Mapeamento do uso da terra, vegetação e impactos ambientais por meio de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento

The mapping of the land use, vegetation and environmental impacts using remote sensing ana geoprocessmg allow detection, spatial representation and quantification of the alterations caused by the human action on the nature, contributing to the monitoring and planning of those activities that may cause damages to the environment. This study apply methodologies based on digital processing of orbital images for the mapping of the land use, vegetation and anthropic activities that cause impacts in the environment. It was considered a test area in the district of Assistência and surroundings, in Rio Claro (SP) region. The methodology proposed was checked through the crossing of maps in the software GIS - Idrisi. These maps either obtained with conventional interpretation of aerial photos of 1995, digitized in the software CAD Overlay and geo-referenced in the AutoCAD Map, or with the application of digital classification systems on SPOT-XS and PAN orbital images of 1995, followed by field observations. The crossing of conventional and digital maps of a same area with the CIS allows to verify the overall results obtained through the computational handling of orbital images. With the use of digital processing techniques, specially multiespectral classification, it is possible to detect automatically and visually the impacts related to the mineral extraction, as well as to survey the land use, vegetation and environmental impacts.

Sinterização de uma mistura de cavaco de aço inoxidável com pó do mesmo material. Uma nova tecnologia para a reciclagem de metais?

The reuse of materials has as its main objective to minimize environmental impacts and to rationalize the use of energy chains. In the present work, samples of scraps of 316 stainless steel mixed with powder of the same material were sintered. For this case, the percentage of scrap was varied from zero to 25% in weight, with 5% increases. After compacting, under a pressure of 600MPa, the samples were sintered simultaneously at a temperature of 1473 K. The mechanical behavior of the final product was evaluated through Assays of Transversal Rupture recommended and normalized by the MPIF - Metal Powder Industries Federation. Using Conventional Quantitative Metallography, the analyses of the sintered samples demonstrated regions of intense diffusion, therefore, regions of sufficiently intense sintering. The mechanical resistance of the samples was compared with the mechanical resistance of the sintered stainless steel with no scrap. The results were greater than expected, demonstrating the viability of this new procedure.

Curauá fibers in the automobile industry - a sustainability assessment

Replacing glass fibers with natural fibers in the automobile industry can yield economic, environmental and social benefits. This article evaluates the prospective environmental impacts of automobile applications of curauá fiber (Ananas erectifolius), which nearly equates the physical properties of glass fibers. The study identified economic and social advantages of applying curauá fiber composites in car parts. Besides costing 50% less than fiber glass, the use of curauá fibers can promote regional development in the Amazon region. In order to realize significant environmental benefits, however, the curauá-based composites would have to be lighter than their glass fiber-based counterparts. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impactos do uso público EM atrativos turísticos naturais no município de AltinóPolis (SP)

This work was developed aiming to evaluate the environmental impacts of the public use in natural touristic attractive at Altinópolis city (SP), using the Visitor Impact Management method (VTM). In each analyzed natural resource a specific questionnaire was elaborated in accordance with the appropriate pointers that allowed to determinate environmental quality of each point. The results indicated that only two tourist areas need special attention for their preservation. Minimization methods, monitoring and educational practices are proposals in order to tourist practices be made with environmental responsibility.

Avaliação da remoção de sedimentos pela operação de nivelamento de estradas florestais

The forest roads construction inevitably causes environmental impacts to adjacent ecosystems and streams. Also the routine activities of roads maintenance may similarly cause environmental impacts of about the same magnitude. The material scraped from the roadway by the motor grader is usually distributed along the roadsides, from where it may easily be washed out toward the streams. Therefore, quantifying the amount of sediments removed during road maintenance activities may provide important information of this stream sedimentation potential. For this purpose, three forest roads were divided in 30 m long segments, marked with leveled stakes. A nylon thread was then stretched across the leveled stakes and the distance from the nylon thread to the road surface was measured before and after the mechanical scraping of the road. The average removal of sediments was of 2,13 cm. Considering the mean density of soil 1,6 g cm -3, the average removal of sediments was of 341 t ha -1 of road. Considering still a 3,9 m wide and 150 m long road as an example, the total amount of removed sediments would be around 19,9 t. Road maintenance, therefore, must be well planned in order to avoid or minimize stream sedimentation.

Capacidade de carga real (ccr) da caverna de santana, parque estadual turístico do alto ribeira (Petar) - sp, e indicações para o seu manejo turístico

The tourist use of Santana cave provides a row of environmental damages, compromising partially the pristine conditions. Among the measures adopted to avoid this situation, this issue presents a contribution for the physical limits to tourist visitation and the indications for speleotouristic management. It was used the Cifuentes Carrying Capacity method and some basic principles of Visitors Impact Management Framework - VIM. The results show a Real Carrying Capacity (CCR) about 120 visits daily on the cave. The discussions raise a few hypotheses about the alteration in the method used and the temporal frequency between visitors groups, suggesting a provisional CCR of 117 and 135 visitors daily, respectively, during the week and in the weekends and holidays. The conclusions appoint the necessity of a conceptual revision in the Carrying Capacity methods, mainly about its adaptation for tourist management in caves. In the case studied, it is suggested the immediate beginning of environmental monitoring of the cave, to verify the plausibility from proposed visitation limits and the possible contributions for to mitigate the environmental impacts from speleotourism.

Sustainable development 20 years on from the earth summit: progress, gaps and strategic guidelines for Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Controle de erosão em estradas rurais não pavimentadas, utilizando sistema de terraceamento com gradiente associado a bacias de captação

The agricultural unpaved roads are important road structures for the economic and social agricultural development of the Nation, and the erosion provoked by rain water in the road bed and sides are closely related to bad draining, one of the main factors for their degradation. In order to make the draining system adequate, it is necessary to know about erodibility, infiltration capacity of water in the ground and adoption of mechanical slope abatement with grid elevation and water interception. This study presents drainage model through the construction of terraces with gradient transversally associated to the capitation basin in abruptic red dystrophic argisol soils, medium sandy texture, based on slops abatement techniques, elevating the road bed and deviating flow. The grain sized fractions of this ground (sand, silt, clay) and the aggregate stability indicated that this ground, under anthropic action, presents erosive processes resulting in superficial draining with ground hauling, sanding sources and courses of water situation below roads, providing great environmental impacts in the hydric bodies. The reduction of erosion problems in these unpaved roads is in the adoption of measures that intercept waters from the draining of their stream bed itself, as well as pluvial waters comings from adjacent areas of contribution, that are collected and conducted to inlaid terraces and capitation basis.

Climate Change and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean. Overview 2009

Includes bibliography

Suscetibilidade magnética na identificação de compartimentos da paisagem em uma vertente

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Zoneamento do parque ecológico de ourinhos SP

The aim of this study was to carry out a zoning in the municipal ecological park of Ourinhos, SP, located southwest of São Paulo State, aiming to subsidize the planning and management of this area. With this purpose it was made an inventory of the landscape resources of this park with hypsometry, declivity, use of soil and zoning mappings. From this zoning, we analyzed the possibilities of implementing purposes of use, with the objective of preserving this area, minimizing the negative environmental impacts. Thus, this research was of extreme importance, since it allowed to identify and rank, in the territory, areas or sectors that are priority to the development of activities, as well as contribute to the conservation of natural and socio-cultural heritage.

Diferenças regionais do cultivo de café no Brasil

Brazil is one of the major coffee producers in the world, because of this, the goal of this study was to assess the regional differences of coffee cultivation for the reference crops 2001/2002 and 2002/03 by means of a life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to generate detailed production inventory data as well as quantify the potential environmental impacts of this crop. All information considered in this study (use of water, fossil based energy, fertilizers, pesticides and correctives) was taken from data collected from the producing farms. Four Brazilian coffee producer regions located at the Southeastern region were evaluated: Sul de Minas Gerais and Cerrado Mineiro in Minas Gerais State, and Mogiana and Alta Paulista regions in São Paulo State. The data refer to a production of 25.2 million kg of green coffee. Depending on the considered region, the production of 1,000 kg of green coffee requires, on average, approx. 9,300 to 13,000 kg of total energy, 70 to 130 kg of diesel, 6,500 to 12,700 kg of process water, 270 to 340 kg of fertilizers (NPK), 2.0 to 13.0 kg of pesticides, 230 to 600 kg of correctives, and yield around 1,600 to 1,900 kg/ha. Despite 20% of the coffee growers showing a good environmental performance, i.e. consumption of pesticides, fertilizers and correctives lower than the regional averages, this study has also identified some farms that can probably reduce the amount of some inputs and enhance their environmental performance.

Efeitos ambientais da disposição oceânica de esgotos por meio de emissários submarinos: Uma revisão

Oceanic disposal systems of domestic sewage, or submarine sewage outfalls, have been historically used around the world as a solution for urban effluents, in special due to economic aspects. However, release into the ocean, in shallow or deep waters, may induce a set of negative environmental impacts, as eutrophication, toxic algal blooms, pathogenic microorganisms introduction and contamination by chemical substances which are capable of causing toxic effects to the biota and bioaccumulation. Thus, the release of untreated sewage into the sea does not constitute an adequate environmental practice; then, urban effluents should be treated in order to remove nutrients, contaminants and pathogenic organisms and avoid environmental degradation.

Uso de sig e fotografias aéreas na determinação de conflitos na rede de drenagem na bacia experimental do Rio Pardo

This study aimed to detect and evaluate potential conflicts in the land use along the Rio Pardo's tributaries and sub-tributaries from its source which is in Pardinho, SP to the water capture system by the Basic Sanitation Company located in Botucatu, SP. It was used 2005 colored aerial photos, taking as a tool for assessing the Geographical Information System - IDRISI Andes. The results showed that the riparian forests were substituted predominantly by pastures, which is called conflict. In other words, the 1590.82ha of environmental preservation areas (PPA's) that should be protected by riparian forests and meadows (41.51%) in 2005, were used as pastures, being in conflict with the legislation. The aerial pictures associated to SIG-Idrisi proved to be efficient tools in mapping the area and monitoring the environmental impacts.

Espacialização das estimativas de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por Tebuthiuron

Improper use of pesticides can lead to significant environmental impacts such as, contamination of environmental compartments, being the aquatic compartments the most vulnerable. In this context, the spatialization of pesticides concentrations estimative in groundwater provides important insights for decision making in managing and monitoring pesticides use. This study aimed to spatialize estimatives of groundwater contamination by Tebuthiuron, from different irrigation depths in the Rio Pardo basin, Pardinho-SP, Brazil. The simulations were performed using the ARAquá computer system, considering 0mm, 200 mm and 400 mm annual irrigation depths. Geostatistical techniques were used to obtain the spatial distribution of the simulated estimative. Tebuthiuron maps estimating concentration in groundwater were obtained by Kriging interpolation method, and indicated the areas with high potential for groundwater contamination. Considering all the simulations, it was concluded that there was no risk of groundwater contamination by Tebuthiuron in the study area.