A study of the speed and the accuracy of the Boundary Element Method as applied to the computational simulation of biological organs

In this work, possibility of simulating biological organs in realtime using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) is investigated, with specific reference to the speed and the accuracy offered by BEM. First, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is used to speed up the BEM computations to achieve the realtime performance. Next, instead of the GPU, a computer cluster is used. A pig liver is the biological organ considered. Results indicate that BEM is an interesting choice for the simulation of biological organs. Although the use of BEM for the simulation of biological organs is not new, the results presented in the present study are not found elsewhere in the literature.

Ganadería, trasterminancia y trashumancia en los territorios vascos en el tránsito del medievo a la modernidad (siglos XV y XVI)

[ES] El presente artículo pretende aportar nuevos datos sobre la ganadería en los territorios vascos durante la Edad Moderna. Ante todo se trata de romper con falsos paradigmas que se han venido repitiendo durante largo tiempo, aportando datos inéditos. Los clásicos de la historiografía vasca siempre han recalcado el carácter rural y agrario de la economía vasca; a pesar de ello, actividades como la ganadería jamás han ocupado un espacio primordial como objeto de estudio entre los historiadores, que en muchos casos han aceptado las teorías de etnógrafos y antropólogos sin contrastarlas. La ganadería en tierras vascas siguió modelos cantábricos, que ya vienen siendo estudiados desde algunas décadas por los historiadores gallegos, asturianos o cántabros; escuelas que han establecido nuevas metodologías para el estudio de la ganadería, las cabañas predominantes, el régimen de explotación, su impacto económico, etc., y cuyo ejemplo desgraciadamente no ha sido secundado en el caso vasco.

在役管道和管状工件探伤技术及应用概况

管道和管状工件在运行过程中产生的缺陷主要是腐蚀坑和纵向裂纹。介绍用于管道和管状工件的各种探伤方法的原理、应用及其优点和缺点。特别介绍了用于在役管道和管状工件内部扫查的管道探伤设备介入式管道探伤器 Pig、带电缆的 Pig以及内插式探头探伤与测厚方法。

A review paper on Integrated Aquaculture Benefits Project at Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan

This paper highlights some of the practices involved in integrated aquaculture such as poultry-cum-fish, pig-cum-fish, sheep and goat-cum-fish and grasscutter-cum-fish. Also the role of fisheries in alleviating protein deficiency was reviewed. Successful research findings on these practices in aquaculture at the Federal College of Forestry, Jericho, Ibadan (Nigeria) will eventually lead to alleviating protein deficiency of the inhabitants of the largest city in West African thus alleviating poverty in the nation

The impact of varying nutrient regimes in earthen freshwater ponds on the comparative ecology of diurnally occurring candidate live feeds

The daytime composition and relative abundance of zooplankton species were studied in three treatments of two replicate earthen ponds each with nutrient sources and water replenishment regimes. Treatment -A (200m super(2) surface area supplied 900kgha super(-1) pig manure only). Treatment -B (200m super(2) surface area supplied 70kgha super(-1) month super(-1) pig manure, 50kgha super(-1) month super(-1) N.P.K. [15:15:15] and 30kgha super(-1) month super(-1) Urea) and Treatment-C (1500m2 surface area supplied 1150kgha super(-1) month super(-1) commercial grade 40% crude protein compounded feed). Water replenishment for Treatment A was daily tidal deluge from the New Calabar River while that for treatment B and C was from column-well and occasional rains. No zooplankton species were recovered from the pig-manure only treatment (A) while only Diffugia constricta and Difflugia urceolata were the two protozoans that occurred together in treatments B (combined fertilization) and C (compounded feed only) in contrast, Difflugia acuminate and three rotifers, Collurella uncinata, Diurella stylata and Keratella quadrata occurred only treatment B. similarly, Arcella arenaria, Arcella costata, Centropyxis aculeate, Difflugia pyriformis, Branchionus calyciflorus, Lepadella patella, Polyarthra trigla and Onchocanmptus mohammedi were recovered from treatment C. Arcella costata was the most abundant zooplankton in the entire experiment, while Arcella arenaria was very abundant in treatment C, Collurella uncinata was very abundant in treatment B. The inference is that combined fertilization of earthen freshwater ponds tend to be more suitable for the culture of rotifers such as Brachionus calyciflorus, popular in fish larva nursery, while those supplied compounded feed could be used to produce protozoans where desirable

Wireless parylene-based retinal implant

The degeneration of the outer retina usually causes blindness by affecting the photoreceptor cells. However, the ganglion cells, which consist of optic nerves, on the middle and inner retina layers are often intact. The retinal implant, which can partially restore vision by electrical stimulation, soon becomes a focus for research. Although many groups worldwide have spent a lot of effort on building devices for retinal implant, current state-of-the-art technologies still lack a reliable packaging scheme for devices with desirable high-density multi-channel features. Wireless flexible retinal implants have always been the ultimate goal for retinal prosthesis. In this dissertation, the reliable packaging scheme for a wireless flexible parylene-based retinal implants has been well developed. It can not only provide stable electrical and mechanical connections to the high-density multi-channel (1000+ channels on 5 mm × 5 mm chip area) IC chips, but also survive for more than 10 years in the human body with corrosive fluids.

The device is based on a parylene-metal-parylene sandwich structure. In which, the adhesion between the parylene layers and the metals embedded in the parylene layers have been studied. Integration technology for high-density multi-channel IC chips has also been addressed and tested with dummy and real 268-channel and 1024-channel retinal IC chips. In addition, different protection schemes have been tried in application to IC chips and discrete components to gain the longest lifetime. The effectiveness has been confirmed by the accelerated and active lifetime soaking test in saline solution. Surgical mockups have also been designed and successfully implanted inside dog's and pig's eyes. Additionally, the electrodes used to stimulate the ganglion cells have been modified to lower the interface impedance and shaped to better fit the retina. Finally, all the developed technologies have been applied on the final device with a dual-metal-layer structure.

Projeto de biodigestor para geração de bioenergia em sistema de produção de suínos: um estudo de caso da região de Icolo e Bengo - Angola

A tecnologia da biodigestão anaeróbia tem sido comprovada como uma das mais eficientes no tratamento dos dejetos de suínos, esta tecnologia, encontra-se num crescimento tímido em Angola facilitando assim uma poluição maior dos Rios, solos e o ar atmosférico, por falta de tratamento adequado da biomassa produzida por milhares de suínos existentes neste País. O emprego do biogás como fonte de energia para o funcionamento dos equipamentos ainda encontra limitações de ordem tecnológica e por falta de informação, organização e em muitos casos apoios tecnológicos e de instituições governamentais ou Não Governamentais. Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade técnica, na implantação de Biodigestores na Região de Icolo Bengo em Angola. Foi estudada a implantação de Biodigestores, Modelo Indiano, na fazenda Menga assim como o potencial de geração de energia elétrica existente na produção de Biogás. O tratamento anaeróbio dos resíduos de Suínos como fonte renovável de energia, dentro de um conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável e de racionalização da produção sem agressão ao Meio-Ambiente também são referenciados mostrando que esta tecnologia pode ser apropriada como estratégia de conservação e uso eficiente da energia elétrica que é muito escasso em Angola. O emprego da biodigestão anaeróbia neste caso é possível e desejável, uma vez que contribui para preservação do Meio Ambiente, viabiliza os modernos sistemas de confinamento e reduz o custo da produção assim como ajuda na produção de energia elétrica e de fertilizantes. Um sistema integrado foi proposto e será aplicado na Fazenda Menga, como um dos projetos pioneiros em Angola.

A biologically active peptide in the skin of lampreys (Eudontomyzon danfordi vladykovi). [Translation from: Z.Naturforsch. (B), 26(10), 1021-1023, 1971. ]

In recent years interest in the production and description of kinin-type substances has been greatly intensified. So, for example, bradykinin, phyllokinin, physalaemin, ranatensin and caerulein could be extracted from the skin of amphibians as well as. eledoisin out of the salivary glands of Eledon moschata. An examination of lampreys seemed to us particularly profitable in the search for the incidence of further kinins. Ammocoetes of different sizes and also adults of both sexes of the species Eudontomyzon danfordi vladykovi were studied in this research. This species is found in many tributaries of the Danube. Skin extracts were tested on on isolated rat uterus, rat duodenum, guinea pig ileum and rabbit jejunum, further tests were done in order to determine a peptide character of the biologically active substance.

Model systems for the study of drug hypersensitivity

I. It was not possible to produce anti-tetracycline antibody in laboratory animals by any of the methods tried. Tetracycline protein conjugates were prepared and characterized. It was shown that previous reports of the detection of anti-tetracycline antibody by in vitro-methods were in error. Tetracycline precipitates non-specifically with serum proteins. The anaphylactic reaction reported was the result of misinterpretation, since the observations were inconsistent with the known mechanism of anaphylaxis and the supposed antibody would not sensitize guinea pig skin. The hemagglutination reaction was not reproducible and was extremely sensitive to minute amounts of microbial contamination. Both free tetracyclines and the conjugates were found to be poor antigens.

II. Anti-aspiryl antibodies were produced in rabbits using 3 protein carriers. The method of inhibition of precipitation was used to determine the specificity of the antibody produced. ε-Aminocaproate was found to be the most effective inhibitor of the haptens tested, indicating that the combining hapten of the protein is ε-aspiryl-lysyl. Free aspirin and salicylates were poor inhibitors and did not combine with the antibody to a significant extent. The ortho group was found to participate in the binding to antibody. The average binding constants were measured.

Normal rabbit serum was acetylated by aspirin under in vitro conditions, which are similar to physiological conditions. The extent of acetylation was determined by immunochemical tests. The acetylated serum proteins were shown to be potent antigens in rabbits. It was also shown that aspiryl proteins were partially acetylated. The relation of these results to human aspirin intolerance is discussed.

III. Aspirin did not induce contact sensitivity in guinea pigs when they were immunized by techniques that induce sensitivity with other reactive compounds. The acetylation mechanism is not relevant to this type of hypersensitivity, since sensitivity is not produced by potent acetylating agents like acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride. Aspiryl chloride, a totally artificial system, is a good sensitizer. Its specificity was examined.

IV. Protein conjugates were prepared with p-aminosalicylic acid and various carriers using azo, carbodiimide and mixed anhydride coupling. These antigens were injected into rabbits and guinea pigs and no anti-hapten IgG or IgM response was obtained. Delayed hypersensitivity was produced in guinea pigs by immunization with the conjugates, and its specificity was determined. Guinea pigs were not sensitized by either injections or topical application of p-amino-salicylic acid or p-aminosalicylate.

News from Academy Bay

New Faces and New Projects in a New CDRS Department. International Workshop: Feral Goat Eradication Program. Geologists to Invade Galápagos. GIS in Galápagos. The Isabela Project: Off and Running. A Pig-Free Santiago: Is it a Dream or on the Horizon? The Special Law for Galápagos.

Estudo do perfil clínico, metabólico, hormonal e inflamatório de crianças pré-púberes nascidas com baixo peso e sua relação com a prematuridade, retardo do crescimento intrauterino e ganho ponderal pós-natal

O baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) possui grande impacto na mortalidade neonatal, assim como no desenvolvimento de complicações futuras, como obesidade, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e resistência insulínica, condições relacionadas à doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica, principal causa de morbimortalidade no mundo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o perfil clínico, metabólico, hormonal e inflamatório relacionado à doença cardiovascular em crianças pré-púberes de BPN, bem como avaliar a influência do BPN, prematuridade e restrição do crescimento intrauterino nas variáveis de interesse. Realizou-se estudo transversal com 58 crianças de dois a sete anos de BPN, sendo 32 prematuros adequados para idade gestacional (AIG), 17 prematuros pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG), 9 a termo PIG e 38 crianças de peso ao nascer adequado, nascidas no Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de janeiro, oriundas do Ambulatório de Pediatria Geral deste mesmo hospital. Frequências de perfil lipídico alterado, assim como medianas das variações no Z escore de peso e estatura do nascimento até o momento do estudo, do Z escore de índice de massa corporal (ZIMC), da circunferência da cintura, da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, do colesterol total, da lipoproteína de baixa densidade, da lipoproteína de baixa densidade, do triglicerídeo, da glicose, insulina, do Homeostasis Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), da leptina, da adiponectina, da interleucina 6 e da proteína C reativa foram comparadas entre os dois grupos. No grupo de BPN, avaliou-se a correlação entre estas mesmas variáveis e peso de nascimento, idade gestacional, Z escores de peso e comprimento de nascimento e variações no Z escore de peso e comprimento até o primeiro ano, e até o momento do estudo, com ajuste para idade e sexo. O grupo de BPN apresentou maiores variações nos Z escore de peso (p-valor 0,0002) e estatura (p-valor 0,003) até o momento do estudo e menores níveis de adiponectina (p-valor 0,027). Não houve correlação entre as variáveis associadas ao risco cardiovascular e o grau de baixo peso, prematuridade ou crescimento intrauterino retardado. Os níveis de ZIMC (p-valor 0,0001), circunferência da cintura (p-valor 0,0008), pressão arterial diastólica (p-valor 0,046), insulina (p-valor 0,02), HOMA-IR (p-valor 0,016) e leptina (p-valor= 0,0008) se correlacionaram com a variação no Z escore de peso no primeiro ano. O ZIMC (p-valor 0,042) também se correlacionou com a variação do Z escore de comprimento no primeiro ano. Houve ainda correlação entre o ZIMC (p-valor 0,0001), circunferência da cintura (p-valor 0,0001), pressão arterial sistólica (p-valor 0,022), pressão arterial diastólica (p-valor 0,003), insulina (p-valor 0,007), HOMA-IR (p-valor 0,005) e leptina (p-valor 0,0001) com a variação no Z escore de peso até o momento do estudo. Os achados mostram que este grupo de crianças pré-púberes com BPN ainda não diferem do grupo de crianças nascidas com peso adequado exceto pelos níveis de adiponectina, sabidamente um protetor cardiovascular. Em relação às análises de correlação, nem o peso ao nascer, tampouco a prematuridade ou CIUR, influenciaram as variáveis de interesse. No entanto, fatores pós-natais como o ganho pondero-estatural se correlacionaram com o ZIMC, circunferência da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, insulina, HOMA-IR e leptina. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar se os achados configuram risco cardiovascular aumentado neste grupo de pacientes.

不同启动子调控的ipt基因表达质粒的构建及其对植物的转化

作为一类重要的植物激素，细胞分裂素在植物的生长与分化发育过程中起着重要的作用。 农杆菌来源的Ti质粒上基因4区域ipt基因特异地编码控制细胞分裂素生物合成中的关键酶—异戊烯基转移酶。 启动子是一类非常重要的基因元件，在控制生物体内基因表达上起决定作用。 本文从以下两个方面着眼，进行了一些分子水平上的工作．1）利用外源基因的导入，从调节内源激素水平的角度研究细胞分裂素与植物生长发育的一些关系．2)研究比较不同启动子在转基因植物不同部位的表达功效． 为此，我们构建了一系列不同启动于调控下的iPt基因表达质粒;pCaI、pRI、pII以及pIG并转化了烟草（NIcotinacum：Wisconsin38）和拟南芥菜(Arabidonsis thaliana: NeW Zealand)．得到了一些抗性转化苗， 转化苗在生：长发育一些特性上已显示出与未转化植株的不同，如侧芽多及不易生根等．进一步的分析检测工作：如在复制、转录以及翻译水平上的检测，外源ipt基因的表达以及表达强度对植物生长发育的影响等有待于继续进行。

A comparative note on the modus operandii of reservoir development in Republic of China and India

Principles adopted by China for the development of reservoir fisheries are discussed. Production of some of reservoirs of China with that of India is compared. The reasons for obtaining higher production in China have been recognised as: emphasis on utilization of all resources for food production; direct feeding; use of selected varieties of fast growing carps; keeping 15 pigs per hectare of water area for application of pig void and application of manure; production of fingerlings at the reservoir sites enclaving coves and bays; grading and removing obstructions from bottom; rational harvesting and stocking and improvement of reservoir shore areas as a whole. Some of these measures which could be implemented in Indian conditions are briefly described.

Prospects of integration of aquaculture with animal husbandry and land crop culture in Tripura State

Tripura is a densely populated small state with meagre water resources. 47.51% of the population is constituted by socio-economically backward, illiterate, orthodox, tribal and scheduled castes. Some of them are nomad and a majority of the rest of the population is refugees from Bangladesh, but almost 100% is fish eater. Settlement of tribes in villages, provision of nutritious food and employment therefore calls for proper utilization of every resource they have. The State is poor in water resources but recently has created 21,636.23 ha of new water area. Tripura is rich in pig population, besides poultry birds. Paddy is the main crop cultivated in arable lands. An integration of livestock raising and land based agriculture with pisciculture practices around mini barrages will help in solving the problems to a great extent. The paper is an attempt to outline the prospects of integration of aquaculture with animal husbandry and land based crop culture in Tripura State.

Substitution of Artemia with Brachionus in different ratios during larval rearing of Macrobrachium rosenbergii and evaluation of their feed efficacy

Larval growth during stage I-VIII was studied in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Duration in moult periodicity were recorded-during larval development period, larvae were fed with Brachionus (grown on Baker's yeast and also Brachinous raised through organic manuring in outdoor culture containers). The performance of the feed was evaluated through substitution of Brachionus in the feeding protocol, in lieu of Artemia 1st instar. The Artemia, Brachionus substitution ratio of 75:25 was found to be most efficient. The study also indicates that the comparative growth rate of Brachionus plicatilis is higher in manure loaded tanks than with Baker's yeast. Growth rate "Y'' in culture tank being 0.245 and 0.112 and corresponding duplicating time (Td) too was found to be 2.855 and 6.365 respectively in tanks manured/enriched with pig manure.