Importance of central AT1 receptors for sodium intake induced by GABAergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Microscopical analysis of Candida albicans biofilms on heat-polymerised acrylic resin after chlorhexidine gluconate and sodium hypochlorite treatments

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Water deprivation-induced sodium appetite

A water deprived animal that ingests only water efficiently corrects its intracellular dehydration, but remains hypovolemic, in negative sodium balance, and with high plasma renin activity and angiotensin II. Therefore, it is not surprising that it also ingests sodium. However, separation between thirst and sodium appetite is necessary to use water deprivation as a method to understand the mechanisms subserving sodium appetite. For this purpose, we may use the water deprivation-partial repletion protocol, or WD-PR. This protocol allows performing a sodium appetite test after the rat has quenched its thirst; thus, the sodium intake during this test cannot be confounded with a response to thirst. This is confirmed by hedonic shift and selective ingestion of sodium solutions in the sodium appetite test that follows a WD-PR. The separation between thirst and sodium appetite induced by water deprivation permits the identification of brain states associated with sodium intake in the appetite test. One of these states relates to the activation of angiotensin II All receptors. Other states relate to cell activity in key areas, e.g. subfornical organ and central amygdala, as revealed by immediate early gene c-Fos immunoreactivity or focal lesions. Angiotensin II apparently sensitizes the brain of the water deprived rat to produce an enhanced sodium intake, as that expressed by spontaneously hypertensive and by young normotensive rat. The enhancement in sodium intake produced by history of water deprivation is perhaps a clue to understand the putative salt addiction in humans.The paper represents an invited review by a symposium, award winner or keynote speaker at the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior [SSIB] Annual Meeting in Portland, July 2009. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Arterial pressure and ventilation in sodium depleted rats

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Purinergic mechanisms of lateral parabrachial nucleus facilitate sodium depletion-induced NaCl intake

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

AT(1) receptor blockade in the lateral parabrachial nucleus reduces the effects of muscimol on sodium intake

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fracture strength of incisor crowns after intracoronal bleaching with sodium percarbonate

Objectives: To compare the fracture resistance of bovine teeth after intracoronal bleaching with sodium percarbonate (SPC) or sodium perborate (SP) mixed with water or 20% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Materials and methods: Fifty extracted bovine teeth were divided into four experimental groups (G1G4) and one control (n = 10) after endodontic treatment. Following root canal obturation, a glass ionomer barrier was placed at the cementoenamel junction. After that, the pulp chambers were filled with: G1 SP with water; G2 SP with 20% HP; G3 SPC with water; and G4 SPC with 20% HP. No bleaching agent was used in the control group. Coronal access cavities were sealed with glass ionomer and specimens were immersed in artificial saliva. The bleaching agents were replaced after 7 days, and teeth were kept in artificial saliva for an additional 7 days, after which the pastes were removed and the coronal access cavities were restored with glass ionomer. Crowns were subjected to compressive load at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm min-1 applied at 135 degrees to the long axis of the root by an EMIC DL2000 testing machine, until coronal fracture. Data were statistically analysed by anova and Tukey test. Results: No differences in fracture resistance were observed between the experimental groups (P > 0.05). However, all experimental groups presented lower fracture resistance than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: SPC and SP led to equal reduction on fracture resistance of dental crowns, regardless of being mixed with water or 20% HP.

Inhibition of Sodium Hypochlorite Antimicrobial Activity in the Presence of Bovine Serum Albumin

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Penetration into dentin of sodium hypochlorite associated with acid solutions

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the penetration of 2.5% NaOCl associated with 17.0% EDTA, 1.0% citric acid, and 1.0% peracetic acid into dentin tubules.Study design. The roots of 44 bovine incisors were cross-sectioned and 5-mm-long fragments were produced from their middle thirds. The specimens were instrumented with ProTaper hand files, stained in crystal violet, then sectioned mesiodistally. The buccal fragments were divided into 4 groups (n = 9) and subjected to 2 consecutive 10-minute immersion periods in one of the following acid solutions combined with 2.5% NaOCl: 17.0% EDTA (group 1), 1.0% citric acid (group 2), and 1.0% peracetic acid (group 3). Nine fragments were immersed in 2.5% NaOCl (group 4). The analysis of the penetration of NaOCl solutions into dentin was performed by measuring the depth of crystal violet stain that was bleached using a steromicroscope under x50 magnification. Statistical comparisons were carried out by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests at the 5% significance level.Results. Group 1 showed less penetration into dentin than group 4 (P < .05). No statistically significant differences were observed among groups 2, 3, and 4 (P > .05).Conclusions. Association of NaOCl with acid solutions did not increase its penetration depth into root dentin. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;112:e155-e159)

Influence of 0.05% sodium fluoride solutions on microhardness of resin-modified glass ionomer cements

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of fluoride-containing mouthrinse solutions (Fluorgard and Oral B) on the superficial microhardness of two resin-modified glass ionomer cements (Vitremer and Fuji II LC). Fifteen discs-shaped specimens of each glass ionomer cement (0 10 mm; 2 mm thick) were prepared, thereby forming two groups. After 24-hour storage in artificial saliva, the microhardness was measure and the data were recorded. Next, each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 5), according to the solution to be immersed in. Control specimens were kept in artificial saliva along the whole experiment. The test specimens were kept in mouthrinse solution for 30 days. Vickers surface microhardness was analyzed at predetermined evaluation periods: 24 h, 48 h, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after specimens' preparation. Data were subjected to three-way ANOVA and to Tukey test (p < 0.05). A better behavior of Fuji II LC was observed and Fluorgard affected most the characteristics of the tested materials. It may be concluded that fluoride-containing solutions influenced the tested characteristics of materials, mainly of Vitremer.

Expression of renin-angiotensin system signalling compounds in maternal protein-restricted rats: effect on renal sodium excretion and blood pressure

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Interaction of sodium cholate with dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride vesicles in aqueous dispersion

Mixtures of dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) cationic vesicle dispersions with aqueous micelle solutions of the anionic sodium cholate (NaC) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, DSC, turbidity and light scattering. Within the concentration range investigated (constant 1.0 mM DODAC and varying NaC concentration up to 4 mM), vesicle -> micelle -> aggregate transitions were observed. The turbidity of DODAC/NaC/water depends on time and NaC/DODAB molar concentration ratio R. At equilibrium, turbidity initially decreases smoothly with R to a low value (owing to the vesicle-micelle transition) when R = 0.5-0.8 and then increases steeply to a high value (owing to the micelle-aggregate transition) when R = 0.9-1.0. DSC thermograms exhibit a single and sharp endothermic peak at T-m approximate to 49 degrees C, characteristic of the melting temperature of neat DODAC vesicles in water. Upon addition of NaC, T-m initially decreases to vanish around R = 0.5, and the main transition peak broadens as R increases. For R > 1.0 two new (endo- and exothermic) peaks appear at lower temperatures indicating the formation of large aggregates since the dispersion is turbid. All samples are non-birefringent. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data indicate that both DODAC and DODAC/NaC dispersions are highly polydisperse, and that the mean size of the aggregates tends to decrease as R increases. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effect of sodium chloride on the formation of W/O microemulsions in soy bean oil/surfactant/water systems and the solubilization of small hydrophilic molecules

Partial pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed for soy bean oil (SBO)/surfactant/NaCl aqueous solution systems, at 25 degrees C, using the anionic sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (ACT) and zwiterionic phosphatidylcholine (PC) or mixtures of these surfactants. The isotropic single phase of water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions (MEs) is shown in the phase diagram and their viscosity reported. ME samples containing small amount of surfactant exhibit slightly higher viscosity than pure SBO, and were used in the solubilization of small water soluble molecules. NaCl enhances the area of the ME phase and MEs with different surfactant composition exhibit different induction time as obtained from tests of oxidative stability, and so are the MEs enriched with ascorbic acid, folic acid and FeSO4, with the latter exhibiting lower stability. The so prepared enriched soy bean oil has potential application in food industry since the surfactants are food grade. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phase behavior of the orange essential oil/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/water system

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Spontaneous vesicles of sodium dihexadecylphosphate in HEPES buffer

The formation of spontaneous vesicles of dihexadecylphosphate (DHP) in a HEPES buffered solution at pH 7.4, the size, morphology and melting temperature, obtained by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), are reported. The vesicles were formed by simply mixing a 5.0 mM lipid-solvent mixture at a temperature (75 degrees C) safely above the higher melting temperature T-m = 70.4 degrees C of DHP. The vesicle diameter ranges from 100 to 332 nm and their geometry is spherical, faceted or oblong. T-m increases from 66.8 to 70.4 as DHP concentration is raised from 0.6 to 5.0 mM. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.