Persistence of Vectobac WDG and Metoprag S-2G against Aedes aegypti larvae using a semi-field bioassay in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Vectobac WDG) and methoprene (Metoprag S-2G) was evaluated against Aedes aegypti late third instar larvae of the Rockefeller strain in a semi-field bioassay. Tests were performed in Rio de Janeiro, using containers made of plastic, iron, concrete and asbestos, placed in a shaded area. The formulations used were 0.2 g of Vectobac-WDG and 1g of Metoprag S-2G per 100 liters of water in house storage containers. Vectobac WDG was tested twice, in March and in April/May, 2002. In March (temperature ranging from 21.5 to 39.3 ºC), 70-100% mortality was observed by the 7th day and declined abruptly thereafter. No significant differences were observed among the container types. In April/May (18.6 to 34.8 ºC) mortality was higher than 70% to 30-36 days in all cases, except in the iron container (40% mortality on the 12th day). Metoprag S-2G was evaluated in April/May, 2002, and induced mortality higher than 70% up to 15 days in the plastic and iron containers and only seven days in the concrete container. In the asbestos container, maximal mortality was achieved on day one post-treatment (66%). Our results point to a low persistence of both formulations in the weather conditions of Rio de Janeiro.

Residual effect of two Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis products assayed against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in laboratory and outdoors at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resistance of the dengue vector to temephos stimulated its substitution for Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) since 2001 in Brazil. The persistence of the two Bti formulations employed at that time by the Health Ministry, Vectobac G and Aquabac G, was assayed under laboratory and outdoor conditions. Both formulations were tested at 0.2 g/10 liters of water, the same concentration applied in the field for vector control. The tests were done against Ae. aegypti third instar larvae (Rockefeller strain). In the laboratory, Vectobac G and Aquabac G caused at least 95% mortality until 101 and 45 days after treatment, respectively. In the outdoor assays, test containers of different materials were treated with either formulation and placed in a shaded area. Larvae were introduced each 3-6 days and mortality was recorded 24 and 48 hours later. In the first set of assays, performed in June 2001, mortality levels of 70% or more were attained for 2-5 weeks for both formulations in all containers. The exception was for the iron one that rusted, resulting in low mortality after seven days. In the second set of assays (August 2001), 70% mortality was attained for just 1-2 weeks for all the containers and both formulations.

Clinical characteristics and evolution of syphilis in 24 HIV+ individuals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

A total of 24 patients with syphilis and HIV infection were treated from January 1997 to March 2003 at the Infectious Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of the Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The caseload consisted of 20 males (83.3%) and four females (16.7%), with a mean age of 38.04 years and mean T CD4+ count of 389.5 cells/mL. Syphilis was diagnosed as secondary in 16 (62.5%) patients, late latent in eight (33.3%), and tertiary in one (4.2%). Manifestations of secondary syphilis were palmar and plantar erythematopapulous cutaneous lesions in nine (37.5%), papulous exanthema in four (16.7%), patchy alopecia in 3 (12.5%) and osteochondritis in one patient (4.2%). Tertiary syphilis was characterized by verrucous lesions. Neurosyphilis was diagnosed in four patients (16.7%), with headache as the only manifestation in two patients. Drugs used in treatment included benzathine penicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, and crystalline penicillin. Cure was achieved in 18 patients (75%). Five patients (20.8%) were retreated, three of whom presented a history of re-exposure. This study confirms the importance of establishing the diagnosis of neurosyphilis in patients with HIV infection, in addition to performing follow-up on treatment for syphilis.

Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from church towers in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil

Cryptococcosis has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Aids. Many reservoirs of the agent Cryptococcus neoformans have been reported, but the ecology of this yeast must be elucidated in order to establish surveillance programs and to prevent infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of C. neoformans in Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil. Ten churches were selected for sampling and detection of the yeast collecting pigeon dropping, air samples from church towers and neighboring areas during one year. The data demonstrated that C. neoformans has been present in every church selected and was present in 37.8% of 219 pigeon dropping samples. As well as, the yeast was isolated from soil, insects, eggs, pigeon nests and feathers. Fifteen air samples (4.9%) were positive. The growth on C.G.B. medium showed that all strains belonged to C. neoformans var. neoformans, with 98.8% of the strains belonging to serotype A.

O imigrante português no Rio de Janeiro: de fundador a investidor estrangeiro

Embora São Paulo seja a capital econômica e financeira do Brasil - e a 2." maior cidade do Mundo - é no Rio de Janeiro que se têm vindo a localizar os invesümentos portugueses mais promissores. A importância da localização do Rio de Janeiro na economia brasileira possui visíveis raízes históricas e geográficas. A importância do Vale do Paraíba na economia do açúcar e do café e a proximidade a Minas Gerais constituíram factores geográficos do desenvolvimento político e econômico. O porto do Rio de Janeiro e o litoral fluminense são outros dois importantes factores no comércio inter-atlântico e internacional.

A historical note on an imported case of loiasis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1964

Loiasis is a filarial disease transmitted by the Chrysops spp. tabanid flies in West and Central Africa. It is most commonly diagnosed by the clinical manifestations of Calabar swellings (transient localized inflammatory edema) or, most dramatically, by the appearance of a migrating worm through the conjunctival tissues or the bridge of the nose. We report the case of a 35-year-old resident in the city of Rio de Janeiro who displayed a moving Loa loa in the bulbar conjunctival tissue two years after returning from a six-month trip to Uganda. Surgical removal of the worm was performed.

Parasites in stool samples in the environment of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: an approach in public health

This research aimed to describe the frequency of parasites in stool samples in the environment of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and five stool samples were collected and processed by the coproparasitological techniques ethyl acetate sedimentation and centrifuge-flotation using saturated sugar solution. Parasites were detected in 81.9% of the samples, hookworm being the most prevalent, followed by Trichuris vulpis. Ascaris sp. eggs were also found. A high level of evolutive forms of parasites with public health risk was found in stool samples of the environment studied. We propose that health education programs, allied to an improvement of human and animal health care, must be employed to reduce the environmental contamination.

Acute respiratory viral infections in children in Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis, Brazil

The frequency of viral pathogens causing respiratory infections in children in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Teresópolis was investigated. Nasal swabs from children with acute respiratory illnesses were collected between March 2006 and October 2007. Specimens were tested for viral detection by conventional (RT)-PCR and/or real time PCR. Of the 205 nasal swabs tested, 64 (31.2%) were positive for at least one of the viral pathogens. Single infections were detected in 56 samples, 50 of those were caused by RNA viruses: 33 samples tested positive for rhinovirus, five for influenza A, five for metapneumovirus, four for coronavirus and, three for respiratory syncytial virus. For the DNA viruses, five samples were positive for bocavirus and one for adenovirus. Co-infections with these viruses were detected in eight samples. Our data demonstrate a high frequency of viral respiratory infections, emphasizing the need for a more accurate diagnosis particularly for the emerging respiratory viruses. The fact that the emerging respiratory viruses were present in 9.2% of the tested samples suggests that these viruses could be important respiratory pathogens in the country.

SEROPREVALENCE OF Toxoplasma gondii (Nicole & Manceaux, 1909) AND RETROVIRAL STATUS OF CLIENT-OWNED PET CATS (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Cats, as definitive host, play an important role in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to establish the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins G and M, and determine the frequency of oocysts in the feces of the domestic cat population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We also aimed to study the association between T. gondii infection and age, sex, breed, lifestyle, diet and retroviral infection. A total of 108 cats were included in the study and fecal samples of 54 of those cats were obtained. Only 5.6% of the cats were seropositive for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins using the indirect hemagglutination test. None of the 54 cats presented oocysts in their fecal samples. Although not statistically significant, males, mixed-breed, free-roaming and cats aged two years and older were found to be more exposed. Age, lifestyle and the use of litter boxes were found to play an important role as risk factors. Anemia and retroviral infections were independent of T. gondii infection. No antibodies were detected in the majority of cats (94.4%), indicating that those cats had never been exposed to the parasite and, therefore, once infected, they could present the risk of shedding large numbers of oocysts into the environment.

TOXOPLASMOSIS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AMONG PREGNANT AND POSTPARTUM WOMEN ATTENDED IN PUBLIC HEALTH UNITS IN NITERÓI, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The present study conducted a toxoplasmosis-related knowledge level survey with 400 pregnant and puerperal women attended in public health units in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Only 111 (27.8%) women claimed to know about the disease. Most of them (n = 289; 72.2%) had never heard about toxoplasmosis nor knew how to prevent the infection by Toxoplasma gondii. A significant difference (p = 0.013) regarding the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG was observed between women who claimed to know about the disease and those who had never heard about it. These results highlight the importance of a systematic serological screening process for toxoplasmosis, as well as the importance of primary prevention by accurate information during prenatal care, an important Public Health action to be implemented.

PREVALENCE OF Calodium hepaticum (SYN. Capillaria hepatica) IN Rattus norvegicus IN THE URBAN AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

The nematode Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic helminth found mainly infecting rats. It was studied the prevalence of C. hepaticum infection in Rattus norvegicus in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), with low urban planning and sanitation. The presence of C. hepaticum was identified through visible yellowish-white lesions in liver tissue and histological analyses. The total prevalence of infection was 45%, with no significant differences between sex and age. The presence of infected rodents near the peridomestic area poses substantial risk to human health.

A propósito de um caso de psitacose observado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revisão sumária sôbre o assunto

Os autores fazem uma revisão sumária dos primeiros trabalhos sôbre psitacose e de sua conceituação etiológica em face da evolução dos conhecimentos sôbre o assunto. Citam os 5 casos da doença descritos no Brasil e apresentam um nôvo caso observado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em paciente com quadro clínico inicial semelhante ao da febre tifóide. Finalmente analisam a evolução clínica, radiológica e sorológica do caso, que os levou ao presente diagnóstico.

Focos inveterados de peste no Brasil. A propósito de um pequeno surto da doença ocorrido recentemente no município de Nova Friburgo, Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Estudando uma microepidemia de peste ocorrida recentemente na localidade denominada Barracão dos Mendes, no município de Nova Friburgo, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, na qual das 8 pessoas acometidas pela doença 2 vieram a falecer, os autores analisam, à luz dos conhecimentos atuais, o problema da persistência dos chamados "focos inveterados" de peste no Brasil, entre os quais situa-se uma área limitada no município fluminense de Teresópolis com a ocorrência de pequenos surtos em 1941, 1952, 1960 e o atual em abril/maio de 1967, na fronteira de Nova Friburgo com aquele município. Após uma introdução em que fazem um esbôço histórico da penetração da peste no continente sul-americano, de acôrdo com conhecimentos vigentes, relembram a invasão das cidades litorâneas brasileiras pela doença, que depois veio a fixar-se no interior do País, onde se mantem em focos de resistência, com surtos de evolução cíclica. Em seguida estudam minuciosamente do ponto de vista clínico e laboratorial os 6 pacientes sobreviventes da recente micro-epidemia, discutindo a situação atual e as perspectivas futuras de pesquisa e controle dos focos residuais da doença no Brasil. Finalmente, dando especial ênfase ao problema da persistência, limitação geográpca e aparente autonomia dos diversos focos de peste no Brasil, consideram-nos perfeitamente dentro da concepção dos "focos naturais circunscritos" de Pavlovsky. Entretanto, acreditam os autores que na dependência de condições ecológicas peculiares e de "estímulos" que regulam a movimentação e interrelações das diversas espécies da fauna componente da biocenose regional. possa haver "irradiação adaptativa", com localização dêsses focos em áreas vizinhas e ocorrência de surtos "salpicados" da doença, aparentemente independentes, porém mantendo-se sempre dentro da mesma área fisiográfica.

Observações sôbre a presença de anticorpos para Toxoplasma gondii em cães da área suburbana do Rio de Janeiro

Os autores referem. os resultados da reação de Sdbín e Feldman efetuada no sôro de 101 cães de uma área suburbana do Rio de Janeiro. Encontraram resultado negativo em 21 cães (20,8%) e resultado positivo em 80 (79,2%). Os títulos da reação foram considerados positivos a partir da diluição 1:16 e não foi encontrado nenhum resultado poistivo em diluição igual ou superior a 1:4096. As diferenças nas proporções dos títulos negativos e positivos, em relação ao sexo dos animais, não foram significantes. Quanto à idade, foi observado um aumento significante na proporção de resultados positivos, entre os cães de idade igual ou superior a 5 anos, tendo sido mais evidente este aumento nos cães de idade igual ou superior a 7 anos. Entre os títulos positivos, a proporção da diluição 1:64 foi significantemente mais elevada nos cães de idade igual ou superior a 7 anos quando comparada a dos cães de idade menor. Êste dado vem demonstrar que foi principalmente às custas dêste título 1:64, que cresceu a proporção de cães positivos no grupo de animais ãe 7 anos e mais idade. A predominância de um título positivo não elevado neste grupo de animais, leva à suposição de que os cães, em sua maicria, infectaram-se quando mais jovens.