo el plomo y el cadmio en la vajilla cerámica. Se observaron liberaciones posteriores para todas las piezas de cerámica a prueba con diferente concentración inicial. Para cadmio se registraron las siguientes variaciones en las extracciones: 40 a 95% en la primera extracción, de 0 a 28% en la segunda, de 0.2 hasta 21% en la tercera, y de 1 a 40% en la cuarta. Para el plomo, se registraron los subsiguientes valores en los lixiviados entre el 50 y el 93% en la primera prueba, entre el 2 y el 24% en la segunda, entre el 2 y el 18% en la tercera y entre el 2 y el 17% en la cuarta extracción. Los resultados revelan que la cantidad total de plomo y cadmio liberado en una sola prueba estándar no reflejan el contenido total de plomo y cadmio que las piezas de cerámica liberan a largo plazo después de su uso.

El relevo de género en la elaboración alfarera. El caso de las comunidades Guaitil y San Vicente, provincia de Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Resumen El artículo presenta un breve recorrido por la historia reciente de las comunidades alfareras costarricenses de Guaitil y San Vicente, en la región Chorotega. Profundiza en el cambio intergeneracional y el relevo de género que comprometen el mantenimiento de esta tradición ancestral. Asimismo introduce la importancia que tienen los sellos de calidad diferenciada por territorio, como las denominaciones de origen (DO): una herramienta de rescate, valoración y protección de estos saberes culturales. El aporte al conocimiento de la actividad alfarera en Guaitil y San Vicente presenta datos de un censo realizado por el centro especializado CadenAgro de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica (UNA) en los talleres artesanos. La información obtenida muestra un panorama para la gestión a largo plazo de la DO que garantice el mantenimiento de las prácticas culturales de las comunidades artesanas. Abstract The article presents a brief overview of the recent history of potter Costa Rican communities Guaitil and San Vicente, in the Chorotega region. It deepen is intergenerational change and gender relay involving the maintenance of this ancient tradition. It also introduces the importance of quality labels differentiated by territory, as designations of origin (DO): a rescue tool, valuation and protection of this cultural knowledge. The contribution to knowledge of the activity of pottery in San Vicente and Guaitil presents data from a census conducted by the specialized center CadenAgro of the National University of Costa Rica (UNA) in artisan workshops. The information obtained shows an overview for long-term management of DO to ensure the maintenance of the cultural practices of artisan communities.

The Potteries of Persia : being a brief history of the art of ceramics in the Near East /

Mode of access: Internet.

Criar e participar : uma análise ao envolvimento em projetos artístico-culturais no Instituto Federal de Brasília - Campus Planaltina

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Social e Intervenção Comunitária

Criar e participar : uma análise ao envolvimento em projetos artístico-culturais no Instituto Federal de Brasília - Campus Planaltina

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do grau de mestre em Educação Social e Intervenção Comunitária

Lusitanian Amphorae in Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain): Distribution and Research Questions

The presence of Lusitanian amphorae in the region of Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain) has been known for a few years, and yet it has never been the subject of a monographic study. Integrated in the commercial networks of the western Mediterranean, these products circulated within the harbour system of this city between the 1st and the 5th century AD. This paper aims to present a synthesised review of the main Lusitanian imports that were detected: Dressel 14 and Almagro 50, Almagro 51a-b and Almagro 51c. The difficulty in identifying the ceramic fabrics and the scarce documentation regarding some finds pose complex problems. This study extends to the hinterland of the colony and to other nearby settlements, such as Portmán and Puerto de Mazarrón.

Lusitanian Amphorae on Western Mediterranean Shipwrecks: Fragments of Economic History

Shipwrecks constitute a primary source for the study of the ancient economy. In this paper, we will highlight some of those whose cargo contained amphorae of Lusitanian production. These are of the utmost importance for understanding the navigation routes and the Lusitanian fish products export routes in the western Mediterranean.

Evaluation of portable Raman spectroscopy and handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis (hXRF) for the direct analysis of glyptics

In archaeometry, the advantages of a combined use of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy are extensively discussed for applications such as the analysis of paintings, manuscripts, pottery, etc. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the advantage of using both techniques for analysing glyptics. These engraved gemstones or glass materials were originally used as stamps, to identify the owner, for instance on letters, but also on wine vessels. For this research, a set of 64 glyptics (42 Roman glass specimens and 22 modern ones), belonging to the collection of the museum ‘Quinta das Cruzes’ in Funchal (Madeira, Portugal), was analysed with portable Raman spectroscopy and handheld X-ray fluorescence (hXRF). These techniques were also used to confirm the gemological identification of these precious objects and can give extra information about the glass composition. Raman spectroscopy identifies the molecular composition as well as on the crystalline phases present. On the other hand, hXRF results show that the antique Roman glass samples are characterised with low Pb and Sn levels and that the modern specimens can be discriminated in two groups: lead-based and non-lead-based ones.

“Losanga” decorated imitations of italic late republican black gloss tableware from South-Western Iberia: A multi-analytical/microchemical characterization

The micro-chemical/mineralogical composition of samples of grey-paste imitations of Italic Late Republican black gloss tableware displaying a particular kind of lozenge-shaped decoration (“Losanga pottery���) from Portuguese and Spanish archaeological sites in SW Iberia has been analysed by BSEM + EDS, μXRD, Powder XRD, Portable XRF and μRaman spectroscopy. “Losanga” decorated ceramics have been found throughout the Western Mediterranean. Most of the sherds display a green-brown to greyish-black engobe at the surface resembling the gloss found in Attic pottery from Classical Greece. The overall chemical, mineralogical and fossiliferous homogeneities of the ceramic paste show common features (low K-feldspar/plagioclase ratio, high Ca content, abundance of well-preserved fragments of foraminifera microfossils) that indicate low firing conditions in the kiln ranging from 650 to 900 °C. With respect to the ceramic body, analytical results confirm an enrichment in the surface gloss layer of iron, potassium and aluminium and a depletion in silicon and calcium; the very fine grain size of the surface coating suggests elutriation of iron oxide-rich clays as confirmed by the presence of magnetite, maghemite and goethite in μ-XRD scan. Chemical and mineralogical data also suggest that the firing process was performed in a 600–850 °C temperature range, adopting the well-known technique of alternating oxidizing and reducing firing conditions largely employed at the time. The analytical results, while compatible with the archaeological hypothesis of a common provenance of the raw materials for pottery production from the Guadalquivir valley workshops cannot be considered conclusive due to the similarity in the geological substrate in the two SW Iberian regions under study.

La produzione ceramica dell'abitato di Mursia (Pantelleria). Interazioni tra comunità costiere della Sicilia e del Mediterraneo centrale tra Bronzo Antico e Bronzo Medio

La ricerca di dottorato affronta lo studio della cultura materiale dell’abitato dell’età del Bronzo di Mursia (isola di Pantelleria) attraverso l’analisi della produzione ceramica. In particolare, sono analizzati gli aspetti che permettono di ampliare l’inquadramento culturale del sito, sia nella sua articolazione interna che nei rapporti con le coeve comunità del Mediterraneo centrale nella prima metà del II millennio a.C. La ricerca inizia con l’illustrazione delle recenti prospettive di studio della Preistoria del Mediterraneo, un tema al centro di un intenso dibattito incentrato sul riconoscimento delle identità culturali e sul ruolo delle reciproche interazioni, con particolare attenzione all’età del Bronzo. Al complesso archeologico di Mursia viene riconosciuto un carattere di eccezionalità per la spettacolare conservazione dei resti archeologici dell’abitato e della necropoli monumentale, oggetto di indagine negli ultimi decenni da parte dell’Università di Bologna e dell’Università Suor Orsola Benincasa di Napoli. Le ricerche hanno consentito di mettere in luce ampie porzioni dell’abitato e di poter esaminare con elevato dettaglio la cultura materiale in rapporto alle modalità insediative diversificate nello spazio e nel tempo. L’approfondimento della ricerca del dottorato verte sullo studio dei manufatti ceramici come strumento privilegiato per definire l’identità culturale della comunità di Mursia, attraverso gli aspetti della produzione artigianale, le abitudini di preparazione e consumo dei cibi e il significato funzionale o simbolico/estetico di alcune categorie vascolari. Rispetto a precedenti presentazioni del contesto di Mursia, la ricerca di dottorato ha enfatizzato, all’interno dell’abbondante produzione ceramica, la presenza di alcune classi con decorazioni incise e impresse che per quantità e caratteri di originalità divengono un elemento aggiuntivo nella definizione della facies di Mursia. Le stesse ceramiche incise e impresse presentano elementi di affinità con una serie di produzioni vascolari coeve nell’area del Mediterraneo centrale, consentendo di affrontare il tema delle interazioni tra diversi contesti insulari

Edilizia domestica e cultura materiale nelle colonie di Ariminum e Bononia (III-I sec. a.C.)

Il tema affrontato nella presente ricerca sono le trasformazioni intercorse nella vita quotidiana tra il III e il I secolo a.C. in due colonie latine, Ariminum e Bononia, attraverso le evidenze archeologiche. Vengono indagate su scala locale le conseguenze di un fenomeno di grande portata, la colonizzazione romano-latina, mettendo a fuoco le forme dell’abitare, le tradizioni artigianali e le pratiche alimentari. La principale base documentaria sono le testimonianze archeologiche di edilizia domestica e le ceramiche, rinvenute nelle aree di abitato di Rimini e Bologna e nei territori limitrofi. Per cogliere a pieno le trasformazioni intercorse, vengono passate in rassegna le principali caratteristiche del popolamento, dell'architettura domestica e delle ceramiche precedenti la colonizzazione romano-latina. Le due colonie, le abitazioni e le ceramiche sono considerate, inoltre, nel contesto territoriale più ampio, volgendo lo sguardo anche all'area medio-adriatica e alla Cispadana. Allo stesso tempo, sono continui i riferimenti all'Italia medio-tirrenica, poiché permettono di comprendere molte delle evidenze archeologiche e dei processi storici in esame. Il primo capitolo tratta della colonizzazione romano-latina, calata nelle realtà di Rimini e Bologna. La domanda a cui si vuole rispondere è: chi erano gli abitanti delle due colonie? A questo proposito, si affronta anche la questione degli insediamenti precoloniali. Nel secondo capitolo si analizzano le abitazioni urbane. Quali furono le principali innovazioni nell'architettura domestica introdotte dalla colonizzazione? Come cambiarono le forme dell’abitare ad Ariminum e Bononia in età repubblicana? Il terzo capitolo si concentra sulla ceramica per la preparazione e il consumo del cibo nei contesti di abitato. Come cambiarono nelle due città le pratiche alimentari e le tradizioni artigianali utilizzate nella produzione di ceramiche? L'ultimo capitolo discute alcuni quadri teorici applicati ai fenomeni descritti nei capitoli precedenti (romanizzazione, acculturazione, identità, globalizzazione). L'ultimo paragrafo entra nel merito delle trasformazioni avvenute nella vita quotidiana di Ariminum e Bononia.